when it comes to unions, specifically one lady spoke about the postal union. i was a member of the national association of letter carriers, and this comes about i think because of really poor union leadership. they don't make convenient hours for the members to come to general meetings. every time we get a raise they raise our dues. of the in not part crowd and supporting the leadership, there is a chance you won't get represented or will not get represented well in a grievance. because ofame about port union leadership. as the gentleman says, why should he have to pay dues for nothing, get nothing? the leadership of the national association of letter carriers, they get a pension from the union. the members don't get no pension from the union, they get it from the post office. and they were so bad at one they were winning elections by acclimation. i put up three tickets against them and i was given a death threat and told i was going to be killed. and the government was informed of it and they did nothing. they buried the case. this is because unions are a far

people who oppose the union but the people who support the union but say we have a chance to get out of paying fees to the union, and so, although not for ideological reasons, we're going to pass and we're not going to pay dues either. mr. messenger: well, i submit, your honor, it's immaterial why an individual does not wish to support union advocacy. the first amendment prohibits the government from probing into individuals' subjective belief. justice ginsburg: so you're saying that you do then recognize that the unions can be in a position where they will be -- that the resources available to them could be substantially diminished? mr. messenger: well, to -- to the degree to which the union resources are diminished by individuals exercising their first amendment right not to subsidize that union, i submit that's a perfectly acceptable result. justice alito: does -- does the constitution require states to demand that unions provide services for non-members? for example, is there a constitutional requirement for a union to handle the grievances of non-members

those laws are on the books. that, unions don't like if they think it is not there, they could lobby to change those law. they lobbied to have those laws in the first place. they could do to change that so nonmembers could potentially get a different deal. i don't think they are going to lobby to change those laws. they will probably remain in that situation. theoretically it could change. host: if you were to get a raise, what will you do? uest: i have not thought that far and it rants. a lot of this has to be determined. governor didu the sign an executive order issued wednesday in the state of illinois that said if you are a fair share member those dues and fees will not have to come out anymore. that was pretty immediate. there is a lot of this we have to look at. we still have to decide how that is going to shake out host: read host: will you feel torn -- shakeout. host: will you feel torn? guest: i probably will. i negotiated my own benefits. i understood what management went through, and what the state is going through

countries are members of the european union and the view will be members of the european union even more than that this century europe in the region is currently the growth of the european union our growth rate is much higher than the european the average everybody speaks about the german french cooperation when it comes to the issue of european competitiveness and bob if you look at the figures you see that the trade between germany and the countries is fifty five percent higher than the trade annually between germany and france which shows that the economy corporation between germany and sense or europe is extremely strong at central europe became kind of a backyard for the german industry which has all these been and which will always be i guess the bone of the european economy so actually the strong central europe is the interest of the. the european union because a strong central euro can contribute to european union being stronger as well that's why we we reject all kinds of these kinds of accusations you know against us on political basis that's the bottom line is the crisis right

union operations because the taxpayer is subsidizing the union in essence? >> efg currently has a $54 million set of assets. it is able to build, and by the way not national headquarters. that doesn't count their councils and locals. i would probably say it is 150 million in assets. >> those are coming from the taxpayers >> okay, is it fair to say taxpayers are subsidizing them? >> 100%. >> all right. you mentioned a fte. -- af ge. how involved are they politically? >> that is a question i don't know the answer to, congressman. i do know that they don't send federal employees out. they do send their employees out to work either on behalf of or against people running for office. >> i can answer that question. they spent nearly $2 million last cycle getting to employees -- giving to candidates, 92% were democrats. national treasury, the irs union right at 96% of their donations went to democrats. i think when all of this is riding on the backs of taxpayers , it seems greatly alarming that taxpayers are paying for text people are -- taxpayers to do you union --

establishment the institutions of the european union need to be talking in much more ambitious terms about a foreign policy agenda particular in the middle east and africa particularly in relation to the transatlantic relationship in the future which today is somewhat under strain. but but which is hugely important for global stability in the future and we need to remember that i when we talk about possible retaliation far decisions that have been made in washington recently. that was the view of the irish foreign minister simon company speaking that to all kate brady now all of gross in spain all the latest greek to be hit by u.s. president donald trump's protectionist policies the u.s. commerce department first announced it would be stopping tariffs on spanish on its back in january now it's made the decision final saying the products are being sold fall below market value in the united states saying promise in california. well russian news agency task says it expects one of the hoff many of fans to visit the world cup spending a total of two billion dollars during their stay

i have been out in the field and a union rep. i have seen workers being told not to sign their sheets back to report only four hours back and do a lot of stuff that they don't get the wages they are supposed to get. by us being present and their being at pla, it would help guard against this. the last time, 30 of our 60 contractors were union members who decided to go into business for themselves and they have been highly successful. i don't understand the argument of them saying that they can't succeed if there is a p.l.a. our members that have started their own businesses are doing fine. i don't understand why that wouldn't be the case. thank you. >> thank you very much. >> my name is marcus. i live and work in san francisco and i work for architecture. i am for the p.l.a. because we want to equalize for all of the workers and we want equal wages for all the workers. health benefits for all the workers. nonunion or union. that is it. thank you. >> thank you. >> hi my name is adam. i work for .-ellipsis i support the p.l.a. thank

of the government union. t i still paid my dues even though i did not have to or wasn't eligible because of the series i was. the unions have gone dunhill. by theve been taken over radical left. their agenda has been taken over. the direct reddick -- the democratic party isn't the democratic party it used to be. americans can no longer trusted. they want to. issues kepthe theen over the years, clinton presidency, all of that butdestroyed not--country our political system in our country. are you with us? caller: c-span, thank you for being the only source of real news and not infotainment. i would like to address a couple of things that perversions of the facts in two cases. that ther said liberals somehow in the conspiracy of the f ei tried to keep the election from trump. that flies in the face that the fact the fbi director made a pronouncement reopening the clinton case two weeks before the election and handed the election to trump. one of two point that out to the person who called. unions, alabor tremendo

so why does the union have a free pass in that direction? mark, this kind arrangement is not unique to the u.s.. several countries, including canada, have found if they belong to the union, i pay dues to this. you say you are not antiunion. is it your hope that this creates more accountability, that unions can represent workers but they have to persuade workers to join them for a reason? mark: oh, absolutely. i think it is, and from the steps of the supreme court back in february, we had randi weingarten, the president of the teachers union, saying if they lose, they will have to be more accountable and have to contact and be more transparent with their own numbers. my thought on that is shouldn't they have been doing that the last 10 years plus? it take this case for them all of a sudden to realize that they need to make that change? but does it concern you that this will be used by those who are antiunion, who would like to see unions disappear altogether and leave workers without protection? mark: no, i do not see it at all. in the federa

had been a protege of nikita khrushchev and had taken over the soviet union in 1964. ezhnev, who you see here on the cover of time magazine, shaking nixon's hand, was a hard-line communist who had shown no indication in the 1960's that he was open to any kind of new relationship with the united states. he had increased military spending. he had entered into a series of showdowns in the middle east and other parts of the world with the united states, but privately, the soviets were feeling the strain of higher defense spending on their economy. so he entered into negotiations with nixon, starting in 1969 in helsinki, and culminating in may of 1972. the agreement limited the number of anti-ballistic missile sites that each country could have, and it limited the number of intercontinental missiles and submarine launched ballistic missiles by freezing them to existing levels. and the senate approved the agreements very quickly, by august, by an overwhelming vote. the second part of detente under president nixon was opening relations to china. nixon made a dramatic trip to

has to say, i want to be in the union. dues, that's it? >> exactly. stuart: is it also the end of the close shop, i guess it is? >> yes, in a sense that close shop as it has evolved forced employees to pay unions and fees and as a result now unconstitutional. stuart: i know you're a lawyer, would you speculate, what do you think would be the impact on public sector unions? >> remains to be seen. today's decision gave the workers right to choose whether or not they want to support a union and so it remains to be seen how exactly workers choose to exercise the right. stuart: i keep interrupting you, i'm very sorry, in wisconsin as i understand it, this happened in wisconsin a couple of years ago and a lot of public sector employees just walked away from that union. >> that's correct. it happened in wisconsin and some degree in michigan. what the impact will be in other states as i say remain to be seen. but the important thing is workers have the right to make that choice instead of being forced by the government to support

the union subsidy. unions contend that official time is necessary because federal employee unions are required by law to represent nonmembers who do not pay dues. this problem can easily be solved by lifting the legal requirement for federal employee unions to represent nonmembers. congress should consider implementing what is known as workers choice, a members only union policy that relieves unions of the obligation to represent nonmembers. and as a result, eliminates the need for official time. membership and representation by a union should be voluntary. nonmembers should not be forced to work under a union negotiated agreement they do not want and unions should not be forced to represent employees who do not pay dues. a policy of workers choice addresses union concerns, eliminates the need for official tile and protects workers -- official time and protects workers of freedom association. sort of eliminating official time, federal agencies must track and record official time in greater detail and wit

she has not said she wants the custom union and the customs union... ms union... they have said explicitly. . . that the customs union... they have said explicitly... that is different... crosstalk . when it comes to conservative mps, a large number of them support the custom unions mentorship. a large number of them support the custom unions mentorshiplj a large number of them support the custom unions mentorship. i wish the conservative mps would support labour amendment. they have made clear they will not do so. it is a big thing to defy the government even bigger to vote on opposition amendment. across party amendment, not a party political thing, they would get better support. not a party political thing, they would get better supportlj not a party political thing, they would get better support. i do not control what they do. it is awkward that you are trying to do both. that you support both. lets look at what you support both. lets look at what you want, ve ea amendment —— the e a amendment often called the norwegian arrangements addicted to know

we have reached an agreement with the union. we're prepared to offer that same agreement and have done so to the other labor organizations. it provides consistency and clarity as far as whose obligations are what. the controls office has been involved with us in the discussions about administration, and it adds new provisions which will, i think, provide for an orderly manner, if there are individual who is wish to change the membership status, that will be done in a matter by the organization and by the city. in addition, there's a new indemnification clause if there's litigation associated with this, it will be covered by the union. i'm happy to answer any questions. >> thank you. seeing no questions at this time we'll open this up to public comment. please come up to the mic. >> good afternoon, supervisors. my name is gust valeo. i'm president of local 21. obviously we're in support of this amendment. we know that labor is under attack. this will strengthen our opportunity. we support it. thank you. >> thank you. >> good morni

the middle class has a union label on it. we all agree with that. our society and economy have benefited from collective-bargaining the protections of the workplace in terms of work safety. every worker in america whether they belong to a union or not has benefited from the leadership of the union movement. that's why the ultraconservatives want to undermine it. they couldn't do it legislatively, so they are taking to the courts. shame on this court for this decision, especially on top of citizens united. it undermines the first amendment and undermines our democracy. some of these decisions that could be affected if they're casual about decisions made would be rolled versus wade, women's right, lgbtq writes are all at stake. under the gop control of washington, jobs, healthcare, basic rights are under threat on this trump court. what is at stake is a character of america and the future of our children. that is why were pleased. we have a better deal, better jobs that are future and part of that is the legislation reference by the leader is being int

voice through the union. >> reporter: but there is reason to be concerned. when wisconsin passed a law in 2011, making the dues optional, membership plummeted. to stop wmakers ve already changed the rules. >> they have passed multiple fixes. >> reporter: a former california teacher in orange county. she has also sued the california teacher association demanding that dues be optional. and she's not surprised the rules have changed. anyone who wants to stop paying dues now has to inform the union directly. she said her union will not make that difficult. >> we will not have -- >> reporter: thanks to the legislature, unions will get employee contact information, private meetings, and the chance to write rebuttalling on any mass communication about the union from the employer. >> these folks they put into office use the legislative process to work end runs around the united states supreme court and to rob people from their constitutional t.ri >> earlier today, we spoke to former white house chief of staff leon panetta. he says the ruling will make it tougher for

eventually the union army came back. the union army watched over matilda. when they were going to be pulling out again, they told her, we are leaving and you should go with us. could and up what she she was leaving the next day. it just so happened that jonas came in with a message to deliver to the general here or the officer in charge. he was able to leave with his family. here in family left october of 1862, they took what they could and left. they went and they found a home in missouri. then they went and found a home. actually, they traveled through the isthmus of panama california looking for a home. there, abraham lincoln was assassinated. they decided california was not the place for them. back and tried wants to come back after the war to fayetteville. changed.st too the people were changed. living was hard. this had been like a cultural center almost on the edge of the events it's of america just before you go into indian and wild west territory. it wasn't that anymore. they didn't feel good feelings to stay in fayetteville. so they went and settl

getting benefits from the union. at does it mean? joining me is tim. he's one of the big experts. let me explain the significance of this. particularly how much money is at stake for the public sector union. some of the numbers i have seen are huge. >> yeah, so we are talking about roughly 5 million government employees across the country that will be eequit effected bye decision. in new york alone 1.2 million employees are in the state of new york. roughly 200,000 of them have already exercised their right no opt out. on the day it comes down you are looking at unions on day one. >> what is the play around the rest of the country in terms of the different politics on the issue, how does it workout? >> the state's policies are, you know, definitely by state. every stay has their own individual. again, we are looking at numbers that are significant. 5 million across just over 20 states and you are talking about 5 million employees from a high of 1.3 in california down toes allow as 80,000. >> how long has this be going

and exit the european union you could do that norway's outside the european union but in this in the single market turkey is outside the european union but in the customs union britain could strike a unique deal but it's only the right wing hard right very very extreme capitalists like the j.p. . morgans and the liam fox as in the david davis is on the rest that are preventing that happening in holding their prime minister and the country to ransom that's what i object to thank you after the break paul chrissie and donald trump is weapons of mass destruction with rolling stones matt taibbi as britain's prepares for a controversial visit from the so-called leader of the free world well this is more in part two of going underground. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have it's crazy confrontation let it be an arms race off and spearing dramatic development the only really i'm going to resist i don't see how that strategy will be successful very critical time time to sit down and talk. welcome back you gave political leaders dres a may and jeremy corbin traded

are the most effective way to move people into the middle class and unions are the reason that working people have weekends off, safe working conditions, good wages, good benefits, employer-provided health insurance. united states ended child labor and provide family and medical leave. unions have been responsible for one of the biggest challenges we face in this country is how do we inclose family wages. today, union workers make on average 27% more than their nonunion counterparts. and all of these benefits that come as a result have not only benefited members of the union but benefited all working people. if we want a strong and growing middle class we need strong unions. that's why yesterday's decision is so devastating not only for the country but for working families in america. this is a decision that is the latest in a long line of corporate-funded attacks on working people. and remember, the workers we are talking about are firefighters, police officers and teachers and sanitation workers and plow truck drivers. wall street, the big banks have spent decades trying to u

and exit the european union you could do that norway's outside the european union but in this in the single market turkey's outside the european union but in the customs union britain could strike a unique deal but it's only the right wing hard right very very extreme capitalists like the j. j. mugs and the liam fox as in the david davis is on the rest that are preventing that happening in holding their prime minister and the country to ransom that's what i object to what happened thank you after the break hypocrisy and donald trump is weapons of mass destruction with rolling stones matt taibbi as britain prepares for a controversial visit from the so-called leader of the free world well this is more important to him going underground. join me every thursday on the alex salmond show and i'll be speaking to us from the world of politics or business i'm show business i'll see you then. well there's lots of yes of course so i saw the trend. before the game numbers so i can say. i call and i said listen you should get the special or. the creation amount from the broken up part of m

he decided against the unions today. e senate majority leaders say lawmakers will vote on the nomine to replace kennedy in the fall. -- nominee to replace kennedy in the fall. >> he was born in sacramento in 1936 and went to stanford university for a degree in political science after going to harvard law school. he opened a private practice in san francisco from 19 81 to 1963. he then moved back to sacramento. while there he became a professor at the university of the pacific before he was confirmed to the ninth circuit court of appeals. today his colleagues in sacramento talked about his dedication to teaching. he has been a day school -- at the school for more than three decades while also serving on the supreme court. >> i am hoping he will do more teaching her. it's my dream we can find a way to bring in here often. >> even when he hangs up his rope next month, he will teach in australia for the study abroad program this summer. >>> after a lot of heated debate we get the word that the fence on to building a massive n

so, the older daughter was a son of a union admiral. say they willes not return the body, but eventually they relent and will have a terrible surprise when they go to dig up the body. van lew had gotten there first. they had dug up the potty -- www. and taken -- dug up the and take him to the farm of a virginian unionist and given them a proper burial on that farm. towhen one confederate goes seize his body, it's not there. suggested to confederates that the richmond underground was literally capable of working miracles. this was understandably unnerving to confederates. the most cogent summary of van lew's significance to the union avenue comes from george sharp. sharp would write in a postwar letter -- "for a long, long time, van lew represented all that was left of the power of the u.s. government in the city of richmond." a remarkable thing for 19th-century man to say about a 19th century woman. van lew could not vote. she did not have basic rights of citizenship. on the outs in the confederacy, but she represented nothing less than

she has not said she wants the custom union and... the customs union... y... that is different... crosstalk when it comes to conservative mps, a large number of them will support the custom unions amendment. i wish the conservative mps would support labour amendments. they have made clear they will not do so. it is a big thing to defy the government an even bigger to vote on an opposition amendment. but a crossparty amendment, not a party political thing, they would get better support. i do not control what they do. it is odd that you are trying to do both. that you support both. they are not inconsistent. let's look at what you want, eea amendment, often called the norway model. but do you know what the norwegian prime minister, erna solberg herself says about that? whether britain should be a part of the eea? she says a direct message for british politicians like you who want that continued membership. she says that britain would have to maintain free movement of people and continue to accept rules made in brussels. she asks why should you leave the eu i

and exit the european union you could do that norway's outside the european union but in the in in the single market turkey's outside the european union but in the customs union britain could strike a unique deal but it's only the right wing hard right very very extreme capitalists like the j. j. mugs and the liam fox as in the david davis is on the rest that are preventing that happening in holding their prime minister and the country to ransom that's what i object to what happened thank you after the break it's all chrissy and donald trump is weapons of mass destruction with rolling stones matt taibbi as britain prepares for a controversial visit from the so-called leader of the free world though this is more important to him going underground. when a loved one is murdered it's natural to seek the death penalty for the murder i would prefer it be to the death penalty just because i think that's the fair thing the right thing research shows that for every nine executions one convict is found innocent the idea that we were executing innocent people is terrifying there's just no

and the soviet union. both of grind in the utopian idea. european union as a customs union yes. all europeans and all the people around the world are eager to do business but part of that we can see a huge disparity between the general populace. labor. general workers and elites business elites and this is going breaking down to and resonates with the populistic parties because we can see that some people in our society damage already the real majority is left behind. this is the main problem is that the political elites around the european union. live in a utopia and they are out of touch with the realities of the. common people so they are representing the big businesses the markets investors songs of all of which are crucial to well being of the nation states but of the same time those very corporate and cities what is their value without the common man ok so this philosophy doesn't hold the author and i think that this is the main problem if the political elites around europe will not grass their reality. they will find find them so. in a very nasty situation. pushing us to d

1970s and the 1980s. union membership had its highs in thed 1950s and a steadily declined. all you have to dol is read the newspaper to see what's happened with automakers in the southeastern united states where people have built plants because the right to work states we don't have to belong to a union. in plant after playing the union has been outright rejected. boeing even in south carolina recently rejected the union. unionseed to get more in touch with what the workers need, what their workers want, get out from under the dominance of the progressive and that big government socialists and start worrying more about the workers of us about the government, a political support they get. >> host: since president trump is taken office within the national debt take past $20 trillion. according to u.s. debt clock.org it isoc that $21,155,208,000,000 with trillion dollars deficits expected to start hitting by 2020. onat is your recommendation to president trump on how concerned she should be about that? >> guest: v

the polselieve that consider themselves dominated by the soviet union. ies is independent, autonomous. its own territorial integrity. and the united states does not that those countries are under the domination of the soviet union. the pointt point is he was trying to make, but what all the press picked up on, and picked up on,er was here was a president who didn't even seem to acknowledge existed,soviet union and the kind of control that the soviets had over eastern europe. conservatives in his party, it was just confirming the idea that president ford was touch with the realities and dangers overseas. discussed, went on to win the election, a narrow victory, but a victory nonetheless. we had unified democratic 1977.ment starting in conservatives continued to assault detente when jimmy carter was president. carter was the former georgia governor who defeated ford, again, on a campaign that was primarily about trust in government. that he wasargued willing to experiment, not orthodoxies of domestic policy but with foreign policy as well. beenreign policy

so the european union will continue to kick the can up the hill. global britain in charge of its own destiny it is going to be discussing european union for the next decade at the very least. and when boris says i wish she was more like trump, does he know anything about how the european union functions, or about diplomacy? it is a great quote because this was wednesday evening when he thought he was having a convivial dinner and it was all off the records so people could hear what he said but it wouldn't be quoted but of course somebody recorded it, and apparently, he said that he would go in bloody hard, that's donald trump, all sorts of chaos, everyone would think he had gone mad but actually he might get somewhere. and he doesn't have a point? there's a new book which analyses, you know he is supposed to be so good at doing deals. he said he would get £1 million, he was getting $50,000. he is not a good deal maker. you don't go around behaving like this. we will see what happens in singapore. this is a problem, it is about the egos of eton publi

jackson is standing against the union onslaught. >> halt! son, standing there like a stone wall! >> the story of the man who was standing on the top of the hill like a stone wall was reprinted all over the south. it was reprinted in the north. it was reprinted in london. pretty soon after that, stonewall jackson was the first rock star of the war. >> men of virginia, your general will lead you! follow me! >> stonewall jackson earns the devotion of his men by leading the confederacy to stunning victories. in the first 2 years of the war, rebel generals jackson and robert e. lee are able to outwit and outfight every union general who opposes them. >> damn the blue bellies! >> speech! speech! >> to the south! >> you... >> long live the south! >> whoo! >> ...the army of northern virginia, have saved our state and our confederacy from destruction. soon, we will achieve our independence. [ all cheering ] >> there's a mystique to robert e. lee. lee cultivated an image of a gentleman officer. he was a refined individual. he was known for not having c

establishment the institutions of the european union need to be talking in much more ambitious terms about a foreign policy agenda particular in the middle east and africa particularly in relation to the transatlantic relationship in the future which today is somewhat under strain. but but which is hugely important for global stability in the future and we need to remember that i when we talk about possible retaliation for our decisions that are being made in washington recently. now that you have a fair of hypes this next story might not be for you a humble raccoon has captured hearts around the world after the little critter was spotted scaling a twenty five storey minnesota skyscraper local media post in this life feat of his perilous ascent which included a well does their snooze on the seventeenth floor apparently. brave little guy there you're up to date now i'm sorry kelly in berlin thank you so much for watching a break. the . law. on furnishings come your lot more than just functional. playing with. a mining material. venting into your. room and still a lot of. moving

is not specific to me and to us it's an t's a weakness of europe but i think it's not only the european union that is suffering from kind of treatment by the united states i think there are lots of grievances in russia there are also grievances in china and as you mentioned before europe was able to put forth a blocking law it also did that in concert with other countries for example ninety five there was also the u.k. mexico canada that passed similar legislation what are the chances of putting together such a call listen at this point of time not just the european unity but the european union joining forces with other countries who may be unhappy about the american practices. saul's of you know i'm not i'm not in charge at the moment so i absolutely don't have going for i don't know what is going on in the in the corridors of the european council so i don't think we have the end of the story. clearly that the meetings between the ministers have been talking . they've been talking to russians i'm sure by them all discuss it with president putin in simple terms will we have to try and find a

what is the effect on unions? , though, it's money and they will be receiving a lot less money. what's the effect of that? >> i think that's right. what it requires them to do is go out and sell a product. in order to get money from workers now they have to provide services. we think that's the role they should have. the fact is that they've had this legal privilege to compel people who want to work for their own government to pay them a fee for that privilege. those days are over. they'll have to sell product to independent-minded workers and workers in general who want them to speak for them and they'll have to collect that money by providing good service. that's what this is all about. >> bill: explain the victory for the non-union workers given a slash of their paycheck to the union. >> yeah, in 22 states roughly 5 million workers are compelled as condition of employment to pay a fee to work for government. those workers are freed from the burden. they can choose to support the union and send their money in the

on the union side, unknown men in blue. looking over the white men in union colors as they approached, wilcox perhaps recognized allies, as many free people did. once they shredded his passport to freedom, wilcox knew that these men in danger his freedom. the recruiters insisted wilcox in list and go to war. enlistsed -- and list -- and go to war. he refused, but they did not relent. they ordered him to raise his right hand to take the of. despite his best efforts, he became a u.s. army private. when the u.s. army roped wilcox in, he vowed to himself that he would run. he immediately began strategizing how to approach emancipation and achieve it once more. summer, when the opportunity arose, he did it. he freed himself from service. officers also mistreated former slaves by punishing them harshly. the soldiers often ran from reatment, asrs' mist these "union masters" dealt out violent discipline, sometimes even torturing men. the number of ways that officers published -- punished both white and black soldiers. they were made

known as contraband, they were allowed to go to work for the union army. he on this ability of men used a hard labor willing to work, thrilled to be away from the ' lashowner/slaveowners and, the end of the war on employed 10,000 as is part of his railroad construction crew. the contraband into the union lines and went to work for the union army, they originally worked for free, but it never granted pay, rations, they were given use uniforms for clothing. they were given as much as possible. there were not part of the united states army, they were civilian employees, but he often wore discarded uniforms. his exhibit for trays john boston, one of those men who had escaped slavery and went to work on the construction core of the united states military railroad. here we portray the damaging of a railroad, the ties were ripped up in the rail was heated in bentz. immediately look at this as a sherman's, but the first instance of rail being heated and distorted like this was near cumberland, maryland in 1961. when the confederates captured the bridge over the pot