several thousand strong in a combat role for the union army. the black regiments had come to be officially known as united states colored troops. usct. they fought both days of the engagement. this is a major reason why the battle of nashville deserves to be commemorated. certainly not the only one but a major one. the experience of serving as a member of the united states colored troops, a block soldier -- a black soldier in a blue uniform, was not easy. as you may expect. when the civil war began lincoln -- began, president lincoln rejected any idea of abolishing slavery or seeking black military assistance for the war effort. he feared such action would alienate the border slave states which have remained loyal to the union, arouse the racial prejudice of northern whites, and further harden confederate resistance. by the late summer of 1862, the president had come to believe undermining slavery would significantly weaken the confederacy and should become a major priority overriding any negative factors. after the emancipation proclamation was

the civil war era. in particular, he's written on union mobilization and the lives of union soldiers. his latest research focuses on partisan conflict within the

the policy of the union government in washington. in the span of several months, congress enacted legislation forbidding slavery in the territories in defiance of the dred scott ruling and ending slavery in washington, d.c. congress also passed a confiscation act which made possible the emancipation of slaves owned by confederates. and then on january 1st, 1863, abraham lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, which declared all slaves in nonunion-occupied areas of the confederacy forever free. with the emancipation proclamation came black military service in the union army. every one of these policies instituted by lincoln and the republicans constituted a gradual, methodical assault on the dred scott decision, particularly on the slavery part of the decision. by 1863, slavery was slowly losing its grip on the southern states in the midst of war. in the meantime, taney, still on the court, and the dred scott decision still on the books, lurked in the background. by this time, the chief justice held a you peek position as the onl

i think what they did with the union dead, there were two lines. they simply threw a lot of them into one of those lines and took the dirt that they had piled up and put it on the bodies. those bodies sometime after the war were disinterred and taken to nashville and put in the national cemetery. the confederate bodies were removed after the war. and one of the things that eric jacobson has said it looks like the space between graves is so small, and that's because even though it had only been a few years after the battle that there really wasn't that much left. you could put them in little, i mean these human remains you could put in boxes about this size. so that's what happened to them. when the yankees came back through, they basically reclaimed franklin, and took care of theirs as well as confederates who were here. and some of the union probably felt that they had not been cared as well as the confederates had. but i'm not sure that that's accurate to say. confederate medical doctors and medical personnel probably did, my guess is as good as t

taking one of the scopes he surveyed the union works. he took a long look across the field before remarking they have three lines of works. his eyes swept back across the federal position before he added, they are all completed. he was soon thundering back down the pike to his forming division. around 4:00 p.m. on the 30th of november with bands playing and flags fluttering, almost 20,000 men of the confederate army of tennessee swung forward into the attack at franklin. they made for an awesome site. among them was the figure of patrick cleburne wearing a new uniform jacket white linen shirt. he was mounted on the borrowed horse as his regular animal red pepper was wounded the previous day at spring hill. riding forward into action it seemed that, as promised, he was determined to lead by example and take his men over to federal works. although the prospects of success for the advancing rebels should have been sliced, a grievous error committed by general george wagner handed him an opportunity. wagner left two of his brigades exposed ha

mchenry could bombard baltimore back into the union. the second step, though, was anyone accused of aiding and supporting the southern cause would be arrested. and many of those arrested would be brought to this very room in which i'm now standing. president abraham lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corp corpus. that meant people could be arrested and brought here and detained and held here for no specific crime, and not even given a trial in front of their peers or a judge. many people saw this as an abuse of rights. and some in baltimore said lincoln has set himself as king and ft. mchenry is his baltimore bastile. one man who was actually brought here to ft. mchenry was john merryman. an officer and pro-confederate horse unit called the baltimore county horse guards. and even though the unit had been disbanded, they had a reputation of being pro-southern. he was arrested under the pretext of training pro confederates on his property. so this cavalry, evidently drilled some on his property. merryman was brought here and held in one

as the european union expanded, the world itself has become more complex and ever-changing increasingly interconnected and global, less and less eurocentric. despite a larger and stronger union, europe gives the impression of being aged and weary, feeling less and less a protagonist in a world which frequently looks on it with aloofness, with mistrust, and even at times with suspicion. i would like as a pastor to offer a message of hope and encouragement to all the citizens of europe. a message of hope based on the confidence that our problems can become powerful forces for unity in working to overcome all those fears together with the entire world. the message of hope and the lord. but the message of encouragement to return to the firm conviction of the founders of the european union who wanted a future based on the capacity to work together and bridging divisions and him proctoring piece in between all the peoples of this continent. at the at the heart of this ambitious political project was confidence in man. not so much man has citizens or as economic agent but in man, men and women

neil: and the trend now with unions trying to root beef up more business avoiding the word like unionave all there one touche talk about workers the bread and butter of america but rarely use the term union. may be trained, educated skilled craftsmen but they will not say union. is seems to me next member what is going on the? >>. >> i have then add a proud card-carrying member i am proud to go to work i am proud to say that by to look for my union benefit so did my co-workers and it makes me cringe when i see that ads for the union and also those bad apples going house to house using the tactics like "the sopranos". [laughter] neil: but the stigma attached to the word itself so they say so to focus on what we do and we just will not swale ourselves what about those other two hot to handle? >> i would appreciate that because you are getting that trained and skilled workers to build this country to build the american flag. not only did our veterans pay for that with their blood but the union workers who built the buildings and the teamsters who brought things from one coast to another

listen to what we tell us -- tell you and just stop. >> when police face allegations of misconduct, the unions and departments often band together. but as this con tro verse e ver sill has continued in cleveland and beyond, we have some breaking news to report to you tonight. this evening, the police chief issued a new statement breaking with the union chief and taking with a different view. in his new statement, he says . >>> three weeks after a grand jury decided not to indict,

the union of our nation brought us together for the civil war.thank you for all you have done for us. i would also like to say that, even though we do not normally go through each day by day wondering what it was like and how we should thank each individual people there, we should recognize the fact how the people in the past made what we have today. and we ought to say thank you. on behalf of the military academy and the youth for today. [applause] >> before we close for the evening, i want to take a moment to recognize our wonderful choir. winchester music -- has joined us and will close the program. this chamber choir is based out of winchester and has been a wonderful addition to the program tonight. their next concert is scheduled for next weekend, october 25, 26, at the grace lutheran church in winchester. you can get more about the information -- information about them at the table in the back. a big thank you to winchester musical aviva. [applause] i would also like to offer a thank you to belle grove plantation for hosting us and providi

taking one of their scopes, he surveyed the union marks. he took a long look before remarking, they have three lines. his eyes swept across the federal position before he added -- they are all completed. he was soon thundering back down the pike to his division. around 4:00 p.m. on november 30, almost 20,000 men of the confederate army of tennessee swung forward to the attack in franklin. it made for an awesome site. among them was the talismanic figure of patrick cleburne, with a new uniform jacket. he was mounted on a borrowed horse, as his regular animal was wounded the previous day at spring hill. it seemed as promised he was determined to lead by example. personally taking his men over the federal works. the prospects of success for the advancing rebels should have been slight. a grievous error committed by union general george c wagner gave them an opportunity. he left two of his brigades exposed half a mile beyond the main federal line. they were small to 4 -- far too small to stem the confederate assault. when the army of tennessee h

the policy of the union government in washington. in the span of several months, congress enacted legislation forbidding slavery in the territories in defiance of the dred scott ruling and ending slavery in washington, d.c. congress also passed a confiscation act which made possible the emancipation of slaves owned by confederates. and then on january 1st, 1863, abraham lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, which declared all slaves in nonunion-occupied areas of the confederacy forever free. with the emancipation proclamation came black military service in the union army. every one of these policies instituted by lincoln and the republicans constituted a gradual, methodical assault on the dred scott decision, particularly on the slavery part of the decision. by 1863, slavery was slowly losing its grip on the southern states in the midst of war. in the meantime, taney, still on the court, and the dred scott decision still on the books, lurked in the background. by this time, the chief justice held a you peek position as the onl

right across the detroit river from detroit. there is a union gun boat parked in the middle of the river as long as he is there with its guns trained on his front parlor. but he's having a lot of meetings with confederate agents, with copperheads. he is up to probably all kinds of no good. but he wants to come home. he runs for governor of ohio in 1863. from windsor. the copperheads think he's going to win. because the soldiers will vote for him en masse because he wants an end to the war. he's going to stop it and release them from service. they completely misread the situation, not for the only time. vallandigham is crushed. in the november elections where he's running for governor in 1863. the soldier vote goes 95% against him. fast forward seven months. he sneaks back in to the united states in june of 1864. lincoln gets all these notifications about it, what do we do? do we arrest him? lincoln says, no, just let him be. keep an eye on him, but just let him be. he is in chicago for the convention and he is put on the platform committee. he p

the toughest nut was the soviet union. we came up with a concept of a two-plus-four negotiation, that is the two germanys would negotiate the internal aspects of unification and the four occupying powers would negotiate the external aspects. and it worked. it worked pretty darn well. you know, in the final analysis, i think that the soviet union acquiesced because they really didn't have a whole lot of other alternatives. and i'm conscious of the fact, and history will attest to this, that the german -- the federal republic of germany gave the soviets 55 billion deutsche marks, which didn't hurt, helping get their acquiescence in german unification. but there were a lot of other -- there were a lot of obstacles along the way to get there, and it was intensive diplomacy led by the president but, again, taking advantage of a very narrow window of opportunity and getting it done. >> you know, some people were against unification, but our position was, wait a minute, we've been talking about this for 40 years. now we have a cha

we have many people in the audience tonight who have connections to cedar creek. union and ndents of come derate soldiers hhave in e this weekend to follow their ancestors footsteps to the landscapes they saw, and to understand the importance of what happened here. i would like to ask any descendents of cedar creek soldiers to stand at this time. [applause] thank you for being here. tradition, at belle grove, to present a the anniversary every year to honor the soldiers, families, and communities who battle of ted by the cedar creek. that e going to continue tradition this evening. in just a moment, the commanders will come forward and present a memorial wreath. jeanette or general make the presentation, i will to for a moment of silence remember and honor the -- and ces reconciliation -- that has happened here on this battlefield. [singing] [singing] [singing] [applause] >> present arms! >> thank you. our commitment to this place is the activities this weekend, and your presence this evening. the power and the number of people here is directly related to our power and

a big tug-of-war going on within the soviet union. military and the intelligence apparatus thought and the foreign minister were selling the country out and so forth. foreign rly the minister was under a lot of pressure. i remember this meeting on unification. and what he said there at the table was so different than what we had heard before. thought, uh-oh, this whole thing has been knocked into a -- get it done.ng that was one incident that i well.remember very we had a strategy. we were generally confident it work. we didn't know how long. when we came in to office, there east germany.in up until then, the u.s. policy eastern e satellites, tried to d been we help them cozy up to those making the most trouble for the soviet union. morning, iend this escue wasromania, josh our favorite. because they were always probing the soviet union. that's not the measure. we're trying to liberalize. right to the top. poland went to the top because they were trying to maintain their system. had a general sense of where we wanted to go and how. of

this is the true face of clinging on to middle class existence. we as union members will do whatever it takes to ensure that this fragile grasp is not further weakened. we are appealing to a sense of simple common decency, both on the part of the lessees and those parties that can influence them. and thank you, john martin, he's been a blessing. thank you for your time. >> thank you. next speaker please. >> good evening supervisor, my name is [inaudible]. i work at the airport for 20 years as a cashier at sfo restaurants. i need a good contract with healthcare because i need to be able to go to the doctor when i get sick. the employer can afford to give us a good contract. i know this is because all the company are making good money and penny. the restaurant is always full. i know they making good money, therefore i hopeout guys help lg us. helping us. thank you. >> thank you. next speaker, please. . >> my name is erika. i've been working at sfo for three years right now. i needed healthcare because of my daughter, but i want you to take a look here to see th

by securing baltimore for the union cause, it helped keep the state of maryland from seceding from the union. that resulted in maryland staying loyal to the union cause as well. so ft. mchenry was important during the american civil wars leer i'd like to take you into a cell where very few visitors go where linking violated the constitution again and ironically to help a confederate soldier. so the cells we're about to walk past, this is solitary confinement. suspected spies were kept here. in a way you could also look at this as the death row area of ft. mchenry. there were three known executions here during the american civil war years, but i want to talk about an execution that almost happened to the man who actually stayed in this specific cell. midway through the american civil war, an officer for the confederates, henry hall brogdon was arrested and put here in this cell and accused of being a confederate spy, of course that had the death penalty attached to it. he fully expected to be executed by big hung after a few weeks or perhaps a couple months. you can imagine the mental a

you are either voting for the union or against it. if you look at the republican campaign literature from 1864, it is full of language accusing the opponents of being disloyal. that is also why a lot of soldiers again a are voting against the copperhead. >> this is really -- this has really been on my mind very talked about 1864 and the soldiers' vote. the frame of election 1864, were those soldiers court-martialed the reprimanded prior for saying the same things? >> there's a couple of different ways to rid the first big wave in january of 1863 and goes into the spring and summer a bit for the second wave as some of the guys get arrested before the election and court-martialed after. i found one man he was court-martialed for desertion. nothing about politics in the court-martial. the decision of the court was delayed and he actually wrote a letter to lincoln asking for the decision to be released so he couldn't know what his fate was going to be. he said to lincoln he think he was being held in prison so little mac would lose the vot

taking one of the scopes he surveyed the union works. ook across the field before remarking they have three lines of works. his eyes swept back across the federal position before he added, they are all completed. he was soon thundering back down the pike to his forming division.%#Ñ around 4:00 p.m. on the 30th of november with bands playing and :[y flags fluttering, almost 20,000 men of the confederate army of tennessee swung forward into the>h attack at franklin. they made for an awesome site. among them was the figure of patrick cleburne wearing a new uniform jacket, white linen shirt. he was mounted on the borrowed horse as his regular animal red & : uá $u$e previous day at spring hill. riding forward into action it seemed that, as promised, he was determined to lead by example ir and take his men over to federalr í works. success for the advancing rebels should have been sliced, a grievous error committed by general george wagner handed him an opportunity. wagner left two of his brigades exposed half a mile beyond the main federal lin

the rallying of union forces drove the confederate south. cedar creek indeed proved to be a syndicate turning point in the conflicts, an omen of the final sunset for the confederacy. the landscape upon which this landscapeurred, a which witnessed 8824 men become casualties, reminds us of the very tragic nature of the american civil war. sometimes as we stand upon the battlefield such as this one,one aat is usually cloaked in quietness broken only by the sounds of nature, we forget how was,y our american iliard that claimed the lives of three quarters of a million americans. sacrifice inen who this field had their whole lives in front of them. interrupted and sadly ended during that conflict. as a college professor, who teaches students who are the same age as many of those slain on this hollowed ground, i pause to wonder about the might have been. of theght have become young division commander general dtephen dodson -- 27 years ol at the time of the battle, 27 years old at the time he breathed his final breath. one wonders what might have be

because they were always probing the soviet union. when we came in, we said, no, that's not the right measure. we're trying to liberalize. romania went from the top right down to the bottom. poland went to the top because were trying to change their system. we had a general sense of where we wanted to go and how. but there were lots of parallels that we weren't sure would work. >> it was such a sensitive topic at the beginning that there was some debate and reluctance to use the word "unification." friend will remember that. i'm trying to remember what we called it for a little while. some different name. >> no, we wanted to stay away from that. again, because we didn't want much of thrown out. gorbachev't want thrown out. there was a coup later on. it was too late. >> you spent a lot of time with him before and after that period. i recall you were out shooting sheep with him in mongolia. >> no, he wasn't shooting sheep. [laughter] i didn't say i wasn't shooting sheep. ask you again -- again?d you say that >> the fact of the matter is,

the leaders of united textile union, northerners of course, were certain that by the time the union delegates arrived in new york city in mid-august, the huntsville strike would have fizzled out trade thus enervating the southern representatives clamorous demands for a general strike. what happened in huntsville, that number in 1934 was a remarkable display of solidarity among those workers. by mid-august, the strike and hunt will have yet to lose any strength at all. and this provided the inspiration for seven delegates, many of you hitchhike to new york city, where their finances compelled them to say five or six to a room. iny were nearly unanimous their insistence that a national strike a halt. some northern delegates who arrived intending to follow the leadership's call for moderation were themselves inspired and deeply moved by seven delegates fervor and their courage. the final vote was forwarded 90 to 10. for a general strike to begin on september 1, 1934. the photos also illustrate the different tactical approaches employed in both strikes. the flint workers were inspired by mastodon

i did not think that the soviet union would collapse. or that the soviet system would collapse. but i thought that the european countries would gradually edge out of the soviet camp but i thought it would take much longer. when bush 41 became president, he asked me what i thought the big event of his presidency would be and i said, a gradual disintegration of the satellite orbit over the next decade. i didn't think it would happen within a year. >> what about the basic geopolitical construct of the cold war? did you take that as something of a given for international relations? >> no. we looked at it as opening a new period of geopolitical relations because not only did it open a second front for the soviet union and not only did it threaten the unity of the communist but, first of all, we thought that it explained to the american public that we had a it was not just -- we were not just engaged in defending a corner of southeast asia but that we had a vision of how the country could relate to each other. secondly, we thought that if we played it well, we could achieve a position

through the night union troops that should have been trapped marched north past the sleeping confederates towards franklin. in later years union soldiers would remember passing in plain view of the rebels. thousands of fires burning brightly. we can see the soldiers. nobody was more aware of what had slipped away than john bell hood. in his words thus was lost a great opportunity of striking the enemy. the greatest the campaign had offered. one of the greatest of the war. the confederates awoke in the morning of the 30th of november to find their enemy gone. who was to blame for this failure is a topic that generates debate even today. there is little doubt as they move towards franklin those events the previous day wait on -- played upon the minds of many confederate generals. in the 150 years since the battle many have speculated of patrick cleburne state of mind that day. his cell division commander -- his fellow division commander recalled during the march cleburne asked to see him, riding into the field alongside the columns. brown describes how cleburne was angry and deeply hurt. th

the european union is basically an economic integration. atever is related to human rights, media freedom, are treated in a different manner once you are in. once the countries joined the organization, the european union, the e.u. has no longer any leverage >>> the e.u. doesn't have the means. >> the e.u. has the means. what it lacks is the political will. the government notes that. until that changes, the media will pay the price. as will the people. they are getting part of their own story. >> more voices on the download media story in hungary. >> in recent years we saw consolidation taking place. pro-government interest groups and oligarchs are taking over many aspects of media. there are journalists publishing great news via the internet. the reach of these portals pales in comparison to the reach of a heavily bias pro-government media. >> the opposition radio station has lost licences. independent media has been given to religious and broadcasters. >> on the rule of the e.u., their so-called criteria are enforced in countries that wish

yet they were pacifists sympathetic to the union yet also they also reflect the y. and the rest is for the sisters and brothers. meanwhile, nancy recorded what she saw. she and her family were caught in the middle and i think stories like hers are an important part of understanding is a voyeur. i want to go next to a grand house of the single-family home where we will find a well remembered man facing a dilemma. it was on the hilltop mansion that was inherited in the panoramic view of the federal city class of potomac. just days before the outbreak of standing upon the arlington house of course with its colossal columns he gazed upon the unfinished capitol dome. the beautiful feature of the landscape to colonel robert e. lee remarked to the visitor has ceased to charm me as much and i fear the mischief that is brewing. it is april, 1851. having graduated from west point in 1829 have done stints as the chief deed to general winfield scott during the mexican war. he'd also been the commander of the troops that had recaptured the arsenal of harpers ferry. in the first

on behalf of the european union democracy group. ne and a half minutes. >> thank you, president. there are two aspects linked to on the cia torture which we have to think about. a major point is self-criticism and severe the u.s. democratic institute. speaking on sensitive issues could be seen as matters of national security. typical of the usa and its citizens, but they cannot allow us to ignore and stop a any king out in condemning form of violation of human rights. so, they are totally unacceptable. that is the second point i would like to put to you. the words of those who try to torture against presumed terrorists -- the president interrupts. in peacetime ing, or wartime, that can justify torture. it doesn't only violate the invariable right to nor can it be ut seen in any case an instrument in search of truth. senate ort from the u.s. races aa series-- raises a series of lines and abuses. and there is a sort of ambiguity now in the society of because, in the we have detailed descriptions, there are more initiatives or recommend

here you had after world war ii the united states and the soviet union occupying by scale a unique position or -- a shared position. was cold war inevitable, simply given the lessons of history and what drives great powers? >> first of all, let me thank you for inviting me to come here and for the objective and fair introduction-- [laughter] which you made. >> touche. >> let me tell you, the audience, this is a fascinating topic for me. and i've lived through much of it, but i haven't systematically addressed some of these issues recently, so what you are hearing is ideas that pop into my head. in 1945, i was a staff sergeant in the 84th infantry division of the american army on the elbe river and i had sort of the view that the russians were probably permanent allies. i had no fixed foreign policy -- foreign policy views at the time, because i hadn't gone to college before [inaudible] -- the one thing i remember very much is, we met a cossack division of the russian -- of the soviet army. and from the beginning, they treated us -- they were under strict instructions to limit their contact,

over the union lines.efeks over the union lines.cfeks over the union lines.tifeks over the union lines.ofeksuestion. >> i can't promise a short answer, though. >> thank you, chuck. this was extremely important, these relations.k f by constitutional prescription, we know it's in the u.s. constitution. it was the same wording, verbatim, in the confederate constitution. the president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the united states and of the militia of the several states when called into the actual service of the united states or confederate states. the president hasa the right to slough involve himself in the war effort. but no president, not even george washington who certainly had the credibility during the whiskey rebellion, wants to assume field command. of the army. the presidents want to work through the generals and admirals in charge of our armed forces. but it's understanding the proper relationships, striking the right ballots for the great war presidents we've had like franklin d. roosevelt or george herbert walker bush strike a very good balance there. other p