the revolution, much to their chagrin. surely this was an unintended and to many outrageous consequence of the american revolution. finally, the coming of the american revolution brought home to many white americans the contradiction, not to say hypocrisy, of american colonists who objected to infringements on their freedom but who at the same time systematically deprived black people of their most basic rights and liberties. it did leave certain people to have their slaves. and there were a large number of slave owners who did free their slaves. northern state legislatures put slavery on the road to abolition either immediately or gradually. the federal government prohibited slavery in the northwest territory in 1787. and the u.s. constitution, though admittedly in many ways a pro-slavery document that protected slavery in many regards did not once use the word "slave" or "slavery" in the text, for many white americans, slavery had become an embarrassment, a moral blight that should be put on the road to extinction. of course, for a substantial minority, slavery remained an issue of property rights, not human righ

connection, we have a letter from the marquise delafayette, who was an early supporter of the american revolution. he raised money for the american cause. you can see that this is a very fine scale point engraving of miss your delafayette. he is a slight man, the best way to describe him. as the collector would accumulate autographs, he would look for pictures or images of the person whose autograph he was collecting, and in some cases he could only find regular print media, not necessarily good portraits. as he would come across better portraits, then he would replace the ones he had initially with better portraits, so he was constantly upgrading the collection. this document is a military appointment of samuel a. russell to second lieutenant, dated august 6th, 1861. and this is signed by the president, abraham lincoln. initially, lincoln would sign his documents with his full name, the way this one is. as his presidency required more and more paperwork, he began to shorten his signature and just signed as a, initial, lincoln. so this is a fairly rare document from his presidency because it has

the early american republic." she has also published another book on woman in the early republic titled "a woman's dilemma, mercy otis warren and the american revolution." the william & mary quarterly described her book "revolutionary backlash" as both path-breaking and field-changing. the journal of the early republic likewise described the book as powerful, rich and finely textured. as reviewer after reviewer has noted, the book compels us to rethink the meaning of politics, individual rights, male backlash and women's history in the early republic. please join me in welcoming professor rosemarie zagarri. >> thank you, rob, and thanks to president boren and to the university of oklahoma and to all of you for coming. this is just a special occasion. i'm really honored to be among such a distinguished panel of scholars. and i'm just delighted that so many people care enough about the founding to come out and to listen to us talk about it. we think about it a lot, but we wish other people would think about it more, too. when the delegates to the continental congress gathered in philadelphia in the summer of 1776 to vote on the question of american inde

the leaders, lost fortunes in the revolution because their farms and businesses suffered during the revolution. now, probably a lot of us have heard about what abigail adams experienced during the american revolution, how much she missed john adams, her husband, how much she wished they could be together. but adams' experience was not singular. many other women including esther debert reed experienced these feelings, experienced these periods of aloneness. esther debert reed's husband served in the pennsylvania assembly, became a military aide to george washington, and then was governor of pennsylvania. so she had to stay at home and take care of her four children without his help and support for many years. so what this meant is that women had to basically learn how to take care of business at home and yet support their husbands in their political activities while they were away. and as i say, this was a great sacrifice for many women. and men recognized that this was a sacrifice on the part of women. they began to publish essays, and they began to produce orations in which they noted that women were as patriotic as men, in which they celebrated women's contributions to the revolutiona

the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution.12th. the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution.to of charl. the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution.of charles . the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution. and i think that's why he includ included these documents. and also in the french connection, we have a letter from the marquee de la fayette is who was an early supporter of the french revolution. he raised money for the american cause. and you can see that this is a very fine steel point engraving. he's a very slight man i guess is the best way to describe him. but as the collector would accumulate autographs, he would look for pictures or images of the person whose autograph he was collecting and in some cases he could only find regular print media and not necessarily good portraits. but as he would come across better portraits, then he would replace the ones that he had initially with better portraits. so he was c

connection, we have a letter from the marquis delafayette, who was an earlier supporter of the american revolution. he was a french marquis and he raised money for the american cause and you can see this is a very fine steel point engraving of monsoir lafayette. as the collector would accumulate autographs, he would look for pictures or images of the person whose autograph he was collecting and in some cases, he could only find regular print media and not, necessarily, good portraits. but as he would come across better portraits, then he would replace the ones that he had initially with better portraits. so he was constantly upgrading the collection. this document is a military appointment of samuel a. russell to second lieutenant dated august 6th, 1861. this is signed by the president, abraham lincoln. and initially, lincoln would sign his documents with his full name, the wahis e is. but hi presidency required more andore gatohorten hiigna and with it you may believe your involvement in theontest ends. but the truth is, involvement in this conflict is far-ranging, indeed. it touches not only mem

mentioned, well, john adams thought that perhaps as many as 67% of the american people weren't fully on board with the american revolution. we historians think he's exaggerating a little bit. but you get the point. there were many loyalists, happily, most of them left. no, i'm joking. most of them were accepted and incorporated in american society. there were many people who thomas paine would have called fair weather friends. which army is where? the great problem was how could this republic of republics, this loose federation, survive? now, nobody was more conscious of the problems of union and the problems of the future of the united states than thomas jefferson, precisely because he was not in the united states, but aware of its weakness, of its impotence, of the absolute compelling to do something. but did they do the right thing in philadelphia? that is a short version of the question americans have been asking themselves ever since. i want to tell you, as a student of the early republic, that there is no universal agreement among the founders, some of whom didn't sign, among americans, in the ratifying conventions

[ gunshots ] >> the american revolution had been raging for almost two years when fort putnam was completed. it was garrisoned with continental soldiers dressed and armed like these re-enactors. >> we just try to teach the public what it actually felt, what it tasted like, what it smelt like back then -- a little more than just names and dates in a history book. >> show us your bayonets! >> together: huzzah! >> fort putnam sits high above the hudson river at west point. its purpose was to help keep this vital area from falling into the hands of the british. the fort retains many of its historical features, starting with the ramparts. the word "ramparts" should sound familiar. it's in our national anthem -- "o'er the ramparts we watched..." but that was written about a different war. >> well, the ramparts are the walls of the fort. those are the defensive walls which we think of when we see a fort. well, not only do the ramparts of the fort still stand but we also have the casemates, which are down below us. >> a casemate was an 18th-century bomb shelter. this one was used to house up to 50

so the american revolution was a couple generations ago. it's as far away from them as world war ii is to us. the civil war is still a generation in the future. there's also the rumblings about slavery, but they don't know what's going to happen in 20 or 30 years any more than you or i do. that's the time period to keep in mind. 1838 push comes to shove. that's our default year. there's 26 states in the union, michigan being the most recent. the population of the united states is probably around 17 million or so people. of course, they do a census every ten years so we don't quite know yet. but it's probably about that. it was 13.5 million back in 1830. so it's a time when the railroad is coming in. our county seat of worcester is connected to boston in 1835. they start making regular transatlantic steam ship service from england to boston in 1838. it's not quite as old fashioned as some people might think. the telegraph is patented in 1837. just to give you some kind of things to hang your hat on. the industrial revolution is well under way

>> it's about the mob mentality and how it is a part of liberalism beginning with the french revolution, the american revolution and explaining to hundred years of the history of liberalism how they rely on mobs and you see it occupied wall street read it is consistent with what i talk about in the book. >> chris christi has endorsed mitt romney. >> i hang on everything so i guess i am a mitt romney role. no, i really am. i think it's going to be mitt romney and i'm going to write about that in my column. i've had it with the upstarts. he's not ronald then a fantastic in the the date, and best of all, he has a demonstrated the ability to track the liberals into voting for him. >>> up next thomas sat down with book tv at georgetown university to talk about his book embryo politics. efiks and policy in a atlantic democracies. this is just over 15 minutes. >> we are watching booktv on c-span2, and every month we visit a different university to talk to professors who are also authors about their looks and now joining us on book tv is thomas banchoff, and he is the author of this book, and brio politics.

fact, so ideally suited was this area to this kind of activity that it was used both during the american revolution and the war of 1812 for much the same purpose and, in fact, even before that, in the 18th century, by pirates. here is a little-known fact. blackbeard himself was killed on the bathe river in pimlico sound right about here in 1718, by british warships. erecting coastal forts. and the problem with the confederacy was that for -- one of the problems for the con f confederacy was that the civil war took place at just that moment in history when sea-going -- up to 1861 -- beginning of the american civil war. bet on the fort. first of all, they didn't sink. they were made generally of stone, not wood. and like the ships, they could support bigger, more accurate guns. but the advent of steam propulsion, in the several decades before the civil war, which made ships a moving target, and rifled guns in the decade just before the civil war, rifled guns for firing explosive shells which gave the ships a greater offensive power, all of that changed the relative balance of power between ships and

the libyan and american experience in fighting for democracy. take, for example, the formation of the continental congress as a transitioning government body of the united states. during and after the american revolution, it led the states both along the path towards an elected government and to a convention which drafted the american constitution in much the same way the national transitional government has represented the libyan movement during and after the uprising, and would also guide the upcoming election of the national assembly in june. the national assembly will oversee the drafting of the constitution, which will serve as a bedrock, as the bedrock for our democracy, and insurance peaceful transitions between elected governments. it will define the rights and responsibilities of all libyans. george washington once said, and i quote, the constitution is the guide that i will never abandon. and libyans too embrace this idea as we move forward with our democratic transition. libyans also fought for human rights, and as interim government, we must pave the way so that human rights are respected and guaranteed in the new libya. as i explained in the 19th session of the human rights council in gen

shortly after the american revolution, the founding fathers saw the need for an educated and virtuous class of citizens to lead the young nation. the ink had barely dried on the constitution when john carroll founded what would eventually be known as georgetown university. but georgetown's roots go even deeper into history. it's the oldest jesuit university in the country. jesuits are known for a commitment to learning and intellectual inquiry. they've been around since saint ignatius started the society of jesus in europe back in 1540. >> he wanted a group of priests who would not be bound to a particular church or parish or town. he wanted to start a religious order of men who would go anywhere where the needs of the world were greatest. >> so what does it mean to be a catholic and jesuit university? >> to be a catholic and jesuit university means to be committed to academic excellence, to be committed to exploring one's faith across different faith traditions - catholic, protestant, jewish, muslim, orthodox christian, or people who may be struggling to find their faith. >> while mo

going to articulate the simple message that was so popular during the glorious revolution in england in the seventeenth century and the american revolution in the eighteenth century and throughout american history and throughout world history sense which is we're in this together and we need a system where everybody in our society has a voice and where there is appropriate balance and where we don't allow some people some entities to gain so much power that they start dictating to the system and you know we've been talking this whole time about what happens within a national system but in some respects the bigger problem is that on the global stage we don't have global governance mechanisms to regulate financial markets to deal with global climate issues to deal with global health issues to deal with the public private come. tonet associated with w m d proliferation to deal with all of these things and so we're at it we're in an era now it's like that here that you talked about earlier in the late nineteenth century where there is a national economy and national companies but no national regulatory structure where we have a gl

the horns" which became an american masters documentary. her most recent book, american patriots, traces the history of the black american military experience from the american revolution to desert storm. her essay in "jubilee" talks about the roots of that experience in slavery and miss gordon reid's essay speaks to our experiences as family. let me go forth and make this general presentation and then we'll be coming back to sit with them to talk about these other things. over the last four decades, scholarship on the transatlantic and slavery has experienced something of a renaissance. scholars in europe, africa and the americas and caribbean have made the slave trade and slavery the objective of new historical, economic, political and cultural studies. gradually they have gone to assess the far reaching impact of slavery on the slave trade on their respective societies, nations and continents as well as the global political economy. what i propose to do in this brief presentation is suggest some of the ways the intended and unintended consequences of the slave trade as well as the slavery experience in the americas shaped the modern world as we knew it and laid the

during the american revolution, free black soldiers from haiti fought here alongside the americans ande british. this monument honors revolutionary war hero general pulaski, who died during the battle of savannah. cotton made savannah wealthy. in fact, eli whitney developed his cotton gin just outside of town. until the civil war, savannah was a major port for the slave trade. today, river street is crowded with tourists and shoppers. you can ride the trolley... or book a seat on an old-fashioned river boat. the pirates' house has been a meeting place for seafarers since the mid-1700s. the founder of the girl scouts, juliette gordon low, was born here. because of a yellow fever epidemic in the early 1800s, many homes were built with unusual outer stairs. people believed that by raising the first floor, they'd be breathing cleaner, safer air. as we now know, yellow fever isn't carried by bad air, but by mosquitoes. even the cemetery is picturesque in an eerie way. there are tombstones dating back to colonial times. this was also a popular place to hold duels. many of the losers are buri

in the american revolution, the ratio was 8 to 1. 8 deaths from disease to 1 in co combat. and that was for the british armies and the americans were much worse and washington's army began to waste away in the summer of 1776. and then the next failure was a fi failure of intelligence. the british were very skilled at that. they built a network of american loyalists and they knew of much more about what was going on in new york than washington did, and he was taken by surprise again and again and his army was defeated with only a few small victories to claim. and the worst of it, it continued until november of 1776. and the worst of it happened when a large part of washington's army was surrounded at fort washington, which was at the northern tip of manhattan. washington was across the hudson river in new jersey watching as that army was defeated and forced to surrender and then worse than that, after the men surrendered particularly those riflemen who had been shooting the officers of the british forces, a good many of those riflemen were beaten up and some of them were put

politician, he's an australian racecar driver, a mystery writer from florida, a financier of the american revolution an s&m conceptual artist. [ laughter ] [cheers and applause] but if bob morris doesn't work out, there's always new hampshire representative kyle jones, who is such a fiscal conservative, he's as frugal as a 20-year-old living with his parents -- because he is a 20-year-old living with his parents. but not just any parents-- kyle's mom laura jones is also a state representative which means they can carpool, although i believe kyle makes her drop him off a block from the statehouse. [ laughter ] embarrassing. jones has a firm grasp of the law. for instance, he supported the repeal of a law requiring that state workers get a guaranteed 30-minute lunch break by arguing, quote, "if i was to deny one of my employees a break, i would be in a very bad position with the company's human resources representative. if you consider that this is a very easy law to follow in that everyone already does it, then why do we need it?" exactly! you don't need the laws that everybody follows! that's why we

liberty, a vest reconsideration of the global effects of the american revolution smuggled into a concise splendidly written book. an exemplary work of gumshoe research into the lives of loyalists with an eye on larger historical patterns. what makes liberty in exile a remarkable book of history is how skillfully she synthesizes the forgotten -- with an overarching view of the history of empire. with outstanding clarity she makes a compelling case that in losing colonial battles the loyalists of america achieved their own versions of success not the least of which would be to reshape the picture of british rule. [applause] >> when you read a book about losers you don't expect to get up and give a speech like this. like many of my fellow winners this evening i don't have anything prepared and don't even have enough boots to reach in to. what i'd do have is an acute consciousness of a historian, and the sectors that brought me this evening and who i helped to thank. beginning with the subject of my book who as i tried to argue were losers who were left out of history for so long and who lef

of marking dolly madison's burial site, so we joined with the chapter of the daughters of the american revolution, and with the fund-raising abilities of those women and their patriotic fervor, we raised the money to fully restore the chemistry. we've rebuilt the brick wall. we stabilized the monuments, cleaned them and restored them so that they would continue to mark the family presence here at montpelier for the foreseeable future, so we're very grateful to the virginia chapter of the d.a.r. for taking on that project and bringing it to a successful conclusion. it's a great partner. he did have a will. in fact, it's in the records of ourng orange county courthouse. they have loaned it to us for exhibit, but he did not address at all his desires for how he is to be buried or how his grave was to be marked, so, in fact, he really left it to family tradition which at that point was largely unmarked graves. this pathway leads to the slave chemistry here at montpelier yes, and it really communicates a very important aspect of the montpelier plantation which is that there were many, many african-ame

now also the north vietnamese here prove just like the americans in the american revolution that the strongest country doesn't always win. the have i et in mees in every sense are weaker than the united states and the coalition against them. yet in the end they're the ones that are victorious. also, the have i etta mees weren't super men. they made mistakes. sometimes they learned from them, sometimes they wouldn't. but, again, they're tenacious and they overcome their errors. their opponents didn't learn as much. now conclusion with general jopp in all of this. his quote right here is what really matters. the human factor had gene sies sieve. the moral factors as klaus would call them. the vietnam to fight this out as long as they had to. that was certainly important, but also to support the north vietnamese they had. it's very, very critical. again, they are weak compared to their opponent, and if you're weak like the north vietnamese it's important to have powerful friends and all of these things are key to producing the north vietnamese victory here in north vietnam. thank you ve

the american revolution was a couple generations ago and as far away from them as world war ii is to us. the civil war is a generation in the future. there is also rumblings about slavery, but they don't know what's going to happen any railroad in 1835. start making regular steam ship service from england to boston. it's not quite as old fashioned as people might think. the telegraph is patented in 1837. just to give you a kind of thing to hang your hat on. the industrial revolution is under way. meat in the textile mills, there is over farms. growing things and living in modest homes. the homes are on the smaller end. one of the few we built here. that's 600 square feet that represents about a quarter or so of the housing stock of rural new england. america was not only a younger nation, but a poorer nation than now. most of the buildings are antiques we moved here from the six states. we opened to the public in 1946 and open ever since as a private not for profit educational propertyication. we are trying to show people bits and peas of everyday life. new england as you may or may n

we often think, of course, the american revolution ended october, 1781, yorktown, with the surrender of general john wallace. under the command of washington. that was not the case. but even with the surrender of yorktown, the british army still occupied new york, georgia, north carolina, and a good portion of maine. and the navy while it had been defeated at the battle of the capes during the yorktown campaign, the navy was still supreme. the navy was still mistress of the ocean. the british had hardly been beaten. no one understood this better than the commander in chief himself, general washington. he was fearful that the news and victory of yorktown would, in fact, diminish the american effort. shortly after the battle he wrote to governor william nelson, the governor of virginia. he told governor nelson, quote, instead of exciting our exertions, the victory at yorktown will produce such a relaxation, during the prosecution of the war as we prolong the calamities of it. he then wrote a few days later to general nathaniel green, the american commander in the south. he told general

that the hegs captives would be entitled to some of their rights that the american revolution was all about. they would be entitled to the right to life. that was very different from the law of 18th century warfare. they were treated decently to their surprise. and this news spread rapidly around the world. we had a man now in paris as the news reached europe, and it was benjamin franklin and he published essays on all of this and the idea of humanity began to spread. it wasn't universally observed in other parts of the revolution, but the continental army tried to do that all the way into the campaigns of the 1780s. after the battle when daniel morgan fought the group that was most hated in the revolution, tarl on to's raiders. he wrote a letter up the chain of command and said we treated them with humanity. we weren't even rude to them, he said. the americans made a point of that and what they were doing was leaking the conduct of the war to the values of the revolution and washington himself became a symbol of that linkage. and that linkage began to haunt the opponents of this war.

now, also, the north vietnamese here prove, just like the americans in the american revolution, that the strongest country doesn't always win. the vietnamese in every sense with weaker than the uors. their opponents didn't learn as much. now, conclusion of general giap in all of this is his quote right here is what really mattered. the human factor had been decisive. the moral factors. the naut as long as he had to. that was certainly important. but also support of the north vietnamese is very critic critical. they're weak compared to their opponents. if you're weak, it's very important to have powerful friends which they were fortunate that they did and all of these things are key to eventually producing the north vietnamese victory here in vietnam. well, thank you very much for your attention. we wail start promptly at 9:00. >>> we are standing in oakland cemetery which was the original city cemetery that dates back to 1847. and it was the primary city cemetery until about 1895 or so. one of the reasons that 1873 is so important to this region and to this city is that the great yel

it is a place where we pay tribute to all of the women who have ever served beginning with the american revolution. of course, that includes the people, the women who served during the korean war. and we are delighted to join with the department of defense in paying tribute to these women today. as i think about the service of women during that time, i think about the korean war in many respects from the standpoint of women, i think about it being a nurses war, because it was army nurses serving in country, navy nurses serving on the hospital ships and air force nurses who were flight nurses flying in and taking the wounded away to other hospitals, back in the states or someplace else. but there were other women who were serving here in the united states that never went overseas. we had women serving in okinawa and in japan who also served in support of that. now, we did have one very historic thing happen during that war, and that was that we had the first recall of women that we've ever had in this country. and let me tell you, when those women were recalled to duty who had served in world war i

. >> we were talking -- you mentioned how the greeks how they were inspired by the american revolution>> and the war of 1812 which is why i am carrying the flag that flew over fort mchenry. our ancestors were inspired by americans and the declaration of independence and the declaration of independence was inspired by eek ancestry. >> it starts next week. you can get all the information. it sounds like a great time. it is beautiful. maybe a little chilly if you don't have a jacket. we have mostly clear skies. this is too much fun. i want to know if you can greek dance? >> i can, you need more than one person. now they're coming. [laughter] monitor. have a much the steps. there you go. it is kind of like the chicken dance. think of the chicken dance in greek. next you'll ask me to speak greek. i only know the bad words. she has to bring back some food. this is the setup. we have the jets streaming into the southern part of canada. it means more of the warm weather we have been enjoying for the last several days. i did nothing this will change until the end of next week. the temperatures

lee's father rode under george washington during the american revolution. huge ties in his family to the founders of the country. and lee's kind of split. there's this very famous quote that i wanted y'all to see where he talks about how ica not raise my hand against my home, my children, all right? ana lot of folks have argued that lee by nature was a virginian. more than anything else, americans during this time period tend to identify themselves more as mississippi ans, more as new yorkers, more as virginians than americans. they define themselves by their state first than by their nation. lee, once virginia goes, yes, he has a national view, particularly as a man who served in the army, stationed down in texas, he has not spent his whole life in virginia, all right, but he says, you know, when it comes down to it, that lee very much viewed himself as a virginian. part of it has to do with, too, that lee is a slave holder. he has been for a long time. yes, he did ee mans si pay the a large number of slaves. but he's also -- remember what i'm always talkin

so the american revolution was a couple generations ago. there are rumblings about slavery, but they don't know what's going to happen any more than you or i do. 1838, push comes to shove, that's our default year. 26 states in the union, michigan being the most recent, the population of the united states is probably around 17 million or so people. we do a census every ten years. but it's probably about that. it was 13.5 million back in 1830. so it's a time when the railroad is coming in, our county seat of wooster, they start making regular transatlantic steam ship service by 1838. so it's not quite as old fashioned as some people might think, but the telegraph is patented in 1837, so just think of it as something to hang your hat on. the industrial revolution is well under way, so a lot of the cloth that we're wearing is factory made, still sewn by ladies at home, but made in the textile mills of new england, there's over 7 oof those. but most people are still living on farms, following agriculture and living , growing things in barely mod

writings of some of the founding fathers as they sought the same political writes leading up to the american revolution. in 2007, philanthropist david rubenstein purchased for $21 million one of only four original 1297 magna cartas and the only original copy in the united states. in 2009 mr. rubenstein permanently loaned the document to the national archives as a gift to the american people. it was taken off display in 2011 to undergo conservation treatment and to be placed in a new protective case. "american history tv" attended a press briefing for the unveiling of the newly encased magna carta. >> i'm david ferreiro, and i am happy to welcome you here today. for years the only copy of the magna carta has been under sight, undergoing conservation treatment. we're showing you the result of our staff's painstaking work, displayed in a new encasement designed and fabricated by the national institute of standards and technology. the 700-year-old document looks better than ever. when the magna carta is back on public display beginning on february 17th, interactive displays will enhance the educational val

us aside from making eggs and waffles it appears as though waffle house wants to reverse the american revolution to something to think about the next time you snag some breakfast. so sometimes you know what you know and sometimes you know what you don't know and sometimes is the firesign theater says everything you know is real. i don't think you you mean you're you're right. to say that you're right. as the presidential primary says as the presidential primary season continues it appears the net romney will likely be the republican candidate for president come election day and romney his supporters will say that his mormon faith will have no impact on his ability to commander chief some aren't so sure so if you think that mitt romney mormon question will go away before the election everything you know about mitt romney and mormonism is wrong joining me now is trisha erickson political consultant crisis manager and the author of the new book can mitt romney serve two masters the mormon church versus the office of the presidency of the united states of america trisha welcome thanks for having me

after the american revolution, laws in both virginia and in maryland are loosened to agree that more and more slave holders are allowed to free their slaves. and a number of them take advantage of this in part because of the decline in agricultural economy that i talked about before, but also because there are fairly active abolitionist societies in both those states, and the pressure they bring to bear also causes a number of individuals to make the choice to give them their freedom. many of them, when they got their freedom, moved to washington, d.c., moved to the district of columbia, moved to this new city on the potomac river. what it offered is all the things i talked about before -- greater flexibility, greater choices, a chance for a different kind of life. they came here hoping to find employment, employment in the building trades or the service sector as waiters, as cooks, or as hotel workers. they also hoped to find limited opportunity in the federal government as messengers, as janitors, as maids in a variety of things serving the members of congress. and they come here d