so you are looking at his femur, the condyles, the anterior fossa. the patella is gone. there is no skin graft, no nothing. this is what he was left with. so, a morning's work. this is what the civil war was about. amputations and more amputations. a surgeon's hand kit. for operations. again, these were not sterilized. they could not be sterilized. why do i show the picture, and talk about specialization and family practice. internists learned all about diseases. surgeons, at the beginning of the war, everybody was surgeons. everybody was allowed to operate. that stopped by the middle of the war. and by, towards 1864, they said, you know this is really crazy. we need to have people who are specialized in surgery. this is the big bang theory for specialization in america. it started in the civil war. because jonathan letterman, a medical director of the civil war, said, hey, no. no. we are having three people operate. the rest of you guys are not operating. so those three people became very tuned in to surgery. they learned to operate. once the war was over the men, hundr