the soviet stadium. that is why we are here. [applause] reporter: hitler recorded operation barbaro said. he wanted to invade the soviet union in a few weeks. this caused 20 million soviets their lives, mosost of them civilianans. opposition politicians called for a strong signal of reconciliation, after a tense time for german-russian relations. >> a peaceful secure future for europe is only possible with russia, not without russia and really not against russia. reporter: today's memorial services are not just about looking backwards. the president of the german parliament said today they must be reminded of their responsibility toward their eastern neighbors. >> we must note the concrete fact that this part of the shared history, the history of germany and its eastern european neighbors, the german-russian history, has been blotted out for decades. instead of being acknowledged, at times it has been deliberately suppressed. reporter: today, above all, those who lost their lives are remembered. brent: russia has also been remembering hitler's attack on the soviet union 75 years ago. people across the country knock the -- ma

he was right on target for our most serious concerns about the soviet union. >> only from a position reement to limit the growth of nuclear arms and minimize the threat of nuclear confrontation. >> at the time, the soviet union and the u.s. were locked in a dreadful conflict over nuclear weapons. >> we were trying to engage in arms control talks. we were fighting for our country's security. >> even with treaties, people still had a button to push if things got to that point. so what's in your adversary's mind was highly important and when you're gaining the intelligence from a covert agent about that adversary, then you've got the advantage. and he could read what the ambassador from the soviet union in washington, d.c., was saying about his meeting with american officials. >> what are their negotiating positions, what are their views on arms control, how much can we trust him? is dobrynin reporting accurately back to moscow or is he? we really struck gold with trigon in moscow. >> trigon and i never met. but i remember once i went to put down a package in the woods and i looked up an

the lower 48 by americans were delivered to soviet pilots. all part of a global multi-billion dollar effort to that one goal. keeping russia in the war against hitler. the soviet union was an unlikely ally. churchill once described russia as a riddle wrapped inside a mystery inside an enigma. in europe, churchill and roosevelt agreed to deal with the brutal soviet dictator joseph stalin. tonight hear from american pilots who flew the treacherous route to this base, meet an american hero who fought with the red army and russians who defended their homeland against one dictator while living under the iron fist of another. it's the untold history of americans and russians in the titanic struggle of world war ii. berlin, may, 1945. the german capital in ruins. soviet red army soldiers celebrated at the feet of nazi, germany. together allied generals, eisenhower, montgomery and the soviets zukoff toured the vanquished third reich. >> the nazis began the bombing. the allies finished it. >> victory wasn't always certain. five years earlier, hitler was at the height of his power. after the success of its blitzkrieg against poland in 1939, hitler turned against france, holla

when you go into the soviet union, they probably don't want you there. aboutreat assessment soviet antiaircraft or integrated air defense is also a question mark. we don't know what they have. haveestimated the soviets 1600 fighters and 12,000 new mc15's. you see them in the upper left. by the end of 1949, the russians will have 3500 mc15's. this is the same aircraft that will give the b-29 crews in korea a hard time. now you want to conduct a bombing defensive. antiaircraft can shoot up to 50,000 feet. and, they take a lot of resources from the germans. i'm not even going to try to say the name in russian. that is their air defense. we don't have a good idea about the radar capabilities, their antiaircraft capabilities. we do think they can at least vector a fighter towards a bomber for about 70 miles and get within 2 or 3 miles of the bomber. it's it's a b-36, you probably can see it. if we don't fly the polar routes, we have to put the aircraft in england or in egypt. that is our forward basis. the problem is, in egypt, it's too -- it's a strip 6000 fe

they were getting resupplied from the soviet union. if nixon could talk moscow and beijing into withdrawing their thenrt of north vietnam, the vietnam policy of the troops pulling out that was feasible. in fact he never did get the soviets and the chinese to go along with it. tom: one major elephant in this room. the role of the media. early on, if you were to sample the american press, which i've tried to do, there was enormous support from the publishers of america who were very pro-american intervention. many of the early correspondence were reporting a more favorable story about it. thanks to some extraordinary reporting, peter arnett is an example. prize-winning reporter for the associated press. incredible photographers that were there. those images -- the cover of life magazine. the impact of television. dan rather will be a part of this program. as you know. as those images continues to discontinued -- as those images continued to come across on the tvs and in the newspapers of america it had profound impact on the policymakers.

very interesting about the soviet union and the united states today.nited states today the current line with regard to moscow is that it's okay to be pro moscow between un22, 1941 ex-when hitler's forces invade russia, or the soviet union, and september 1, 1945, when world war ii concludes. so, it's okay to be promos scow then. the only people who i know who tend to question that line are the late u.s. president her period hoover, and your home boy, pat buchanan down the road in washington, dc. in in but paul robeson's position was if washington could ally with moscow to defeat his antagonist it would not be beyond the bounds of reason for robeson and his comrades to alie with -- to defeat they're antagonist but washington would have none of it. in fact a turning point in the life of paul robeson takes place in 1946 when he confronts face-to-face the then u.s. president hari s. truman and wags his finger and denounce harry truman for this lethargy in pursuing lynchers who were mutilating and committing may hem against black people, including black sold

and to the border of the soviet union. nd this instance 75 years ago he was massing 3 million troops. and it would take place 6 days later. at that moment, switzerland. polls in the spring of 1941 show 75% of americans, great britain serve as a serious danger to the united states. almost 85% said that nonetheless, no americans should fight a foreign war. you can't get 85% of americans today to agree the sun rises in the east, but they were agreed no american troops in europe. now, fdr in the heat of the 1940 presidential campaign, quite bravely instituted draft but he also promised, and congress said of those troops that not a single american boot would go and fight a foreign war unless we were attacked. as you know, he made the united states which congress passed, the arsenal of democracy and we began sending aid to the brits. but he agreed that none of that aid would go in an american ship or under protection of the u.s. navy. so effectively lots of those tanks and airplanes and bombs and guns and bullets and brain and oi

wayneans involved in the killings, and there were some trials post war, lithuania was under the soviet unionbut after lithuania became independent, light lithuanians clung to this perception of themselves that's double victim they suffered under the nazis and suffered under the soviets and there was great reluctance to face up to what some of their countrymen had done during the holocaust, and that's a process that they're still going through. i think there's been some progress in that, but definitely not in the form of trials and now it's probably too late. >> so anymore questions? >> one of the purposes of trials i guess hopefully would be to prevent these kinds of incidents from happening in the future. when i look at the world today, if anything, i think the world is becoming even more brutal and more engaged in genocide than it ever was before, and i was just wondering what your feelings are about these trials and the roles they play in terms of changing the way people feel about genocide and, more important, acting on those feelings. >> well, the acting is the hard part, and obviously

the soviets would be kept out of that part of europe the western powers controlled. the has been determined by middle months. the same would apply to japan as well, that is to say the soviet union would be kept out of hand and it was evident the soviets would not be permitted to take over turkey and iran. get into thee 46, anti-soviet hostility and much journalistic reporting long before the next article. to be sure, the early policy applied to specific areas, albeit areas of teaching 10 costce where the strategy was globalist and really covered the entire world. he called for a policy of firm containment design to confront the russians with an unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interest of a peaceful and stable world. a -- we need to spend a but what isf time, counter tohis ran some of his own basic thinking. for a guy who was a marvelous stylists, he could be maddeningly loosen his prose. he's a little hard to pin down. , let's consider nsc 68. in 1968 following the twin shocks, the soviet detonation of an atomic device and the victory in the chinese dung's,r of as a forces. it's a policy that was never really actually implemen

the same would apply to japan as well, that is to say the soviet union would be kept out of hand -- japan as well. by early 1946, it was also evident the soviets would not be permitted to take over turkey and iran. by the time we get into the spring of 46, anti-soviet hostility was a staple of u.s. policy documents and much journalistic reporting, long before the article. to be sure, the early policy applied to specific areas, albeit areas of great strategic importance, where his strategy was was globalist and really covered the entire world. he called for a policy of firm containment designed to confront the russians with an unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching on the interest of a peaceful and stable world. what is ironic, and we could spend a great deal of time on kennan. we will have the paper tomorrow that zeros in particularly on him. what is ironic is this globalist articulation ran counter to some of his own basic thinking. even in 1947, and certainly beyond. for a guy who was a marvelous stylist, he could be maddeningly loose in his prose.

it is a mystery to me why the cia hired hitler's top intel official in the soviet union. mr. talbot: now you're going down a tunnel i was not able to go down. [laughter] the major point you're making is interesting, all's well that went to the soviet union and came back with surprising ease. a senator from pennsylvania on the church committee looked into the kennedy assassination and made a very famous statement, saying the fingerprints of intelligence are all over lee harvey oswald. and i believe that is true. maybe one more, and we'll call it a day, and evening? any others? thank you very much for your patience. [applause] >> on history bookshelf, here from the country's best-known american history writers of the past decade. every saturday at 4:00 p.m. eastern. and you can watch any of our programs at any time. you can visit our website, www.c-span.org/history. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] 1965 in the ia drang -

ask the dissidents in the soviet union about our commitment to human rights. ask the hungarian americans, ask the polish americans, listen to pope john paul ii. ask those who are suffering for the sake of justice and liberty around the world. ask the millions who've fled tyranny if america should stop speaking out for human principles. ask the american people. i tell you that as long as i am president, we will hold high the banner of human rights, and you can depend on it. [applause] here at home the choice between the two futures is equally important. in the long run, nothing is more crucial to the future of america than energy; nothing was so disastrously neglected in the past. long after the 1973 arab oil embargo, the republicans in the white house had still done nothing to meet the threat to the national security of our nation. then, as now, their policy was dictated by the big oil companies. [applause] we democrats fought hard to rally our nation behind a comprehensive energy policy and a good program, a new foundation for challenging and exciting progress

the soviet union can only be found in history books. e captive nations of eastern europe and the baltics are captive no more. and today on the rural streets of poland, merchants sell cans of air labeled "the last breath of communism." and if i had stood before you four years ago and described this as the world we would help to build, you would have said, george bush, you must have been smoking something, and you must have inhaled. this convention is the first at which an american president can say, the cold war is over, and freedom finished first. usa]ring and chanting we've a lot to be proud of. a lot. some want to rewrite history, want to skip over the struggle, claim the outcome was inevitable. and while the u.s. post-war strategy was largely bipartisan, the fact remains that the liberal, mcgovern wing of the other party, including my opponent, consistently made the wrong choices. [cheering] in the 1970s, they wanted a hollow army. we wanted a strong fighting force. in the 1980s, and you remember this one, in the '80s they wanted a nu

and from the collapse of the soviet union to post-9/11 afghanistan, one of the country's finest writers, andrew solomon, has seen it all, and he tells us what he learned. >>> but first, here's my take. i can't remember a more event-filled 24 hours since the end of the cold war. on friday morning, britain voted to withdraw from the european union, ending a decades' old deeply intertwined political association. then, scotland's first minister proposed a vote to break away from britain, ending the 300-year union between them. the leaders in northern ireland floated a similar idea. meanwhile, the british prime minister announced that he would resign the head of the opposition labor party might well be forced out as well, oh, and global markets lost $2 trillion of value all in one day. the economic and political consequences of brexit will become clearer in the weeks and months ahead. it seems to me there is going to be considerable remorse and regret among those who voted for brexit without really understanding what it meant. but however that plays out, there is one lesson that i think we c

that was true with many lithuanians who were involved in the killings with the radio was under the soviet unionut then had this perception of themselves they have suffered under the nazis and the soviets with a great reluctance to face up to what some of their countrymen had done and that is the process they still go through. there has been progress but now it is probably too late. >> plan of the purposes hopefully would be to prevent from this incidence from happening in the future but if i will get the world today, if anything i think the world is becoming even more brutal and engaged in genocide than ever before. what are your feelings about these trials and the roles they play in terms of changing the way people feel about genocide in acting on those feelings? >> acting is the hard part we have not done too well. with get rwanda but what has changed is the principle that every tyrant summer in his mind is the thought if i am no longer in power can they charge me with war crimes or crimes against humanity? that was not a concern before but people like me from the voice of brazil but some of

the soviet union was continuing to support insurgencies all over the world. if you look at eastern europe after world war ii, they would come in and compromise every liberal-thinking social democratic party and crush them and take over the works. it was a terrible economic idea communism and made into an evil force by a totalitarian nature by what we were experiencing. i was sympathetic with what presidential candidate ronald reagan said, but it's a lot easier to say than it actually is to do. i'm not of the school if we were to ramped up our effort in vietnam we would have won it. the most important thing we underestimated was presuming that communism was monolithic and that vietnam was a pep pet of the soviet union and china. yugoslavia was a well-known sort of renegade inside the communist party movement. >> the suggestion you might characterize it is go big or stay home is a little shorter version of what ronald reagan said on that particular occasion. there is a lot of legitimacy, i believe in that statement, but there's lots of qualifiers too which sugg

the most recent laws and changes in the constitution bring up the old soviet union type of structure sed you would never believe in any wildest dreams that it could happen. nowadays he thinks it's a similar situation, it looks like a stable -- you know, people are busy, money being made, rich cars. but it can't go on like this for too long. so yuri predicts it could be in a similar overnight collapsing situation. so there is some hope -- >> you're due for some major renovations. everyone... to share it with jackpot! still the same refreshing bud light. with a new look. if yo...well do i haveen it all, a surprise for you. it's red lobster's new lobster and shrimp summerfest! with the lobster and shrimp... ...you love in so many new dishes, you're gonna wanna try... ...every last one. like the new coastal lobster & shrimp. with a wood-grilled lobster tail, ...wild-caught red shrimp crusted with panko, ...and shrimp fresh off the grill and brushed with... ...summer ale bbq sauce. or try the new lobster & shrimp overboard, ...because when a dish can wow you like this, ...overboard's the o

the other 828 were done underground in the tunnels. 1963, the soviet union and the united states agreed to a limited test ban treaty. this did not prevent nuclear testing but it didn't limit it. you cannot test underwater and you cannot test in the atmosphere. you cannot test in space either. they developed test sites where they drove vertical or horizontal tunnels underground to do their nuclear testing. basicwere really two types and it really depended. they were horizontal tunnels and vertical tunnels. there was a lot of mountain ranges that were good for digging it. many of those tunnels were of fixed testests or scientific test. they would actually test the effects of a nuclear blast. most of the weapons testing took place and deep vertical shafts dug straight into the ground. it was actually an extremely huge into -- enterprise to undertake. drill very deep and very wide tunnels straight down into the ground. weaponuld submerge a testbed package such as you see displayed behind me. record the yield order last effect. that is actually a test canister that was designed to be lowered

first ventured off the planet into space and all the way to the moon, when the united states and the soviet union began sending craft out to explore the nearby planets. all of this was exciting and thrilling, and people just flocked into the museum to see it. in the 40 years since the building opened, we have continued to acquire treasures of space history. we have about 17,000 artifacts related to space history. we have just over 1000 of them on display in our two locations here in the washington area. then we have another 1500 on display in other museums around the world. in our tour today, we are going to look at some of the original artifacts that were the stars of the show when the national air and space museum opened. and we're also going to look at artifacts from history that have has been made since then. we will start our tour here with the lunar module. the icon for the landing on the moon in july 1969. it actually has a companion spacecraft. the apollo command module. the command module, the service module, and lunar module carried three astronauts. neel armstrong, buzz aldrin, and hol

whether it was the rise of china , the split between china and the soviet union, which he foresaw, but also the fate of american domestic politics. >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span "q&a." >> next, a senate hearing on while higher prevention. interim president michael middleton talks about the .chool's response john king on implementation of the every child succeeds act. officials from the agriculture and interior departments were at a senate energy and natural resources hearing on wildfire and forth management. they talk about legislation that will change how firefighting efforts are funded by the u.s. forest service. they testified on the timber industry. this is two hours. >> good morning, the committee will come to order. we are meeting to receive testimony on a legislative discussion draft entitled wildfire budget response act. i want to thank those that joins together when we released this draft may 25 along with ranking members senator cantwell and senator wyden. u.n. senator crapo have been working this issue for a very long time. we thank you for your leadership. senat

the soviet union was continuing to support insurgencies all over the world. if you look at eas

but how did that work in the soviet union store cuba and venezuela. how come it never works and it leaves everybody poor? >> there are a lot of nordic countries that have the democratic socialist world view that works today and it's working quite well for working people. john: when you say nordic countries, what do you seen in. >> sweden, norway? it would be a great place to be a middle class working person. john: in europe youth unemployment is 20%. double than it is in america. what have they invented in norway or denmark. what innovation has come out of europe? this is a stagnant place. it was rich. socialism has made them complacent and poor. >> i don't think we have to have this false choice between innovation and a country that works for working people. we had a system where we can insure that government and business works for working people, it's going to look different than it looks in the rest of the world. but creating this false choice isn't helpful when we know the system we have right now isn't working for most people except those at the v

confrontation do we want a new cold war or relationship that is more similar to what we had with the soviet union or something were certainly we have disagreements are national interests that diverge that we lower the rhetoric to solve problems as much as possible behind the scenes and reemphasize cooperation because that is in all of our interest to make sure that's this triangle gets along. >> i wasn't going to ask a question but i couldn't resist after hearing his great conversation i want to ask about the role of pakistan and the indians and chinese today because if this is happened in the recent past it would be more of a topic they would have thought about pakistan more often as an element of the competitive relationship also they would of thought about the relationship with china with the prism of pakistan and their strategic relationship with china said you cents it is retreating from the four front of policy makers mines or how do you see that fit in to the country you talk about today? >> we go to all the same dialogue. [laughter] i do think india is looking of strategically where they

we have dealt with the soviet union and russia being the central country the soviet union for years and what they have always respected as the democratic and republican presidents has found its strength. here we are, the russians when they intervene in a war in syria within days of that babe aunt syrian monitors that we were supporting. the first time they did that they should have credited the airfield for which those airplanes contained just as we did in after desert shield and evert -- desert storm with saddam hussein's forces. we should tell russia if you do this again we are not just going to create an airfield where going to take your planes down to the problem with this administration is they are paralyzed by the fear of adverse consequence and you've got to get over that if you're going to operate from a position of us drink. lou: the american people are having trouble getting over at first consequence as well, the adverse consequences of the policies being pursued by this administration, whether domestic or foreign. and we have now, the cia director himself contradicting the pr

also the warsaw pact, their military alliance, craollapsed after the e soviet union break up. d --. it is the military alliance, nato. and they want to challenge it and they a want to force its collapse. >> hold on. you say they want to challenge it. how would they challenge it? are you suggesting they may go in and try to knock off some of those countries piecemeal. >> absolutely. in the last three years they have run 17 major exercises and deployment where the central somewhere has been war in the battlicses against the united states and united states and nato and have simulated tactical nuclear weapons in all those exercises. they are dead serious about this. i think we'll see in time an incursion into the baltics. testing the resolve of nato. and i'm not convinced that angela merkel -- >> forgive me. but if they want into astonia or one of the countries many t the baltic, you don't think there would be any reaction from nato? >> i'm not sure. if they did it rapidly. and they have forces right on the border and within a few days they were sitting in a capital city, i'm not c

security conference in 2007 where very much regretted the loss of control over soviet space, the loss of control over the failure, the end of the soviet union, et cetera. so clearly that's something on his mind but i would defer that question to russians frankly. >> let me, it is not safe to be in the political opposition these days in russia. what is the administration doing to help political pluralism in russia with regard to those opposing the putin regime. >> i assume that is for me, senator? >> either one. i'm open to a good answer. >> obviously we continue to speak out strongly whenever russia takes moves to further constrain the space for the non-governmental organizations to restrict human rights of the as i said in my opening. to constrain press freedom. we worked with vladimir and others who are seeking a different future for russia. we have programs both inside of russia and outside of russia to work with those russian activist who want to work with us to try to strengthen rule of law. to try to strengthen a free press. we have a large number of russian journalists who actually fled russia now, who are working with us and with ot

is a fascinating story of a young brilliant computer programmer working in his dying days of the soviet union to its smuggle this came up to the west so there is industrial espionage the end of one political system and the beginning of the latter perhaps the creation of the most copied imitated stolen gave a full time. >> how did dan discovered -- to discover this? he got ahold of this story and interviewed him. and has been scouring around the story for some time and it is a terrific tale. >> nation books has a wonderful all eventually moving book from gary young the former guardian who lived in chicago for several years looking at the death of 10 and people in one day in america and well links all these people that died there under age of 19 most of them accidental not the high-profile victims and what we explain away as an act of madness. with the people to guns they barely have a paragraph and the local newspapers. the of the circumstances of which they would play and he asks the kind of questions we should all be asking where the guns are in culture. and with the caribbean born so he kno

this was the soviet union against the world. and the moral precepts among people everywhere. it was an act of barbarism, born of a society which disregards individual rights and the value of human life and seeks to expand and dominate other nations. he concludes this way. by the way, reagan always communicated, and ken knows this very well, but reagan always used the words of those that were already commonly accepted leaders, people made his speeches glisten by not just reagan's authority, but their authority. he quotes from the scriptures, 96% of his speeches contain quotations or references to bible parables. 96% of the time. reagan loves to do this. it is a tremendous communicating tool. it is not as if i'm saying to you this is what i believe. let us have faith in abraham lincoln's words, that might , andat right makes might let us to the end there to do our duty as we understand it. if we do, if we stand together and move forward with courage, then history will record that some good did come from this monstrous wrong that we will carry with us and remember for the rest o

when again, a lot pinning on the left is -- is more sympathetic and more willing to work with the soviet union. and then there's the person -- the man himself. he is somebody who always gives off the err that he is the smartest person in the room. and that if you don't know it, you're going to find out very soon. but the decisions that he made are made from the best possible evidence from the weightest judgment and therefore shouldn't and can't be questioned. this is something again that rubs other people with similar large scale egos the wrong way and it led to friction and conflict, both with american presidents, two in particular, f.d.r. and truman but also -- but also led to conflicts with people within his own service and in the other branches of the u.s. military in that half century-plus career. host: when did you decide you wanted to write a big book on him? >> a big book on him. the idea of a book on macarthur was planted on my head by an editor at random house original. and i had thought about macarthur as a great follow-up as some of the biographical work that i had done. i had done

built because it was in the 1960s during the cold war, where we were sort of at war with the former soviet union. >> so when the soviets aimed their nuclear missiles at the united states, we aimed missiles back at them -- missiles called icbms. icbm stands for "intercontinental ballistic missile." that means it could fly from our continent to another continent, carrying a nuclear warhead. one kind of icbm was the titan ii. it was a giant rocket kept armed and ready to launch in an underground chamber called a silo. in all, there were 54 silos spread across uninhabited areas of the u.s. they're no longer in use, but you can take a tour of one thanks to the arizona aerospace foundation. >> well, nicole, first of all, welcome to launch complex 571-7. >> thank you. >> we're gonna go underground. >> whoo-hoo! >> nuclear missiles are always kept underground because that is the safest place you can be in a nuclear war. >> that is true. >> so we're gonna go down about 35 feet. [ gong crashes, mysterious music plays ] >> hey, watch your step here. >> as i followed chuck, he explained what it was like to

real issue in nato is we decapitated it in terms of military capabilities after the collapse of the soviet unione social democracies that exited for 40 plus years are an incredible burden as governments in these countries and their leaders are feckless in terms of their unability to ask their people to sacrifice, not only to protect themselves but to protect the outer security of europe and have step up the global responsibilities. that is the weakness of nato. it's the political will that's lacking in nato. putin understands that. for the last seven years, there's been a lack of political will in the united states, in nato, and putin has taken advantage of all of it. >> fascinating. thank you, sir. >> good seeing you. >> global markets lost trillions, trillions in value today. trillions with a t. up next, we'll take a look at here's to the heroes -- america's small business owners. and here's to the heroes behind the heroes, who use their expertise to keep those businesses covered. and here's to the heroes behind the heroes behind the heroes, who brought us delicious gyros. actually, the gyro h

he has written three previous books on russia agent delivery in, the decline and fall of the soviet unionpublished in 1996. darkness at dawn, the rights of the russian criminal state publishing 2003, and it was a long time ago and it never happened anyway russia and the communist past, published in 2011. he will be glad to take questions and our copies of his book available for sale in the lobby. is scheduled after his works today is fairly tight but he will be available for a few minutes afterwards to sign copies of his book. but for now let me get well, david satter to the heritage foundation and inviting to speak on "the less you know, the better you sleep: russia's road to terror and dictatorship under yeltsin and putin." david. [applause] >> thank you very much, ted, and thanks to all of you for coming. the history of post-soviet russia is a history that should concern more than just russians. because russia has become and has revealed itself to be in recent years an aggressor state ready to disrupt the existing framework of international relations. since the second world war, there

his professional parameters as someone who was working overseas as an official government of the soviet unionogy. he believed that their system was broken. the information that he gave had to deal with nuclear material. many believe that it probably stopped any confrontation and nuclear engagement, if you remember, very, very tense. so it was that lineage that the cia spotted him because of his behavior, but ultimately it was because he had an ideology difference with the soviet union and thought that he could help change the system if he helped the united states get this information. >> mike, a female cia agent was the handler for this kgb info informant. so what special skills, tools did she use? >> well, first of all, she was the first woman that they trained as a cia officer and sent to moscow to operate in moscow. they really could aren't operate. the cia could not operate in moscow and it was too hard of an environment. the kgb watched everybody, but they were prejudiced in their thinking and they just didn't believe that a woman could be a spy operating in moscow. she used that to her

we won't mention the bernie sanders honeymooned in the soviet union even though charles says that allecame a medicine, it was an idea. an inspiration. a wild "what-if." so scientists went to work. they examined 87 different protein structures. had 12 years of setbacks and breakthroughs, 4,423 sleepless nights, and countless trips back to the drawing board. at first they were told no, well... maybe, and finally: yes. then it was 36 clinical trials, 8,500 patient volunteers, and the hope of millions. and so after it became a medicine, someone who couldn't be cured, could be. me. ♪ >>> these all this hour but there is much more coverage all night long. six states voting in the goldible state. donald trump schedule to do speak at 9:00. that's it for us, fair, balanced and unafraid. here comes greta "on the record" from new jersey. >> this is "on the record" coming to you live from the absolutely beautiful jersey shore. right here in this state the polls close in under an hour. new jersey is the most densely populated state in the entire country. and it's one of six states where today peop

months after the revolt had began -- the only government that stepped forward to sell arms to republican spain was not another democracy, it was josef stalin's soviet union. and although it was not widely known at the time, stalin demanded a lot of things in return for selling arms to spain. namely, high positions for spanish and soviet communists in the government's armed forces leadership and in their security forces. but stalin did something more important as well which is that he passed the word to communist parties around the world wanting to take advantage of this enormous groundswell of enthusiastic support for the spanish republic, pass the ward to the world's communist party, begin recruiting volunteers to fight for the spanish republic x. these volunteerses were what became known as the international brigades, which i'm sure you're familiar with. eventually 35-40,000 people from more than 50 countries went to spain to fight for the spanish republic. they were the shock troops of this war. they were thrown into the very toughest battles, and the men in those international brigades died at three times the rate of other soldiers in the spanish rep

how bank should be run in what the money supply should be is preposterous for the soviet union fell and we pointed out what the fed has done. first of all it's weakening the dollar. in the early part of the last decade it started weakening the dolly.tes? dollar. that's why commodity prices and housing prices went up then led to the disaster of 2008. since 2008 they have still misbehave. take for example, this take for example, this whole thing on zero zero interest rates. controlling interest rates is like price control. they are deforming the market. the fed should be adamant. they should set the price they loaned to banks that. in terms of trying to set the price of borrowing and lending for the rest of the economy, i don't know whether they know they did this but they created a credit market where the favor goes to bond.200 who can issue bonds? big companies and government. what's happening is they look at the credit where credit is gone since 2008 since the fed started this nonsense, the small businesses and new businesses, tiny. they are killing the creation of new businesses. kill

>> significance, obviously that in central asia which used to be part of the soviet union, as nic mentionedups, some that started way back in the '90s after the soviet union broke up. most of them in the beginning, terrorist organizations where kyrgyzstan, the individual governments there, uzbekistan, kyrgyzstan, and of course russia itself with dagestan and chechnya. then they kind of morphed. right now some of them have split off and they're looking for the big guy on the clock, which is isis. so that is why some of them ally themselves. they actually according to the fsb, which is a former kgb -- it is like our fbi -- they say there are about 3,000 fighters for russia alone who have gone to the middle east and to syria. i was just checking some numbers on the kyrgyz, an estimated 500 have gone from kyrgyzstan. you have a large contingent now of these radicalists islamists coming from central asia and in syria. and of course, when i think russia, syria, terrorism, et cetera, you have to think of turkey, which is of course where this took place -- the attack, because russia and turkey have