the thought was that they would destroy their own war material before the union's inventing armies could get at it. the confederates also burned some towns and cities in the offensive maneuvers. during the 1862 and 1863 campaigns into maryland and pennsylvania, during cavalry raids on southern union is towns, and during guerrilla campaigns in the border region. the burning of chambersburg, pennsylvania on july 30, 1864 was one such often active disruption. it is an unusual at the mistress of this warped time practice for several reasons. first, it was a northern town in a northern and not a border state. second, the conversations about the smoking ruins of chambersburg shifted the discussion of civilized warfare, pitting northern civilians against northern military and government officials rather than pitching union soldiers against confederate civilians. third, chambersburg ruins example of id debates about retaliation as a legitimate military strategy. fourth, they illuminate the ways that disruption commanded the assignment of responsibility in wartime. so at the time of its burning,

he realizes that part of the union army, this union fifth corpse has now crossed the creek sand on his side of the creek. this is lee's chance to catch an undetached part of the army and wipe it out. warren is sitting down there by himself. so lee gives this job to the new head of his second corp, early. he plans to come bain with anderson's corp. anderson is going to attack down the shadey grove road and will drop down to that old church road and attack in the same direction and swing north into the underbelly of warren's shoulders this. is going to be a two-prong add tack. things start off well. early and his man go charging down the old church road, manage to drive the federals back who are in that area, mainly pennsylvania yans from the pennsylvania reserves. drive them back to a church and then charge north into the underbelly of warren's main force. where is anderson? anderson has not stepped off. he sent one division out under picket. picket decided warren is too strongly entrenched and backed up and stopped. without support this attack the fute till. it's a slaughter. willis is

the union army decided let's build a place for them at arlington. they established a friedman village. as many as 1500 slaves came to live here in the spring of 1863. they stayed here one generation to the next generation to the next generation. the last former way in 1900. it became a military cemetery. there are also those who were not in the military. they were civilians. they call the former slave a civilian. this was one of the greatest honors you could bestow on them. that is on the gravestone. you can see the sleigh cemetery stretches on and on. there were thousands of slaves. there is a thriving black community image the army built for former slaves here at arlington. it lasted for right a few years. they come here. they honor their ancestors. they remember them. arlington began during the height of civil war. after the war, only had time to reflect upon what had end, what we had just on through, we had time for more ceremony, more ritual, gradually one by one the officers for the civil war wanted to be buried here. it was a rate honored to b

the union army failed to make reconnaissance at cold harbor. grant left the strategic details to george and lee left the details to grant. preparations were spotty. the unit core would deliver the assaults but each will left on its own, leaving uncoordinated. in addition, it bowed out slightly so advancing units would follow diverging paths. a union kernel asserted afterwards that the assault would have shamed the cadet in his first year at west point. line was seven miles long extended northwest to the creek to the river. 's troops were more interest than an -- ativan at any point. -- and that at any point. the thursday night, june 2, lee'se of rain, one of , they seem to be making -- [indiscernible] closer.cer moved soldiers were writing their names and addresses to the back of their shirts so there dead bodies maybe recognize and their fates known to their families. in the predawn darkness, it was still raining lightly. survivors of the wet hail, saw a similarity. a confederate general noted that the strength of both armies was to put forth a

this map in front of you is the opening phase on may 3 as the army in the potomac enters the wilderness. it nullified the advantage of the union armies artillery. armyuld have attacked the while they were straddling river . that did not happen and the army at the potomac entered the wilderness. ll's men are on the orange turnpike. one on the turnpike, one on the plank road. one mile or so between those confederate forces. ewell was all by himself and he did extraordinarily well in --nging the federal army many of you will be going to the wilderness with others on monday. one thing the park service has done brilliantly there is a scene rehabilitation. there are areas that have been restored to their wartime appearance. field and all the you saw were trees everywhere. now you can really take in the ground and appreciate the historic landscape. lee has even more ambitious plans for richard yoewell. turnpike,es on the confederates on the plank road. you can see the gap between the two confederate lines. final day of the wilderness. if you look at the top of the map, you can see where it says, separate and then it says rickett. hop

he came to serve in the union army. i'm war, he ended up in the house that on washington. case of german measles servicelled many members on both sides of the war. a pair tendinitis. he died in a washington hospital. the first military burial. things are so desperate at that time there were so many people dying that there was not much time for ceremony or ritual at arlington. it would ring people over for burial day after day after day. they went on to the ground with no flag flying. we were just trying to keep up. >> during the war, things were so desperate that there was not any time for tombstones. these are made out of time. painted white with black lettering. be maintained or the fell apart so that in years after the civil war we began to clean up here and we began to make sense of inks. someone came up with a design in the 1870's for the white marble tombstones bc at arlington today. anyone who qualified for burial here qualified for one of these tombstones. the earliest were like these used the here which have the names of the company, the state and the day the buri

the union. what are you going to do? in the south, recycle them back into the draft. out your term in the confederate armyand you go right back into the draft. but in the union, soldiers who have served their three-year available for not the draft. they can go home. they have done their part. for the war department, that creates a serious dilemma. in the winter of 1863-64, there is a drive to reenlist the veterans whose terms are going to expire in late 1864. and they put together a package of incentives to try to get these guys to sign up again. if you are in the war department, knowing what you know about the things that get people into the army in the first place, making them stay with the army, and some of the things that motivate them in combat, what are the kinds of incentives that you can put together in a package in order to try to encourage some large proportion of these 300,000 veteran troops to reenlist? >> a lump sum bonus. >> let's give them some money. in fact, that is one of the incentives. they offer them a package. one of the incentives is a bounty. reenlist and we will give you some mone

it hasn't gone so well for them prior to the command and he fought the battles and drove the union army back from the gates of richmond and then took the initiative and advanced on the troops farther to the north and drove them essentially out of virginia and pushed on and that resulted in the city and heat of battle the confederacy as a whole felt that way about the entire army. we give you code his army was the most in the entire confederacy. so everyone idolized him and the army of northern virginia. >> what were the soldiers feelings about jefferson davis? >> jefferson davis was actually pretty popular with the soldiers. he was a military guy and he obviously had a good record with robert e. lee and the soldiers generally had good attitudes about jefferson davis. >> soldiering in the army of northern virginia is the book. troops that served under robert e. lee is this acoustical portrait. joseph, professor of history here at the unc chapel hill is the author. >> visit to booktv.org to visit any of the programs online. type the author or the book title in the search bar on the upper

the united states army permanently." begged to be reinstated, but mr. lincoln rejected the request. emphasizing, he bore major key no personal ill will, but dismiss you as an example and a warning to those union officers who do not understand that the confederate army must be destroyed." subduedhern rebellion and the union restored. contrary to an idiosyncratic academic interpretation that mr. lincoln was a passive personality, the primary documents, the facts, the witnesses, show him to be a man of action, decisive and direct, generally subtle, acting boldly when confident, he could turn the event. when politicians start to cross him, mr. lincoln did not hesitate to defend himself, often aggressively. for example, summer of 1868, mr. lincoln learned that john j crittenden, the nationally respected senator from illinois was lincoln knew considering an endorsement of mr. lincoln's rival, stephen a douglas. .nstead of abraham lincoln so lincoln sent him a personal letter. he renounced any self-serving intention for crittenden's endorsement of himself, but he --he advised the famous senator, very much his would better be hands-off." as his contemporaries observed, lincoln was an ambitious man. w

at the end of the civil war, the army downsizes massively, likely due. we go from a million man union army to 25,000. about 31 regiments, of which 10 were cavalry. six regular regiments at the beginning of the civil war. they knew the focus would be the plains after the war, so when they reorganized the army, congress authorized for additional-- 4 regiments. former slaves became the buffalo soldier regiments. you had 21,000 troopers, 21,000 roughly soldiers in the army. thethink about one third of army would be cavalry, but it is not the case. the cavalry regiments were kept forward most of the duration of to 100%l war as close strength as they could. so, about half of the army's actual troop strength was in those 10 cavalry regiments and the other half was spread out amongst 20 and country regiments and they just kind of understood that we were not going to have full strength units. even in the cavalry regiments, 1000 men were authorized. at any point in time you might have 800 assigned to a unit. you might have 100 to 200, 6, disabled, on the other -- sick, disabled, other duties. w

united states soldiers on the payroll, who are mustered into the union army. again, i wasn't being entirely glib when i said "yes, i think t is." is it as central a part of the civil war story as some of the events that others will be talking about here? no, i don't think it is. i don't want to overstate my claim. that is not the kind of historian that i am. but i do think it is a very important story and it's worth telling. thank you all again very much. [applause] >> good afternoon. i am peter karmanos, jr. director of the civil institute here at gettysburg college. it is my pleasure to welcome nelson.kate she is a writer, historian, and cultural critic. she has taught at multiple in situations like cal state fullerton, harvard, and most recently at brown university. she is now based in lincoln, massachusetts. she writes regularly for the "new york times union blog, for isvil war times," and she the author of a very important book called "ruined nations." she has a piece in "weirding the war." she brings a much-needed cultural perspective to the study of civi

the union shut down to protect the union cost the weston dept. of the union army based in st. ouis. his wife was the native st. louis got after this and with all my happy memories of st. louis think how hard it was to go back there to the feeling that madison 61 in the beginning of the war. everything was changed. there was no life on the river. many steamboats were laid up. the cruise gone. swaying idly with the current. as we drove through the deserted streets we thought only closed shutters to warehouses and business. they echoed loud and harsh as one when drives down silent street. she later tells about kindness that she experienced in spite of a hostile environment. so the old kind feeling cramped out. boss of good wine. without means the with the allies to say there were from the sick and the hospital. of all wars and approach the sole or. i came away in november gray. st. louis is economy changed. became the staging area for the western theater of the war. it became a giant hospital. he wrote about slavery. then he wrote about the hospital bill. after the battle of shilo

the union shut down the river to protect the union cause. in the summer of 1861, john fremont was appointed as head of the western department of the union armyn st. louis. .. >> she later tells us about kindness that she experiences in spite of a hostile environment. though the old kind feeling crept out and sideways -- >> st. louis is economy change. it became the staging area for the union efforts. and it became a giant hospital. a baptist minister who settled in st. louis prior to the civil war, he wrote about slavery. he wrote about visiting the slave tends. and then he wrote about the hospital votes, and he described the scene on the st. louis riverfront after the battle of shiloh. >> dan lewis lived in what is now the southern edge of downtown, and she was a secessionist. she owned to slaves. she was able to keep precise because the emancipation proclamation did not apply to missouri because missouri was not in rebellion against the united states. so she had slaves. our neighbor had slaves, and yet just down the street from them was the barracks for union soldiers of color. so you think on this one block, free african-americans fightin

the quartermaster's office of the union army looked across the river and found this place, arlington, thought it would be a good place to begin burying people. arlington happened to be the home of robert e lee, the confederate general. not only was it a convenient place to begin military burials from the civil war, it was also thought to be a matter of justice, maybe even vindication if you want to call it that. war, things were so desperate there was not any time for tombstones. they have headboards made out of time -- pine or walnut painted white with black lettering. those had to be maintained or they fell apart. in the years after the civil war as we began to clean up, we began to make sense of things. someone came up with a design in the 1870's for the white marble tombstones you see at arlington today. the uniform design. anyone who qualified for burial here qualified for one of these tombstones. the earliest stones were like these you see here which have the name, company, state, and data burial -- date of burial in an incised shield. later, the later the design was simplified

tennessee, who would have the opportunity to outflank the union army and trap john scofield. he would have a clear path to nashville and prevent additional troops on the union side from arriving. to catch him, someone had to block the main pipe in order to trap him. hood ordered benjamin to attack and block the pipe. did not know where the union defensive position was located due to the fact that the cavalry had never started the grounds. he found the general quite irritated. why have you not attack the enemy and taken possession of that hike? he did not act because he was waiting for stewart, who was supposed to assist him. he never arrived because hood told him to stay at rutherford creek. i do not wish you to march your core up to the right. it will be to far for the men to march. no one attacked or moved to block the pike. november 30, 1864, could, who was quite is appointed, attended a very were thereakfast accusations over the failure at spring hill flew faster that morning than the biscuits did. i wish you and your people to understand that i attach no blame to you for

become comes six months after the african union and french army launched peacekeeping operations in ther-torn nation. countican union soldiers , and machetes. all of these have been handed over by civilians after the central african republic prime minister declared sunday a no questions asked disarmament day in the capital. >> those who have come voluntarily without asking for anything to hand over their grenades and ammunition are people who are really committed to peace. they have to be encouraged. thank the whole population to continue on this path -- i encourage the whole population to continue on this path. >> the country has been plagued by violence for over a year. african union forces helped police the amnesty. it has been since months since they launched peacekeeping operations in the country. >> there is no point in keeping this in the house but this is the place for these to go. our country is lawful. it is not good to have these weapons at home. >> but the authorities admitted turnout was modest. it was only civilians who took part in the amnesty. militia members from both s

contended the confederate capital, richmond, virginia, which soon became an obsessive point of attack for union planters. and because that capital was defended by none other than robert e lee and his army of northern virginia, the largest fighting force the confederacy had to offer, led by its most brilliant commander. richmond,ons, lee and transfixed union military planners. therefore poses a problem, and poses a problem .ilitarily for union planners it is, after all, the home field of lee and his army. the army of northern virginia won all the big ones in virginia. if they left virginia, they might encounter a little difficulty, but in their home ballpark, they acquitted themselves exceedingly well against numerically superior union forces. how do you change that? pattern, inreak the the tennis parlance, of holding serve? in fact, that army was the primary target of an army with serious problems of its own. the army of the potomac, which today could be a fine reality show, at least in terms of its officer corps, its dysfunctionality -- i do not know who kim kardashian would play in this army, but someone would. one. governor -- warren. it was a dysfunctional and defeatist officer cor

it's because of the involvement of the african union and the kenyan army that they have been driven out of the city. part of what they are trying to do by shifting the scene of battle is to put political pressure on the kenyan government to put pressure and give them scope to go on the offensive again at home. across the continent in nigeria, boko haram, worldwide notoriety when it kidnapped hundreds of school girls and claimed it would sell them as slaves. they killed 3300 and 22 on sunday, so they captured the world attention, and nothing has happened to them. well, at the end of the day it is the responsibility of the nigerian governments to do something about the group. others include the united states, providing assistance, and particularly lethal assistance to the extend that the u.s. can extend drone strikes, but the only real solution in this problem in nigeria is if and when the government is able to assemble the capacity to deal with the problem on a permanent basis, unless and until they are capable of doing that there's no solution. do you think the pakistani government will

the union's side? >> we used to assume it wishes to 1,960,001 dash add to its 60,000 to publish 220,000. >> with the army of northern for ginnie of what is this are made? >> the robert e. lee army who did not invent the name but became the person who made the name famous. referring it to the army of northern virginia brady issued orders stating the army of northern virginia swim was synonymous with the soldiers. >> host: how large? sova eight don't know precisely how many people serve to because you did come and go but i estimate at any given time during the course of the of war the number of members of the army. at its peak probably about 90,000 men of which was but cent of course, in it but it is a substantial are free to fight those largest battles including gettysburg. the seven days battle is the handful of flights taking place over the course of seven days with a total of 36,000 casualties and wilderness issue is huge huge, chancellorsville, the second manassas is huge and tedium of course, the single bloodiest day. >> host: those of northern virginia army's one of their armies? finigan other princ

word in history, the collapse of the chinese nationalists in the face of the advancing red army, the collapse of the soviet union in the early 1990ed? how many times have we seen the armored personnel carriers racing down the streets of a capitol, men waiving and firing their weapons into the air, the hotels and other symbols

of american society which in some ways, some terribly sad ways for me as the great, great grandson of an abolitionist and union armyoldier, shut down with the civil war and left behind it a very lessened, weakened society with a bohemia that took 20 or 30 years to give itself sort of a rebirth. >> ada introduces a paradox. she was the sole heiress of plantation other thans. and we also meet natalie barney who kind of also had more money than god and used it to build a lesbian spa. but i want to talk about that theme. the introduction of rich folks who are kind of the mety chis of some of these communities, the interesting relationship between kind of wealth and bohemia. >> well, it certainly is there in the history of radical art. and the radical art scene historically has been dependent upon a financial angel here and there. and those financial angels often very badly wanted to participate in this art scene themselves. so without them, it would be very difficult to manage these things. with them, it's wonderfully contradictory. >> yeah. often the patrons of the bohemians are the government that try to bring in the

the union address. it was here, at omaha beach, on the 65th anniversary of d-day, where i first met cory and his fellow army rangers, right after they made their own jump into normandy. the next time i saw him, he was in the hospital, unable to speak or walk after an ied nearly killed him in afghanistan. but over the past five years, cory has grown stronger, learning to speak again and stand again and walk again. and earlier this year, he jumped out of a plane again. the first words cory said to me after his accident echoed those words first shouted all those years ago on this beach -- "rangers, lead the way." [applause] so cory has come back today, along with melvin and jannise and brian, and many of their fellow active-duty servicemembers. we thank them for their service. they are a reminder that the tradition represented by these gentlemen continues. we are on this earth for only a moment in time. and fewer of us have parents and grandparents to tell us about what the veterans of d-day did here 70 years ago. as i was landing on marine one, i told my staff, i don't think there's a time where i miss my gra

the collapse of the red army, the collapse of the soviet union in the early

the collapse of the red army, the collapse of the soviet union in the early 1990ed. how many times have we seen the armored personnel carriers, men waving and firing their weapons into the air, the hotels and other symbols of the status quo, suddenly thrown open into the bearded, triumphant forces into the country side. is this the immediate future of baghdad? is this the picture we're soon to see on the american tv skreens, the blatant contradiction with what we see with our stunned eyes and what we were told was going to be the enduring reality between the ways in iraq and nation building? what gave us the idea that we could make a country over there in our specifications and we could turn a baathist dictatorship into a democracy. didn't the hanging gruesome of saddam hussein by his shiite conquerers give advance warning that the governing rule is more bent on exacting sectarian revenge? so here we are, watching the sunnis head 13winto baghdad. bobby goesh is with "time" magazine and soon to be the managing editor of "quartz." and paul eaton is a senior adviser at

word in history, the collapse of the chinese nationalists in the face of the advancing red army, the collapse of the soviet union in the early 1990ed? how many times have we seen the armored personnel carriers racing down the streets of a capitol, men waiving and firing their weapons into the air, the hotels and other symbols of the status quo suddenly thrown open to the bearded and triumphant forces of the countryside. is this the immediate picture and the blatant contradiction we see with our stunned eyes and what we were told would be the enduring army and the notions of nation building. whatever gave the idea that we could concoct a country to our specifications and that we could convert a bathist dictator ship to a democracy. didn't saddam hussein offer this warning that the government we've given power to is less interested in healing sectarian wounds than an exacting sectarian revenge? here we are watching the sunnis head to baghdad, the shia prepared to hold them off. the president of the united states reviews options. none of them will correct the u.s.'s jamboree from hell. bobby ghosh and paul eaves is

yesterday "the new york times" left the back package plank in a union on solidarity. >> the army says the former p.o.w. was released from brooke army medical center where he was for the past nine days. he was released and has had more adult social interaction. he was held in captivity for five years. >>> the missing flight, malaysia 370 still has not been located. jeff pegues is in san francisco. good morning. >> reporter: good morning. for weeks they had been analyzing the data from the missing plane trying to pinpoint once and far all where it may be. they're convinced the jet will be found along the 7th arc in the indian ocean. the search is expected to resume in august. it was suspended in late may after failing to find any signs of the missing plane and the 239 people on board. but british satellite company claimed the initial phase of the search did not reach the plane, where it crashed. they discovered a series of pings they believe came from the ocean floor. they believe they were unrelated to nh 3 r 70. they indicate the fine search area will be large and encompass the region

in the coming days, the army is expected to initiate rot crmp programs. on that list could be 275 programs located in every state in the union. the thousands of cadets is too short. according to the plans. the army would close the programs as early as next up. that is not fair are to the students or their host universities. this mendment would delay by one year. they are the next generation of army leadership and would give us the certainty we need to do so and i yield to my partner in this measure, mr. benishek. the chair: mr. benishek is recognized. mr. benishek: i rise in support in support of this amendment to prevent the closure of the training programs across the country. they not only benefit the army but provide opportunities to promising young students. however, in october of this past year, the army released a list of programs slated for closure following a 2014-2015 school year. we were able to instead get the army to institute a new evaluation system. this amendment holds the army to their promise to give enough time to institute changes. one is located at northern michigan university. over the history of the pro

the soviet union were locked in a mammoth struggle. >> the german general staff knew the allies had amassed a huge army in britain, but they had sketchyntelligence as to when or where it would be deployed. >> the allies chose landing sites in normandy in northern france. the timing of the attack depended very much on the weather. >> by 1944, the nazis occupied much of europe. in the east, they were fighting the soviet army. in the west, they had largely subdued their enemies. hitler expected the allies to invade by sea. he decided to secure europe's west coast by means of a gigantic line of fortresses -- the atlantic wall. at the end of 1943, he ordered a field marshal to take charge of the western defenses. he knew that the allies would attack, but he did not know when. by early june 1944 on the other side of the channel, the allies were ready. the british, americans, canadians, polls, and 10 other nations have joined forces. 1200 warships, 7500 aircraft, and about one hundred 50 thousand soldiers advanced across the english channel channel to open up a new western front in france. their commander was u.s. general dwight eisenhower.

the union." >>> good morning from washington. i'm candy crowley. u.s. army sergeant bowe bergdahl arrived at a medical center in germany while the taliban prisoners exchanged for his release are reportedly on the ground in qatar. these wikileak photos match the names released by the department of defense. but the department would neither confirm or deny the accuracy of the photos. joining me is national security adviser susan rice. it's great to see you again. >> good to be with you. >> walk me through when you first knew you had a deal. >> well, candy, this evolved over a period of time. going back some years, we have had intermittent conversations through the government of qatar about trying to obtain the release of sergeant bowe bergdahl. it's an extraordinary day yesterday and an extraordinary day for america because a member of our armed forces who had been in captivity almost five years will now be reunited with his mother and father, whom we had the opportunity to see yesterday and who are over the moon. so, it began over a period of months. this late

the union address. it was here, at omaha beach, on the 65th anniversary of d-day, where i first met cory and his fellow armyrangers, right after they made their own jump into normandy. the next time i saw him, he was in the hospital, unable to speak or walk after an ied nearly killed him in afghanistan. but over the past five years, cory has grown stronger, learning to speak again and stand again and walk again. and earlier this year, he jumped out of a plane again. the first words cory said to me after his accident echoed those words first shouted all those years ago on this beach -- "rangers, lead the way." [applause] so cory has come back today, along with melvin and jannise and brian, and many of their fellow active-duty servicemembers. we thank them for their service. they are a reminder that the tradition represented by these gentlemen continues. we are on this earth for only a moment in time. and fewer of us have parents and grandparents to tell us about what the veterans of d-day did here 70 years ago. as i was landing on marine one, i told my staff, i don't think there's a time where i miss my gran

forty one nazi germany invades the soviet union without a declaration of war the bombings and shellings bring about tora and uncertainty of what may lie in store the german army drops twenty two million leaflets on red army positions the great lie begins because they need to miscarry out of me. but i got. another new majlis rufus committed store will and that is easily enya put on some play on the night that that it was a cheap propaganda combine mean. their lies were beautifully phrased read only soldiers were cynically offered to make a choice either to perish at the hand of the indestructible german army surrender and return to their families to live happily ever after one of their goals was to turn the red army soldiers against their commanders and come. at the. store. i need. to move that i need. to be just a simple saluki be to consent to food. from a member of the head of the high command of the rare mocked field marshal general with some kind of political compass ours bear a special distinction a red star with the sickle and a hammer on their slate they must be separated from other p.o.w.'s in order to deny them the ability to influence captured soldi

the union address. it was here at omaha beach on the 65th anniversary of d-day where i first met corey and his fellow army rangers right after they made their own jump into normandy. the next time i saw him, he was in the hospital unable to speak or walk after an ied nearly killed him in afghanistan. but over the past five years, corey has grown stronger, learning to speak again and stand again and walk again. and earlier this year he jumped out of a plane again. and the first words corey said to me after his accident echoed those words first shouted all those years ago on this beach, "rangers, lead the way." corey has come back today along with melvin and janice and brian and many of their fellow active-duty service members. we thank them for their service. they are a reminder that the tradition represented by these gentlemen continues. we are on this earth for only a moment in time. and fewer of us have parents and grandparents to tell us about what the veterans of d-day did here 70 years ago. as i was landing on marine one, i told my staff, i don't think there's a time where i miss my grandfather more