the soviet union was bleeding china drive. soviet laws were five-year loans. they were repayable in short term. i haven't read much about the chinese being bled dry by the soviets in the late 50's and early 60's. it is a bit outside the scope of your book. that in their interesting source on soviet aid to china, what caused the collapse of this relationship at the economic level is another book in the same series as mine by austin jesuit. i forgot what it is called. it deals with the sino-soviet split. what is interesting in his book. with -- not only does question of the soviet leaving the chinese drive, it also has a lot to do with how the soviets were implementing there a projects on the ground. i like his interpretation in part because it just more closely with mine. a lot of what he is saying in the book is the soviets were sometimes imperious and arrogant and how the infamous a decade project. is the onlyk this point he makes but i think it is something that comes across in his book. relations within a project and to the soviets chinese, this is in some w

chores for the soviets in spain. and then dating lead odd a formal relationship, and as i said during the talk, the soviet idea would be, we're going to tell him what to do now, we're going structure this relationship so we can say, ernest, we need you to talk to so and so. but once ernest marries the soviets, as far as i can tell almost immediately he goes, ooh, they were great fun when we were dating but i'm not sure i like being married to the nkvd. he's never -- one thing that makes his interesting, i think, is he is not -- the other soviet spies in washington, they're really conventional spies. they're guys who have access to official secrets, that they're sworn to protect, go into safe, copy those and take them to the soviet case officer who sends them to moscow. ernest is not an official. he is a spy a murkier -- what the soviets have in mind for him is less clearcut. it's like can you go see if so and so might ever be willing to support this position? or can you find out if the president is willing to change h

he has strong views about the soviet union. this was a senator who said, when reporters asked him after the germans attacked the soviet union -- well, what you think "well,hat, and he said if the germans are winning, we should help the soviets, and if the soviets are winning, we should help the germans." this was, of course, before we got into the war. he does not like the soviets. he distrusts communism. he is right out there -- make america great. [laughter] mr. sherwin: you will have to excuse me. it is very hard not to throw these things in. when molotov, the soviet foreign minister comes to, you know, check truman out, to , onoduce himself, and so on april 21 or 22, i think it is, truman starts to -- they get in a conversation, and treatment starts to dress him down and says you are breaking your agreements. you are not doing this, and you are not doing that. so taken back -- i mean, this is their first diplomatic meeting. "i have never been talked to that -- like that in my life." and truman says like a scolding schoolteac

even today, the soviet union still cannot feed itself. after these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion -- freedom leads to prosperity. freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. freedom is the victor. [applause] [cheers] and now the: soviets themselves may, in a limited way, be coming to understand the importance of freedom. we hear much from moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. some political prisoners have been released. certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. are these the beginnings of profound changes in the soviet state? or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the west, or to strengthen the soviet system without changing it? we welcome change and openness, for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. [appl

the soviets by that. hey deliver it to the news and egypt and egypt was already hearing from the syrians that israelis was planning a war against. the syrians are known for crying wolf. we don't believe them but now they have a cooperation for moscow. so that was reliable and on top of that the political system in egypt was pretty tense. nasser had to take consideration the option that if he won't allow his chief of staff to deploy egyptian troops in sinai there might be a clue. it was a possibility. that's the story of how this intelligence alerts came to be and this is why egypt made a major erroofudgment in tting volved in all of this. they thought they would puff their way to this crisis. then things started to be more and more complicated for them and they didn't back down. factions in the kremlin. basically, it was a faction led by. [inaudible] he was a moderate. he represents the kind of civilian intelligence that the people who are run factories, the people who are on the ministry and they didn't w

i didn't answer the question about soviet allies. you know, they didn't have a lot of say before the war, but it is an interesting story of what happens after the war. before the war in general east european allies were even more critical about the whole issue of foreign aid. they told the soviets, we're giving way tush money to those -- too much money to those third world countries. they're ungrateful, we're losing good money after bad. we should stop this. the soviet union should stop this. and especially countries that had nothing to sell to developing countries, poland, for example. they couldn't sell potatoes to egypt, for example. so they were against that. and, obviously, wait a second, during the war itself panic. okay? in warsaw, in east germany people are convinced that this is the verge of world war iii. they started pulling their money out of banks. they start to hoard food. the supermarkets are empty. after a few days they understand that it's not going to be like this. after the war two things. the east europeans are wor

berlin, the take soviets take the gate.lin is occupied by the four allies, and the gate is reasonably restored after the war. 1957, or it is removed to be restored, again. was supposed to have been an inter-allied affair, but the soviet decided to remove the cross and crown before reinstalling it on the gate. also turning it so it fac es east. today, it continues to look out on the soviet side of berlin. access to the gate had to be aftercted in 1941, someone was shot at the russian war memorial. it would take 1.1 million marks to prompt reacts access to the western side of the random berg gate. 1987, west berlin majoring mayor and movedl patrick booking that -- which blocked the area around the war memorial. once again, there is free access leading up to the berlin wall and the brandenburg -- andre awaiting president mrs. reagan onto the dais. the crowd is standing lightly in anticipation of the arrival of mayor deegan, chancellor kohl, and president reagan. brandenburge cry of gate stands in the background, the backdrop f

in the soviet union now they are promising more for the countries would give the soviet fleet permanent access in alexandria, the important egypt. and in syria. the superpowers basically exacerbated the crisis by not giving for enable exactly one developing countries and specifically middle eastern countries needing the most and five pursuing policies that basically strengthened generals that were pursuing foreign policies. so when you get to the summer of 1967 we have a situation where a word doesn't have to happen. but it is very very likely. these two stories, the one i told you about i came to write the book and the story about how they answer one of the perennial questions in history two great men lead history or are they slaves of circumstances beyond their control? so now we have the answer because you might plan to do your research project on something not related to this six-day war. or you may plan to not have a war if you are a leader in middle east in the 1960s. and if something comes up you get a grant, a fellowship, and then you stumble into fighting a war, writing a book

he loves stories on the soviet economy. woman tries to buy refrigerator and i'm sorry, madam, but this is not want to be available for 20 years. 20 years to this day. will you deliver it in the morning or afternoon? [laughter] what difference could it possibly make, the plumbers coming in the morning. [laughter] of course, the end of the cold war is complicated, and to kiss -- and you cannot describe it all without offense on the ground in east germany, john paul ii's visit to poland, so forth. reykjavik matter. in my judgment, at least this much -- ronald reagan had brought to bear just soviet union -- when the soviets had matched us. they had spent decade and a half developing a blue ocean navy, nuclear arsenal is roughly equivalent with ours. all right. they say no no no, we will also bring to bear in this struggle our economic and technical dynamism. if we cannot missiles of the sky one-for-one and provide a perfect -- who knows. but if we start doing research, we bring to bear our economic and technical dynamism. you ca

it would be headed by none less than the soviet premier. he day that the soviet premier arrived in york, president johnson made a short hop to dulles airport to greet the premised are of a. he was en route and had made a red carpet visit to the white house earlier and would be the president's guest at camp david. they cover the spectrum of middle east problems -- the thest insoluble question of refugees, israel's territorial gains, the arab refusal to accept israel as an independent nation. as far as the press was concerned, there was only one question. would there be a meeting between the big two. as the president made clear, he would be happy to see the premier. prime minister holt made it has been australia powerful the court. service, theuiet president reminded the daughter of the commandant it was father's day and undoubtedly, the thought that he himself would soon be a grandfather. on the following day at a foreign policy conference at the state department, the president offered his formula for lasting peace in the middle east. preside

policy makers because now we know what a hollow shell the soviet union was they did have a tremendous litary capabily bufar less than we thought at the time. it is hard to go back and capture the actual feeling of danger that they felt. but to your point the takeaway is how none of them would have worked pose serious and expensive and elaborate and the extent to which you read that 150 to play when negative page plan to evacuate york city it is great we've thought about it at that level but there is no chance it would have looked any part like that even if you can imagine the people's reactions in the neighborhood were totally taking care of you would be evacuated on the number three so hang out for about your normal life then show up at the train station on thursday. >> your neighbors go on tuesday downtown gets wednesday but the buses will be waiting. [laughter] >> jump to the modern era to talk about the legacies of these plans. without the united states reacts as the country in emergency planning and the presidency in the legislature with those 2,000 people out there. >> is still

it was the united states, britain, soviet union, and china. if you know anything about the united nations, you know there are five powers. france is also one of the permanent members of the security council. the way this was arranged, churchill was always exciting that china was not a great power, it is riddled with civil war, not a power at all. roosevelt said no, it is a power or is going to be a power. churchill said france is a power. roosevelt said in effect, stop pestering me about china and france will be a great power. on this basis more often than you might think great decisions are made. this would be the post world war world. the key to it was to get the soviet union involved. without the soviet union, then of course this system would not work. roosevelt worked hard on stalin, conferences in tehran and later -- he worked hard with stalin. and later at yalta. he worked hard with stalin. he knew he was a hard case. he knew stalin was concerned about a security boundary. roosevelt's dream was at least these countries dominated by the so

union -- when the soviets had matched us. they had spent decade and a half developing a blue ocean navy, nuclear arsenal is roughly equivalent with ours. all right. they say no no no, we will also bring to bear in this struggle our economic and technical time -- -- dynamism. with a reconnect missiles out of the sky and provide a perfect -- who knows. but if we start doing research, we bring to bear our economic and technical dynamism. you can't match us. gorbachev went to reykjavik command jumped him. remember, reykjavik was supposed to be a pre-summit summit. shove went there with a trap and said, mr. president, look at all that you can have prayed and went to bed that night feeling pretty well. the next morning, gorbachev said, there's one detail. find fbi to laboratory testing, reagan said no. that strikes me as decisive. gorbachev goes back to moscow and the game is over. it's correct that they can't -- equal our technical or economic dynamism. they just, can't, play that game. to putad been able reagan ba

the soviet union and the central point of europe. nato. complex is unknown, unknowable and constantly changing. both of these ascribed the future in general terms. this was describing a known problem. this was describing an unknown problem. i tell folks there is a guy who is supposed to design the army. i only have to know one thing about the future. it is a known future or an unknown future. that's all i need to know. that is describing the future. not predicting it. i can't tell you what's going to happen in the middle east, korean peninsula, all he knows future now or unknown. -- is the future known or unknown? if the future is known you describe one kind of army. you write a kind of doctrine. this kind of doctrine. if you describe the future is unknown, to come up with a very different army with very different capabilities and you train people very differently. i get asked this question a lot. to put it in perspective i was at a venue once. we had -- i was the token land guy. the army general. we had a navy admiral and an air force gen

the newly appointed crisis committee convened late in the evening. soviets- the russians in a surprise move called for an emergency session of the general assembly. the delegation due to arrive in three days would be headed by the soviet premier. the day the russian premier arrived in new york, president johnson in a short hop to dollars airport. the prime minister was en route from expo 67. be the presidents guest at camp david. with the informal atmosphere of a presidential retreat, a backdrop for unhurried discussion, they covered the whole spectrum of at least problems. the almost insoluble question of the refugees. the arab refusal to accept israel as an independent nation. as far as the press was concerned, there was only one question -- would there be a meeting between the big two? the president made it clear he would be happy to see the premier. the prime minister showed his house while australia has dominated the court. theowing a quiet service president reminded the daughter of the commandants that it was father's day and on down quickly -- ed mome

when the cosmonauts were awakened from a sound asleep deeper into the soviet union this team formerly occupied before the untimely demise surreptitiously placed beneath the of mattress to match to the doctors our hovering over their move so then they went under a brief medical exam the to had to pass the final approval of the chief designer than the soviet premier the only receive the not -- the nod for beat the first cosmonaut it is told the following day they said if anything inhibit them within preparations to be a favorite choice of the selection committee to complement his personal commitment for the votes of today would like to see he scored higher than many of the others he also satisfied the communist party as he was from a working-class family and was a devout atheist and his background was russian so the two were greeted by officials that had concerns for the reliability of a rocket at the base day parted and then returning to a the transporting and it was erected just two days earlier he was helped into the spacecraft and all through the of procedure officials were observan

which we didn't realize it at the time but soviet were convinced is the -- was sort of a stock horse exercise for a strike. and it ended up being this -- sort of moment that only later we sort of understood just how tense those moments actually were. >> when you started to unpack all of these very fascinating facts, how did is it strike youn materials of you talking about the psychology of the people that you profile, had to sort of hit you in a way. what were your take aways from all of this sort of heavy had duty scenarios that are -- that were floating out and to some degree still are. >> it's an interesting question. the part of this that i struggled with most in writing about it and recreating it, is we know how this story ends. we know that at least so far it eppedz ends peacefully and with the collapse of the soviet union. and so it's really hard to understand looking back just how existential this threat was or appeared to be for u.s. policymakers. because you know we know now sort of what a hallow shell the soviet union was, and we know certainly they had a tremendous milita

>> while, the soviet union by some of you may know bore the heaviest front in the fight begins. so we come east germany came under soviet influence. we were very glad. we were an anti-fascist hyphenation. i tell people this is one of the biggest mistakes the united states made for the cia or whoever made the decision to call off not seeing military intelligence. right now q. and was that of the organization that we know was co-opted by the cia and eventually the west german intelligence agencies. so they were not season we were on the other side he has the only other political force but actively fought the nazis the street before they took power with the communists. so i believe that juxtaposition allowed for years and years of propaganda in addition to some becoming the chancellor of west germany who had been a member of the nazi party. i was ideologically fully convinced we were on the right side of history and that was the major reason i jumped in and said yes and the kgb knocked on the door. >> it's one thing to learn basic tradecraft. it's another thing to have a psychologic

the soviet union cannot help him the with that. only we can. we were not quite there in 1967, but that is the beginning of the idea that israel is a benefit to the united states and not a liability. that is quite an important turning point. a couple of other thoughts on the turning point and then i will toss it over. as you hear me talking, soviet union, united states and so 1 -- -- and so on, it was another world. it was the height of the cold war and a proxy arena in the cold war. that world is gone. something else happened in 1967. the biggest winner in 1967 was not the israelis. it was the saudis. it is interesting to think about of where we are today, because arab leadershe which had no recognition of israel, no negotiations with israel and no peace with israel. that was the public slogan. of khartoum. behind the scenes, the real work took place and that was that the egyptians -- they had been so defeated by the israelis that they had to think about pulling out of yemen and they made a deal with the saudis where they agreed to end their pr

certainly ukraine very very important and actually in the old soviet union ukraine was the there was gangsterism back then and ukraine was a hotbed of that the the organized crime in ukraine although they imprisoned a lot of the people they also tolerate a lot of the k.g.b. worked with a lot of them they needed their services frankly and then they used to going all the way back when there was a lot of pressure on the soviet union to release so we had jews that was used as a cover to get a lot of these people out really some from jails they went to the west a lot of them came here to new york to parts of brooklyn brighton beach in coney island so forth set themselves up here. but in any case mogilevich. is an extremely important figure considered by some to be perhaps the most powerful. head of organized crime in the world more than anybody else and related to a very intelligent man very very capable and he got into all sorts of businesses and one of the things he was getting into pretty early on it was finance and they were looking at opportunities to get into a wall street basically

in the soviet union. i don't think it can be legislated out. but he was determined to make sure that christianity and other religious faiths did not exist. in the soviet union. of course i believe it will continue whether or not they're persecuted -- christians are persecuted, it's going to continue anyway. may i ask the speaker how much ime i have left? the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman has 12 minutes remaining. mr. poe: oh, thank you, mr. speaker. i've always thought that people from texas should get more time because we talk slower. we might even think slower. anyway, i appreciate the 12 minutes. and i will use it. mr. speaker, i'm a co-sponsor and other members are a co-sponsor of a bill that will provide expedited visa protection and processing for christians refugees from the middle east. they are targets of genocide in iraq, syria, pakistan, iran, libya, and we hope to expedite visas for those people who are trying to flee religious persecution. hopefully the president of the united states will

i let the re cord with the soviet union. i let the record show not with the kgb either.r three years, because i willjust ask a respectful question, do you think one reason for the size, you say these are small demonstrations, might be because there's a proven record and forget this particular demonstration, that if you show public opposition to vladimir putin you are almost certain to get arrested. you are likely to suffer economically. you may even lose your life. that's probably a disincentive to public opposition, one would have thought. it's a cliche that you as a former correspondent in the soviet union would say on and on and on. times have changed completely in russia. there is an opposition in the newspapers. there are oligarchs sent to prison. you show me a billionaire banker in america that was sent to prison? why did the papers report on russian people very close to putin involved in corruption, why is that paper, the editor in chief was fired and now it's been bought by a russian oligarch? so what. that's what i'm saying. if you're critical you won't la st ve

he opens the door and there is the soviet ambassador to egypt. and he reads him a personal cable from alexei kosygin, in which he says we have learned from the americans who have learned from the israelis, that you egyptians plan to start a middle east war. we do not want egypt to be blamed for starting a conflict. if you fire the first shot, we will not be behind you. dumbfounded, how did the israelis even know about it? he convenes his general staff and says there has been a terrible leak, whatever you have planned, call it off. but the general was not to be quickly persuaded. he contacted the chief of the egyptian air force, and he said, how long will it take operation dawn to get off the ground? the chief of the air force said they were climbing into their cockpits and within 45 minutes they would be airborne. during the next three quarters of an hour, the future of the middle east hung in the balance. and he utilized those 45 minutes to consult with sources in the kremlin and they confirmed the substance of the message to nasser, that the sov

now the soviets felt strong enough to take action. efforts to starve the western population were frustrated as all the world knows by the same berlin airlift. commission -- in a few short years of peace, the soviet era of domination had spread ultimately over europe. how could the brussels power alone hold? of warr old europe, talk yet again. what hopes now for the marshall plan? it wasn't surprising that the europeans read their paper with cynicism and despair. then they read how 12 nations in washington side what came to be known as the north atlantic treaty. and if they had doubts about the new organization, nato, the need for it was proved at once by the communist reaction. was driving a rift between east and west. this was an affront to all peaceloving peoples. they permitted the -- paraded, and peace was their slogan. was this the piece for which so many had died? and int of stalingrad the streets of paris? was this the aftermath they envisioned? ♪ and so the peoples of western europe hundred the new step, and decided -- pondered

i mentioned the soviet union outreach early on with the arabic broadcast. you can find evidence of at least a sort of baseline engagement that is higher than that with the u.s., but stalin did not think very much of this project, so it did not go very far while he was alive. it's one reason why he had that picture with khrushchev in india. by that point, the suggestion is these places will be rising in importance, so the arrival of kris jenner -- khrushchev in south asia is one of those markers that says eisenhower is right to say the global south is important. the global south is agreeing with that, yes, we are important, but we also are rejecting what you're selling. we're not interested in being frontline figures in your cold war. we are more interested in developments, in getting away from the risk of nuclear war and other dangerous things the cold war might bring if it gets injected into their territory. past that, you can find a couple of other milestones that suggest the continued and deepening infosys on the global south is another shared feature of

acted to the various countries the former soviet union as far back as the early ninety's moving into the building buying loads of apartments we know that he knew most of these people he dealt directly with them in some cases he would sit down with them and they pull out a pile of cash as a downpayment on one of these apartments so we know that he knew these folks we also know that as somebody involved in. property development he had to deal with the organized crime controlled local unions and we documented in our one of our articles that those relationships the lady friend the head of the concrete union tied in with the gambino and what have you and she at one point owned the most spectacular apartment there directly below trumps she even got them to put in a swimming pool in her own apartment which is pretty unusual. but so you mention the more traditional organized crime obviously right cone is the figure who is connected to both the f.b.i. the intelligence world also the mafia it's considered a mentor to trump the eighty's. when a key fair character i'm standing how trump gets the

one of the wonderful things about discussions like this is how familiar it is to living in the sovietst ask a respectful question. do you think one reason for the size, you say these are very small demonstrations, might be because there is a proven record, and forget this particular demonstration, that if you show public opposition to vladimir putin, you are almost certain to get arrested, you‘re likely to suffer economically, you may even lose your life? that‘s probably a disincentive to public opposition, one would have thought. that is a cliche that you, as a former correspondent in the soviet union, would say on and on and on. times have changed completely in russia. there is an opposition in the newspapers, there are oligarchs are being sent to prison. you show me a banker in america who went to prison? why is the russian paper that reported on the panama papers, and reported on russian people very close to putin involved in corruption, why is that paper, the editor—in—chief was fired, and now it has been bought by an russian oligarch? so what? you have oligarchs in europe. if yo

the soviet union involved in international terrorism. none of this was true. and i say through the early '80s and fought these issues for then 1986 i decided to leave and go to the national war college to teach, and in 1991, when bob gates was nominated by george h.w. bush to be the cia director, that is when i contacted the senate intelins committee and testified against the gates nomination. that's not the first time he was nominated. he was nominated for the first time in 1987 by ronald reagan. this was after the sudden death of bill casey from a brain tumor. gates went before the senate intelligence committee and got a call at night, senator david bourne. the oklahoma chairman of the senate intelligence committee who had to tell bob, you have a problem. the committee does not believe you in terms of your disavows of nothing anything about being involved in iran-contra, can't get your name out of it inee, and bobgates winds to the white house the next day, thicked president and pulled his name out. four years later he was nominated against. a very controvers

even the soviet union and knowledge that. they were -- every nation in the area is fundamental right to live in peace, and to have that right to live acted by the neighbors. they have to agree to this in order to be true to their pledges to the u.n. charter. and said, there has to be a new energetic efforts on among otherfugees things, there were 100,000 refugees on the west bank. thee will be no peace president said, for any party in the middle east, must the problems take new energy by all, certainly primarily by those immediately concerned. the other point was, israel would not be forced to ask of the territories it conquered without peace. at the point and is made. vessel happened in 1957, the israelis did not get a peace agreement from egypt. the process to getting to 242 was arduous. at this held important cards. i think after the initial pressure of war had come to an end, then states were more willing to look nationally october,roblem in by nassar privately was talking about indirect agreement with israel. -- let's go

it's a violation of international law and we can never recognize the soviet -- the russian annexationof crimea but we need to be aware that among russians it's not an unpopular thing to have done but it actually added to putin's popularity, but he can be stopped. you just have to be pretty firm. >> last russia question, with putin in charge in russia, i think -- if i recall correctly, you're pessimistic about russia with putin in charge, there's absolutely no hope whatsoever for democrat institutions to thrive in russia with him in charge. >> the sad thing is that he dismantled institutions. when you think about institutional design, what you want an executive that's no so strong because it's checked by other power centrists. they actually had a functioning legislature, he started ruling by degree and tanks into the streets. the strong russian presidency under putin is quite another. there's always a sliver of hope because when ronald reagan said mr. gorboshaw tear down that wall, i don't know if he actually thought that was going to happen and putin is right now in a position to rule

we could use it to put pressure on the allies of the soviet union. if they want to relieve the pressure, they have to come to us. 1967,e not quite there in but that is the beginning of the benefit tosrael is a the united states and not a liability. that is quite an important turning point. a couple of other thoughts on the turning point and then i will toss it over. as you hear me talking, soviet union, united states and so 1 -- it was the height of the cold arena in thexy cold war. that world is gone. something else happened in 19 to the seven. the67. the biggest winner in 1967 was not the israelis. it was the saudis. it is interesting to think about of where we are today, because after 1967, the air of leader -- arab leaders at a famous no recognitionad of israel, no negotiations with israel and no peace with israel. that was the public slogan. worknd the scenes, the real took place and that was that the soptians -- they had been defeated by the israelis that they had to think about pulling out of yemen and they made a deal with the saudis where the

several of the arab states had the soviet union as an ally. israel found it had no allies worthy of the name. france's charles de gaulle curtly repudiated an alliance with the israel and the 1957 guarantees. a phrase at the time, '67 is not '57. britain was sympathetic but offered no help and effectively left its own guarantees in obey yans. america, too, was sympathetic but not yet the ally it would come to be even in terms of armament. french and most of the tanks were british. the attitude of president johnson and his principle advisers was warmer than that expressed in the judgment i cited earlier, that of u.s. ambassador smooit. but it was informed by the same cold logic augmented by cold war concerns. the possibility of a direct confrontation with the soviet union. after much consultation, the most president johnson was willing to offer were continued efforts at mediation and a warning not to begin hostilities. his repeated message was, and this is a direct quote, israel will not be alone unless it decides to go it alone. but israel regar

several of the arab states had the soviet union as an ally. france's charles de gaulle reputed an old alliance with israel as well as the 1957 guarantees. britain was sympathetic but offered no help and effectively left its own guarantees in abeyance. america too was sympathetic. all of israel's were -- was warmer than that expressed in the judgment i cited earlier than that of u.s. ambassador. but he was informed by the same logic augmented by cold war concerns, the possibility of a direct confrontation with the soviet union. after much consultation the most president johnson was willing to offer was re -- repeated message was, and this is a direct quote, israel will not be alone unless it decides to go it alone. but israel regarded such a stance in the absense of real american support as unatenable. in the end on june 5th, israel did go at it alone. and prevailed all alone in a remarkable military campaign. it was a spectacular victory by every measure and many descriptions of t let me offer one written by the well-known historian of world wa

they see gorbachev as acting out of weakness and as a result, the whole soviet union collapsed quickly25 million people roughly were left outside the borders without -- without the protection of the soviet union. their contents and so forth not met. -- their pensions and so forth not met. an internally, it collapsed. war broke out. nato a lot of the people who are in nato now are very anti-russia, eastern countries, anything can happen, an accident like in dr. strangelove can happen. amy: we are going to get to that response in a moment. he even says he would like to join nato. >> he was kind of joking. the clintons quick response, why not? that is the way clinton used act . when the delegation heard that, their faces dropped. they would have a veto. he makes the point that none of these countries in nato have ever said no to the united states. never. which he says are vassals, not allies. juan: one thing they came across to me, the command of detail and the thought processes that he goes through when you're asking questions. it is clear, as you mention at one point, he reads the actua

not just russia but other places within the former soviet union. d real questions about whether president trump and his company did enough due diligence to understand where the money was coming from. the third issue in front of you is the question of mr. kushner. pedro: as far as mr. kushner is concerned, there are questions about the relationship he had with the russian ambassador and the russian bankers. could u.s. plane who these various players are in relation to mr. kushner in terms of the ambassador and the banker? >> the ambassador is the person who represents the russian federation in the united states. it is traditional for the ambassador to have all sorts of contacts. in many ways, a meeting with jared kushner or other people is and theysurprising should disclose that when they apply for a federal government position. but those meetings take place all the time. pedro: and that is survey to slack. -- mr. pomeranz: and also there is sergei gorkov. one clearly has no idea what was discussed in the meeting. the russian development is the russi

all the americans and soviets said they would launch a rocket. of 1957 to december. eisenhower set up a committee to decide who would watch the first american satellite. there were proposals from the air force, navy and army. the air force was focused on icbms. was byy proposal von braun,.r in the 1950's my dad started in 1952.n this the navy one which surprised the navy. the technical had said they had a rocket and we don't. the navy had to work on the three stage rocket. the first stage which was a upgraded viking. do not confuse liking with the nasa program from the 70's. this was at upper atmospheric research. they upgraded the viking at the first stage and new rockets for the second and third state. tnik iniets launched spu 1957. it was the first satellite. the person who dubbed it project vanguard was in paris when the satellite lost. they wondered if the soviets atomic bomb on this icbm, then the soviets launched sputnik two. the first three stage test of vanguard called tv three. eisenhower's administration would launch a satellite into orbit. which horrified

after the relocation of this soviet war memorial. yanus lillenberg was working for an estonian paper at the time. >> they broke windows, attacked cars which were parked at the roadside, threw stones, bottles, everything like that. >> riot police struggled to restore order. but the chaos continued. estonia's foreign minister recalls a growing sense of fear among his countrymen. >> the scale, a dozen or so cars being turned upsidedown. people, well, get nervous when thingsestonia, a tiny nation of just over 1 million people perched on the border with russia had not seen anything like this since it regained independence from the soviet union in 1991. witnesses quickly noticed that rioters had one name, one country, on their lips. [ chanting "russia" ] >> crowd was shouting, russia, russia, which means russia. >> estonians did not for a moment believe that was. then defense minister yak had only been on the job three weeks. you believe those protests were orchestrated. >> yes, to a certain extent. >> that kind of violent protest, this jus

it was created in 1958 in response to spot next, the soviet unions launch the first artificial satellite that created the political panic somewhat akin to the 911 attacks in 2001 meaning that represented two things at the time in 1957 when the launch took place, first that the soviet union was ahead in the space race. second and perhaps most importantly the technology to launch a satellite was linked to launching ballistic missiles, so the idea of the soviet union could launch a suit-- nuclear weapon attack really shatter the post world war ii area-- are. if you month later and 58 president dwight d eisenhower authorized the birth of our bed that advanced research project agency and it was at a time-- this predates the creation of nafta. on the satellite in space program would go into this agency this agency would do everything possible, throw bureaucracy to the wind. darpa did this quite successfully and under a year acre eventually to what it is today, which is a 3 billion-dollar a year agency. it still bears summing the traits in its early days with a lack of drucker's inability to mo