the union and confederacy. can tell which is which by s on this guys shirt and the stripes on his pants. they're fighting the doorway. the caption is, if you guys like better than business, i shall deal across the street. indianthe street is the market. brazil and egypt were a couple other places. india works well because it was part of the british empire and there were advantages to trading for great britain in particular. all of this meant that british textile manufacturers were able to avoid the worst possible effects of the cotton shortage from the u.s. and the civil war. even though it did hurt, especially when you got into the after.62, and nonetheless, they were able to weather the storm. one of the really wide-ranging effects of the american civil war, on the rest of the world, namely the effects of the international cotton industry. because of the american civil war, these other sources of cotton, came online and, after the civil war, even when the southern states begin to producing and exporting in lar

they want to restore the prewar union. they are ok with that aim of federal war policy, but they do not want to see the war used to create a fundamental constitutional revolution in american life. lincoln has to worry about these people who are for the unit as it was, and a constitution as is. one of the things that happens in 1862 moving for, as a union comes to embrace method patient has wartime policy, the democratic opposition to the northern war effort becomes much louder. most grammatically, symbolized by the draft rise in new york of 1863. but there is a widespread opposition to lincoln as emancipation more and more becomes policy. lincoln also has to worry about the border states. there were four slave states in the united states that remain within united states -- do not succeed with the confederacy -- maryland, missouri, kentucky, and delaware. and lincoln has to worry that if he takes too big of an action against slavery directly, one or more of these states might secede and the confederacy. and lincoln -- kentuc

they still could serve a purpose for the union army. in addition, a smattering of quartermaster troops and together these people would shield of the nation's capital. these were dark days for the lincoln administration, if you could imagine. if early captured washington, d.c., even temporarily, it would be difficult for the lincoln administration to make the argument that the war was progressing satisfactorily. second problem by mid to late june, grant had suffered 60,000 casualties. people were losing cap at its immigrant and loot -- confidence in grant and the administration. as a reflection, the ratio of gold to greenbacks hit its worst level, one dollar of gold in greenbacks, paper notes which are reflection of people's confidence in the union. a third problem that lincoln confronted was republicans were losing faith in him as well. congress try to gain control of reconstruction and will lincoln vetoed the bill, the two sponsors drafted a manifesto in itsctually was nasty attacks on lincoln. furthermore, that wonderful general office

either within the soviet union or around the world.sion should occur within the soviet union it would be recorded at numerous stations. those signals would be to take analyzed, and, notified that the soviets conducted a nuclear explosion. >> the soviets excepted our previous provisions, with respect to verification. the reagan administration has suggested that they want more. the soviet union has said, ok. let's negotiate further verification provisions. in my opinion, the soviet union badly wants a comprehensive test ban. >> if we had a simultaneous test-ban and the soviets did resume testing, we could resume immediately ourselves. in the meantime, we would have gained the goodwill of so many countries throughout the world. so i don't see that we have anything to lose by a comprehensive test ban, and everything to gain. paul: haven't we received point where enough is enough? more and more dangerous nuclear weapons of both sides makes us less secure. do we need a weapons system that will bypass all human intelligence? putting decisions

between the union occupiers and confederate citizens of the valley often led to disagreements about politics and the abolition of slavery. this is part of a conference hosted by civil war history. >> welcome back. we are thrilled to collaborate with our sister institutions and universities here in the state of virginia. happyt spirit, we are so to welcome as a representative of the virginia military institute, professor john matsui. he is in assistant professor is ane is and who -- he assistant professor. called "the first republican army," was published in 2016 and study the ideological conflict among northerners over union occupation and civil war virginia. other examples of his work can be found in the prestigious journal slavery and abolition. let's give a warm welcome to professor matsui. [applause] good morning.. matsui: richmond indeed is a hard road to travel today, and yes, i will be talking about commissary banks. in andrmies operated activated the shenandoah valley of all four seasons of american civil war. people tend to focus on stonewall jackson's campaign. i want to focus on a

we've had more than 200 tests than the soviet union has had. e developed -- a higher degree of sophistication in our weapons come in my opinion, then the soviet union. the reason i think that we should go in the direction of the competence of test ban is because it is so simple. all you do is stop testing. i haven't found anybody who every u.s. president in recent history, eisenhower, kennedy, johnson, nixon, ford, carter, have sought to negotiate a test ban. a lot of names, terms for the treaty signed, found -- the message was not confusing. the spreading of nuclear arms must be stopped, the first step was and still is a test ban. president eisenhower in response to a soviet proposed moratorium on nuclear testing in 1958 wrote the soviet premier chris job -- history of -- khrushchev. we believe banning nuclear weapons test would be an important step to reducing international tensions. there was no testing of nuclear weapons for three years until the soviets resumed in 1961. anxiety the growing danger of radioactive fallout can build a powerful

the unit gained notoriety for its raids behind union lines. this talk was part of a daylong seminar on civil war leadership posted by longwood university in farmville, virginia, at appomattox court house national historical park. it is just under one hour. >> the first speaker today is , the author ofnd five books about the men who rode with john mosby during the civil war, his first one is mosby's rangers, which deal with withen from bmi who served mosby, and who has subsequently which tellre books, the story of 110 more men who arved with mosby and it is fifth volume at press right now with will probably be the final volume in that area trade -- in that series. he's received the jefferson davis historical gold medal. mr. buckland is a graduate of the university of kansas and had a 22 year career in the u.s. army in which he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, slightly higher than i got to when i was in the army. and he has many awards and serve much of his career in special forces. if you've seen some of the awards he received her in that

seiu, the service employees international union, is the largest property service workers union in the country. local 32 bj organized more than 2,000 janitors in the philadelphia suburbs and in delaware in 2006. in 2012, the union organized more than 2,800 security officers working in universities, hospitals, and commercial offices in philadelphia. and just this year, local 32 bj organized more than 1,400 subcontracted airport workers at philly international. joining me now are gabe morgan, the vice president of local 32 bj for pennsylvania and delaware, and derrell vereen gibbs, a union member who works as a security officer. thank you both for being with us. so, gabe, tell us more about the diversity of your membership. gabe morgan: well, 32 bj, which is the largest private sector union in philadelphia, and as you said, the largest private sector union in the world, has--we have members who speak 17 languages. we represent the majority of workers who clean and maintain and guard buildings from providence, rhode island, all the way to northern virginia, and out west to pittsburg. so,

grant new he would have to remove the threat to the union. the threat was as real as any military challenge. newspapers said we have the most important campaign of the election coming up and that is to reelect president lincoln. election hasl enduring consequences. a week after the burning of chambersburg, he installed philip h. sheridan for shenandoah. a lot of people were dubious about the sky as he was only 33 years old, but karen trusted sheridan and gave him a month -- but grant trusted sheridan and gave him a month. sheridan's job was to lay riches and cut through the virginia central railroad as soon as possible. had a criticales election and its history only three months away. text looks full say -- the textbooks full say, thank goodness they had the victory in atlanta. they possess the critical rail lines of the confederacy. while the great victory in atlanta abruptly reversed military momentum to the benefit of the republicans, the -- gorillasalley still rained through the valley. republicans could not claim to have one for the war a

as i said it, as the union army came through, he told his men to get out of the way. this is bigger than we can address. once everyone had passed through, mosby did ride across the potomac. they got a short distance into pennsylvania. stuart, buto find he could not find him. he came back. there is no question of him out in front of the scouts. the cavalry did that mission. what kind of casualties did his unit occur during the war? >> his casualties were light if you compare them to other units. as i stated, of all the people rangers, aboutby 2000 men. close to 200 were killed in executed, or died in prison. several hundred were wounded. the numbers are not as accurate on the wounding's. being wounded as a ranger was the price of doing business. charlie dear is one of my favorite rangers. he left and he was 16. he joined mosby and was shot 12 times. he lived to be 82. i love this quote. another ranger was wounded seven times. about the rangers talks it briefly. awayne had a finger shot and he gets into the fight. where they probably lost more people than anything were

the question of trade unions, on a narrow economic basis, the strike was lost. that is to say, there was no union formed, and the companies were able to reverse whatever agreements they had made. but i think the significance of the strike goes beyond just the bread-and-butter issues. because it showed, in the very dark period, in. like i mentioned, where tapping thewere workers, with the percentage of workers in unions were on the decline, in which the ku klux klan was able to march in large numbers in washington, d.c., renowned for anti-immigrant attacks, a kind of served as a ray of light of what was possible. and it also, for the communists, had a very strong impact. it showed that comments were competent organizers. it showed that they had the political perspective and the political program in order to achieve mass struggle. in themunist party 1920's and late 1920's was undergoing dramatic changes, which i call in my book the stalinization or to generate enerization of the commonest party. but for the moment, the passaic strike really put the communist in pas

agreement with the european union. but it will also ensure that whatever is agreed between the uk and the eu, in the areas of management diversion, which there will be over time, we will diverge, sometimes because we will be moving in a more competitive direction and sometimes because they will be moving if in a less pro competitive direction of which we'll have no control. so we must manage that divergence, but do it in such a way that we're able to deliver for uk industry and for global industry ultimately pro competitive regulation in the areas of standards and product regulation and these behind the border barriers. because when you regulate in ways that are anticompetitive, you are imposing costs on your own economy, you're destroying wealth out of your own economy, and the bigger opportunity here for us is to stop doing that and to start actually generating and creating wealth both in the uk and the global economy. thank you. >> thank you, very much. i'm going to take the usual moderator's privilege and ask the fi

and outside of the soviet union are involved in this kind of action on a daily basis. the very top of the pyramid -- they prove the mess to germanic and large-scale global and regional active measures. but daily the business is being run by the international department. the international department is responsible for planning coordination and implementation of the soviet active measures abroad. the main difference is when soviets are running an active measure operation, for instance in the planting a major story in the newspaper in france, west germany, japan, elsewhere --that kind of article would normally be written by a local, prominent journalist who expresses his or her own opinion. these kinds of rings. -- things would not be traceable back to the soviet union. about 40%-40% soviet union citizens stationed abroad are kgb officers. or military intelligence officers. another 60% are cooperating with kgb. so practically every soviet union who is a official is involved in active measures activity. one way or the other. >> >> from 1964 until 1966, the czechoslovakiaan

the union army camped out at the point of pine plantation. land was given to those formally enslaved and taken away at least three times. ultimately it was taken away for good. a co-op was formed amongst nine men who were able to secure 900 acres of land. i have to point out something very important because this takes us into the segregation era. this is something that occurred during the period of slavery. the church is featured here. the churches featured in our story as well. the church is at the center of the community development. the church was a site not just for sanctuary but for community organizing, civic engagement, for gathering, for education. the church plays a pivotal role and we are excited to feature the story of metropolitan ame church, the church attended by frederick douglass. we look forward to having you here and having you look through some of the exciting objects in our exhibition and learning more about the american experience, the human story, indeed a shared history. thank you. [captions copyright national cable sat

we look at the story of the civil war and keeping the union together. embedded in the secession papers is slavery. but understand african americans fled to the union line as they came closer to where many of the plantation sites were located. at that time, the confederates demanded their property back at the union army declared them contraband of war. and as such, they were able to keep them as contraband of war. these men, women, and children turned the fight to keep the union together into a fight for freedom. one of the greatest speakers of our time one of the most and one of the most influential members of the african-american community and america itself is frederick douglass. frederick douglass led the charge on pushing for freedom and in constant dialogue with abraham lincoln ensured that african-american men could fight on the battlefield for their freedom. behind me is a dynamic broadside that we were fortunate to receive where you see a call of r men of color to arms. you can only imagine how powerful that was for african-american men to unders

he talks about the strategic importance of the valley to both the union and the confederacy. he discusses the battles and rates it took place in the valley during that year. he also describes the interactions of the valley between union troops, confederate women, and freed slaves. civil warwas part of history. emeritus of the university of richmond and i feel i should add was chaired department of history at uva. he began life as a specialist in the american south. he gravitated toward the civil war. he is now the historian of both the american south and the civil war. published very widely. it was a major re-examine of the post-civil war south. it was the first since the landmark book from the early 1950's. he is just finished the sequel to that but it i am not going to read the title because it is an out yet. the third is what caused the civil war, reflections on the south. dayas the last slot of the when we've been here for a long time. he is going to explore how the war in the valley allows us to engage with some of the larger themes of the war. [applause] >> thanks to al

that was part of the soviet union at that time. to do that, he needed irrigation. he needed rivers that flowed into the arrow see to support the urination. 20 years later this was vanished, gone. nothing left of it all. just a big barren plan that had its own very serious impact on the environment in the area, not just around the lake, but in the whole area. that's how the soviets handled the environment. now i've settled out about the soviet union but there's one easy way to into the russian, and that's to compare east and west germany. 1989, when the wall came down and unification took place. on the one hand, you have a system that was capitalist-based, free, they used the market to allocate resources. on the -- on the other hand, the german demo attic republican, -- republic, communist, use soviet style central planning, and was poor and on-free. they love a situation where cultures going and were more or less the same. the results coming out were very different. the difference was in the systems that were used. in of that is a long-winded some comments -- >> thi

john: so the union is the mob. >> yep. i think that all unions need to have accountability, and it is our system. >> not only can the police use the system, they have their rights just like somebody else has rights to use a system. >> when you're hurting another human being. you know, people trust their police, they trust their police and have awesome amount of power. when that trust starts to be violated, you're going to have a community issue there. john: what about the trust on your side, the occupy wall street protesters were provoking the police, spitting on them, throwing things at them? >> that was also at a time when police were pepper spraying them, beating them. john: that came second. the protesters started it. >> it's a result of what they did. >> just as you can't blanket all officers, you can't blanket protesters. i was a protester. john: fair enough. >>> my adventure with the anti-free speech mob. >> get off the campus. we don't want you here. i am totally blind. i lost my sight in afghanistan. if you're tota

let me make one more point because neil keeps talking about the european union. ink it is important that we understand that the people who want the european union the most are not people who go to davos and aspen but people on the ground in the poorer countries that surround europe. so look at ukraine. why is ukraine trying to break free of russia's embrace and russia has as a result engage willed in an act of imperialism against it? ukraine is trying the break free because it wants to be part of this liberal international order. why does it want to do that? ukraine and poland in 1990 faced a choice. poland chose to be part of the european union, past of the west, part of this liberal international order. ukraine was not allowed to become part of that order. they had the same per capita gdp in 1990. today ukraine's per capita gdp is one-third of poland's. poland is three times richer than ukraine, having started in the same place in 1990. so when people look at that, it is those ukrainians, ordinary ukrainians, ordinary poles who understand this and who understand

cubans became heroes in the soviet union. e the david challenged goliath. >> in the years since he took power, fidel castro has become an enemy of the united states. >> in cuba, you have fidel castro who's tying himself to the soviet bloc. which seems to be threatening the united states by the possibility that they're going to export communism to other south american countries which are in many instances anti-american. [ speaking foreign language ]. khrushchev is saying that you have to understand that cuba matters a lot to us. don't mess with cuba. khrushchev was not just using rhetoric. the eastern bloc was supporting castro with military assistance. >> many latin americans were shocked to find out how much communist equipment castro actually has. >> the sense was that kennedy had to do something about castro. >> when kennedy comes to the presidency he's briefed on the fact there was a plan in place to topple castro. >> but the plan that's presented to him is not what he wants. it's a huge invasion on a noisy beach. it's goi

reporter: the trade union building in the center of odessa is deserted.lmost three years ago, 48 people died here -- burned, suffocated, killed falling, or shot to death. an improvised memorial at the construction fence lists their names. vadim papura was only 17 years old when he died -- the youngest victim. his mother fatima visits her son's grave almost every sunday. "we are proud of you," is emblazoned on his tombstone. fatima hasn't been downtown since her only child died by violence. ms. papura: you have to understand, for me, the union building is a place charged with so much suffering, so much death, so much pain. reporter: on the evening of may 2, 2014, molotov cocktails flew into the trade union building. pro-russian demonstrators had sought refuge inside. adherents of the pro-western maidan movement had chased them here. before that, the two groups had fought in the streets for hours. vadim papura was on the pro-russian side. his mother still has a helmet, deformed by the incredible heat of the fire in the union building. ms. papura: here, the

we will never be able to do it without very strong support and commitment from the european union. europe is a united fundamental pillar of a strong and effective united nations. this is the message i would like to address to you all. [applause] >> in this conflict, we also see my relations of military and human rights law. that is what i would like to mention the second challenge. it relates to how we see the human rights agenda losing ground to the national supremacy agenda. reinforced when governments are able to from -- to protect their citizens and reserved human rights for citizens. however, and many times, we see those rights being revoked to supremacy.t belief that we need to mobilize a broader coalition for human rights. able tor coalition understand that we only national supremacy by strongly promoting human rights all over the world. for that to be effective, we need to conditions. first, we need to have a comprehensive view of human rights. we also need to have economic and social compromise. second, it is important not to be biased or have double standards. i think it i

the eu is stronger in the union and the eu is stronger with ireland.ntal europe for many centuries. in the 16th, 17th, 18th europe for many centuries. in the 16th,17th,18th centuries, irish coueges 16th,17th,18th centuries, irish colleges were set up around europe, from madrid, where i was yesterday, to london, paris, rome and prague. they contributed to writing the history of ireland, and the history of europe. and they spread irish culture to the continent. centuries later, in 1972, the people of ireland massively voted to take part in the european project. ladies and gentlemen, at that time, i was 21. last century. france had a referendum on the accession of ireland, the uk, denmark and norway, and it was my very first vote. i campaigned for a yes vote for the uk's campaigned for a yes vote for the uk's accession back then, and voting yes was not so easy for a member of the french gaullist party. but i did it, with my full heart. and i never regretted it. i regret that brexit is happening now. i would have liked to have seen the uk stay in europe wi

until we leave the european union, we have an open door policy with the european union, and most of thation. and therefore, controlling that will allow us to get the right balance of high skills that we need, but controlling very much the low skilled migration that was coming into the country unchecked before. you say that that's the real problem, but you know it isn't the real problem. you'd still have double the numberthabyeufluanfi that's from outside the eu, that's got nothing to do with us leaving the eu. of course, but then you assume straight away that that means that nothing changes. éféfsirffi if i“? 51975 with maybe caps involved, means that you control all of the migration in exactly the same way, which allows you to adjust it. that gives the government greater power to be able to control that target, to get it within a set target of tens of thousands. i believe it is achievable, it was achievable through the ‘90s and there's no reason why we shouldn't get back to it. if you want to get that down significantly, who will you not let in? will you cut the student numbers and the mon

she goes back up the river. union forces make their way up the finance one and are about to take the narco when the confederates blow her up. buchanan is out of a job. what happens to the monitor? she is brought back to the navy yard. they are starting to tell her down south to i believe south carolina when she gets caught in the storm, capsizes in sinks. -- and sinks. her wreck was later recovered and parts of her are on this play in norfolk. if you ask us later on, we might bring it out for you. buchanan is out of a job. he goes down south again and there's another iron led the inbuilt -- ironclad being built and it's called tennessee. these guns are from the tennessee. the tennessee takes part in the battle of mobile bay, going up against the admiral by the name of sarah get. you will hear just a little bit about him. he was important during the civil war. when the tennessee was eventually captured -- there is your tie in, between the keys maker, the guns of the tennis, the commandant of the yard by the name of buc

tonight, a shakeup for the european union. leaders of the two nations known as the engine of europe, president emmanuel macron of france and chancellor angela merkel of germany, agreed the european union needs deep reform. macron called for what he is calling a historic reconstruction. he was visiting berlin just one day after his inauguration as the youngest president ever of france. reporter: a man on a mission. macron traveled to germany on his first full day in office determined to make a start on reinvigorating european progress. it has unnerved some german conservatives but chancellor merkel emphasized common ground after talks. she said france and germany want to deepen their relationship and develop a new roadmap for the eu. >> we share the conviction that we cannot just concentrate on the departure of britain. rather how we should focus on how to deepen the existing european union, in particular, the eurozone, to make it more resistant to crises and more coherent. german french projects and the tax system could push th

and the union lines are already stabilizing in front of them. and if he loses that day, he lee'sthat he has lost last detached army. unfortunately, he loses the army anyway because sheridan -- he was obscene, vicious, jealous, magnificent is on the battlefield. sheridan is so funny looking that abraham lincoln made fun of him. [laughter] col. peter: seriously. but he has this gift. by the way, i have met many jim matus our new secretary of defense has charisma. he has got the gift. people love them and does rally around. gordon is as gorgeous and cavalier, who was also a brilliant soldier. in the soldiers love him. nobody likes early, so of course, there are -- there is tension between them. early clearly feels jealous of gordon. so that kind of thing plays. human jealousies, vanity, courage comes into play. about robert e. lee. a man so incredibly misunderstood because when we mythologize these men. when we make them perfect heroes, we takeaway their humanity, we do a great disservice to them. if they have overcome their human limitations that m

the unions did not march altogether like they did in 2002 yesterday. has the context changed. >> good morning. the context has changed, of course, since 2002. i would like to recall that in 2002 all the unions did not march altogether. may 1 st they're used to marching, so we are deeply attached to our independence. and as usual, we don't call for anything in -- we don't give any voting recommendation. >> but the unions in france represent 11% of workers and employees. don't you have a responsibility to avoid among everything abstention, which is probably going to be very high in the second round? >> we think that we -- we are -- sorry. we don't -- at first of the year, what we think is that we are here to defend the workers particular rights. we are not here to defend the rights of the nation, the general interests of the nation. >> so you don't want to get involved in politics? >> no, of course we are involved in politics when we are dealing with ministers, but then we are dealing with ministers when we are elected. we are not interfering in the votes

a woman for the union army, but note in her bosom she has an american flag. i believe that tells you what the sentiments of this sister were. of course, the nerve center of the confederacy, many think, was in the confederate white house in richmond. little did they know, that a courageous black woman had penetrated the internals of that house. mary elizabeth was a spy for the north during the civil war. she passed on vital secrets that she discovered while posing as an illiterate domestic on the staff of the confederate white house. she posed as woman name alan -- named ellen bond. she is inducted into the military intelligence hall of fame. she was part of the spy network of this woman. they called her crazy bet. she acted crazy but she had such an efficient spy network, that's according to some folks, it's moved fast enough, and things were well oiled enough that she could pick flowers in her garden and, three days later, they would be on general grant's desk. according to some stories. mary was able to get hold of plans of ironclad confederates, and she del

by the court ofjustice of the european union. ubject of these immediate negotiations, this first phase of negotiations. it is the financial settlement. our objective is clear and was restated by the european council on saturday. the united kingdom will have to respect and a single financial settlement which will recover —— cover all of the financial arrangements between the financial arrangements between the united kingdom and the european union, all the commitments they have entered into as a member of the union. this is not a punishment or an exit tax of some kind. the union and the united kingdom have mutual commitments. they have committed to financing programmes and projects together. we have decided that these programmes together, we benefit from them together, and we finance them together. that money is committed. i know precisely how it happens. it was an honour and privilege for me to beat the commissioner in charge a little while back. this money is committed to projects throughout europe. there are thousands of local au

i suppose you had the unions. the unions were a huge thing whereas the unions are fragmented. used to have. we have no power. we have our vote but that is where it starts and stops. like the people of wearside, voters on merseyside have backed labourfor generations. but the outlook here is different. in this part of liverpool, they don't see globalisation as a threat but an opportunity. the huge cargo ships busy loading and unloading at the port are a reminder of the days when the city was richer than london. prosperity built on immigration and international trade is central to liverpool's story. unlike labour sunderland, where most people voted to leave the eu, a majority in labour liverpool voted to remain. tell me about this beer. it is not a left—wing beer or right—wing beer, it's about giving the people of liverpool a voice. politics has been very categorised. it's red, it's blue, it's yellow, purple, whatever. but it has broken up. there isn't categories any more. liverpool is a defiant, resilient city and from its grassroots, a new pro—globalisation movement has started

it is the officers of. >> the union beach police said in regards to the killing of this bear that theime, fish and wildlife has released a statement in which they advised the union beach police to euthanize the bear as though they felt like they were putting someone's life in danger. but another neighbor said that they believe that they really had no choice. >> you have to take into consideration that this bear was in north jersey. so to make it all the way down here, you know, who knows if he's going to be in your backyard when the kids go out and play or the bear will tear your dog apart. you have to think of it as a wild animal. >> i'm hoping that that 400-pound bear did not go to waste. >> a lot of people have not seen bears before. and then the cops are freaking out. they will say okay, i will keep an eye on it. >> i heard that there is a rap song that came out this weekend. >> it is called do you work with dep. ♪ >> well played. thank you, actually. ♪ ♪ >> there is a place that looks like time for god. this deserted village, 19th century factory town turned mountain resort and i

have no union. the notion of unions as a powerful social force requires a lack of understanding of what's going on in our society that boggles the mind. so what have we got? we've got all the mechanisms in place that allow the business community and the wealthy to control the politics. yoall know these stories. they're the ones who fund the candidates; they're the ones who fund the parties; they're the ones who hire huge armies of lobbyists to work on an ongoing basis with whoever gets elected. and they fund all these think tanks that produce endless resources and reports and researchers and specialists for the radio and the television to shape the consciousness of what americans see, hear, and think. and the end result are events sort of like the two political presidential conventions in which not a word is said about the system, not a word is said of the sort i've just finished telling you about in which they each blame each other as if the politicos had the power to do much about all of this. but the

clock's the union has also called on the electorate to block le pen. they haven't actively encouraged voters to cast a ballot for the centrist opponent. >> our main goal is spelled out here. don't want any votes for the national front. thate tired of austerity are tired of seeing the working right threatened. >> they marched alongside the unions. thousands joined the demonstration to protest against the national front. clashes quickly broke out on the sidelines. police officials say masked youth through molotov cocktails on riot police. the responded by firing volleys of tear gas. the head of political campaigns, one of france's biggest trade unions, earlier i asked him why he was refusing to tell supporters what you'd for for emmanuel macron. >> is not a vote for him. this man was a former minister .f economy it was a disaster. we are saying we asked to fight a national front, we have to vote gains. papern you get a voting you will have two choices, marine le pen or emmanuel macron. you are essentially voting for marine le pen. quirks in the box, in t

reader: prevailing poverty in the european union. e point of being a government is that you can are as much money as you need to save us from economic ruin and to decree from huron they you're not going to do that ever under any circumstances safely means that somewhere down the line, a politician is going to have to break his or her promise. i cannot even start to say how stupid that is, and that is , and be it by the by in the way it is happening now, that the european central bank prints the money that is needed, but the idea that somehow we force these southern europeans to be like housewives, to adopt the idea that you can only start spending when you have got the money in your pocket, which is ace to that idea, even in private life -- idea: -- which is a stupid , even in private life -- peter: i want to go through my notes looking for a quote here. a voice i've heard talking about what germany expects from france. it says there will be no special treatment for france just because it is a large country. macron can only call for r

i believe that our children will have a brighter future if we are inside the european union. y will be safer and better off. that our economy will be stronger and our country will have more influence in the world. butjust because i believe that doesn't mean i think people who voted to leave are bad people. of course they're not. wejust disagree. one ofjeremy corbyn‘s key allies, the unite leader len mccluskey, says he is now full of optimism about labour's general election hopes despite saying in an interview he could not see the party winning. it was against the backdrop of if the opinion polls are to be believed that i made those comments. of course since then labour have launched their manifesto, it is a fantastic manifesto. theresa may has brushed aside questions about whether the chancellor philip hammond will keep hisjob if the conservatives win the election. the green party of england and wales is promising free sanitary products for those who cannot afford them. and the pirate party launches its manifesto with a photo op with mi6 in view. it describes itself as a civil

would bring the european union -- people together. you know, during the 20th century there were two major wars fought in europe in which england was involved in, of course, significantly involved in -- terrible wars. the idea was when we were schooled to the idea that the european union would bring -- you know, link people together in a way that would develop cooperation that would avoid a future war. i don't know -- does that sentiment still -- is it still there -- is it gone now? are we in a society where no one thinks about that anymore? i would love to hear your guest's thought on that. guest: thank you. you are right, peace in europe was one of the key driving forces of the european union after the second world war. you are right about that, but because integration went so far, it is becoming counterproductive. if you look at the southern european member states of the eu, for example -- the ones that are suffering high levels of youth unemployment from being members of the eurozone -- i'm thinking of countries like greece, spain,

we have a huge trading deficit with the european union. t a stupid organisation? laughter. yeah, maybe. they've had problems, of course, with europe. it's a trade—off. to continue with tariff—free access for several billion pounds, that would be money well spent? andrew, we are the fifth—largest economy on the planet. we are germany's biggest marketplace outside germany. we france's biggest marketplace outside france. in fact, for the french farmers, we bought 39 million bottles of champagne last year. the germans sold 800,000 cars into our economy. there will be a trade deal. it's mutually beneficial. i understand that's your argument, but it seems to me to be that for a relatively small amount of money, nothing like the hundred billion that has been floated, perhaps not even the 50 or 60 billion, to secure us continuing largely as we are, which would be a huge triumph for britain to have got that, you wouldn't pay a penny? i don't see why we have to pay this organisation a single penny, considering, as i said, that we have paid in almost