the union just means to fight the war. lincoln bears considerable personal responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate civilians. i defend lincoln's actions in most of the cases. most of his actions were justified on utilitarian grounds. they were necessary to bring about the best consequences in the long run. i also argue that in practice lincoln was utilitarian, but my defense of lincoln does not predispose the truth of utilitarianism. some of the actions that lincoln should have performe eperformed need to be utilitarians to reject these criticisms of lincoln. let's turn now to lincoln's character. abraham lincoln is generally regarded as a singularly good and virtuous human being. he walked many miles from his store to return a few pennies to someone who had been overcharged. he was an exceptionally kind person who was moved by compassion and justice. lincoln was a resolute and determined commander and chief despite his great awareness and compassion for the immense suffering caused by the american civil war. the mythical abraham lincoln was a wonderful human being. does he deserve

the union had means to fight the war. lincoln bears considerable personal responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate civilians. i defend lincoln's actions in almost all these cases. i argue that most of his actions were justified on utilitarian grounds. they were necessary to bring about the best consequences in the long run. i argue that in practice, lincoln was utilitarian, but my defensive lincoln does not propose the truth of utilitarianism. some of the actions critics claim lincoln should've performed, like declaring the complete abolition of slavery in all the states at the beginning of the american civil war, would have been self-defeating. we don't need to be utilitarians in order to reject these criticisms of lincoln. let's turn to lincoln's character. unlike most other important leaders and historical figures, abraham lincoln is generally regarded as a singularly good and virtuous human being. the mythical lincoln many of us learned about as schoolchildren was honest abe. he walked to a store to return pennies to someone who had been overcharged. he was a kind person who was

she married a man from pennsylvania it was a general in the union army. went to war with him, many women went to the front with her husband's. memoirsr wrote her which we have on display, including some nice photographs about the war and her experience. in this memoirs she wrote she never fully realized the fratricidal nature of the conflict. until she lost her beloved brother david. she was nursing her northern husband to life the next. we think about brother against brother during the civil war. is really embodies that concept. one development we saw during the civil war was the first jewish chaplain came into being at that time. up until the civil war a chaplain in the army had to be a regularly ordained minister of some christian denomination. foughtthe civil war jews to have that law changed so it was just a regularly ordained minister. of a congregation this is the first charter for a jewish chaplain in the union army signed the abraham lincoln down at the bottom right just above the flags. this is on loan from a congregation in philadelphia, the fi

the war insist this is a war for union and a white man's war. we know that black people insist the opposite. they are willing to put their life on the line, offering their army at to the union the local level. privates andn other low ranking soldiers. their willingness to clean camp and cook food and give them on how they could best find the enemy and best fight the enemy. eventually, what they do begins to worm its way up the union chain of command. soldiersrly when union see the very slaves they are forced to return to the confederacy since this will be a war for union and i were not fought by white people. against them on the other side of the line by asian 62. -- 1862. there are thousands of slaves working for the union army. of course, the emancipation proclamation allows slaves and free blacks, allows black men, i should say, to become part of that army with the recruitment ct.he 54th and 55th increasingly, in short, black people are driving this process. people, black men who joined the union army come to believe that their families should be free. for soon, everybody in the black community is related to each other and eventually, congress ratifies th

of a congregation this is the first charter for a jewish chaplain in the union army signed the abraham lincoln down at the bottom right just above the flags. this is on loan from a congregation in philadelphia, the first official jewish chaplain was rabbi jacob frankle. we also explore the story of judah benjamin, a very high-ranking government official in the confederacy. in his gallery we look at the development of reform judaism, which was not an american movement. originally it was a european movement imported over here to america. reformed judaism has three main aspects. one is that prayers in english are introduced, or prayers of the language wherever the country is happening in. people were finding that not everybody could understand the hebrew prayers anymore and it was important for people to be able to understand what they were saying during services. as well, next feeding was being -- mixed feeding was being introduced. unlike the synagogue model earlier, women were seated in the balcony with children and men on the level where the reader is positioned. at this time family s

to permit- reluctant black soldiers to serve in the union army. he was motivated by his worries about the prejudices of white soldiers in the general public. he worried that blacks might not make good soldiers. once it became clear that black soldiers were acclimating themselves well to battle, lincoln went out of his way to acknowledge their value. he subjected his views to criticism, and appointed strong people to his cabinet, and sought their criticism of his ideas. he learned from the abolitionists, even though they criticized him very harshly and often unfairly. some abolitionist even made bigoted comments about lincoln's family. an ohio senator said lincoln's attitudes towards slavery could only have come from someone born poor white trash. william lloyd garrison said lincoln's education with and among the white trash of kentucky was most unfortunate for his moral development. selfln's capacity for criticism came to be appreciated by many of his abolitionist critics. wendell phillips described lincoln as a growing man whose views changed in l

finally, while the union army could readily discriminate between civilian targets in atlanta, during a village attack, combatants and noncombatants were hopelessly intermingle. the result unpredictably, was a level of noncombatant casualties far higher than anything seen during delivery operations. sherman was not drawing an appropriate comparison. rather, he was quoting a morally dubious attack in the mantle of one more easily defensible. this is michael walzer. he is a professor emeritus at princeton university and the author of any number of books. there is one i will recommend to you. it is called "just and unjust wars," published in 1977. i read it as a college freshman. it has been through five editions since then. and it is the single most lucid and intelligent study of the ethical aspects of war that i can recommend to you. walzer talks in his book about the principle of double effect. this is a concept that really goes back before him, back to the scholastics of the middle ages. but he offers a good modern formulation that is relevant to what i am talking about today. writes,

when the union army made the confederacy capitulate. you did not run away. you had to prove that you honorably left. those that fled after injury, or did not have the proper paperwork would have a hard time getting a pathetic limb -- prosthetic limb. in order to figure out how many limbs are you actually need -- the state government to decide -- they would send out census takers to go to communities all across the south and count how many amputees. they could come back and give the state government of figure, a financial figures so they would know how much money they would need to buy these limbs. limbs can be expensive, particularly legs can go anywhere from $75 to $150. a prosthetic arm could cost $50 to $75. some began writing to the state government saying, wouldn't it be nice to have a prosthetic arm? to hide the injury, or create comfort, they would be added later. you get your limb by going to a major city, a lot of times the state capitol, where one of these manufacturers have been set up. you would ride the train, they would pay your fair. you would

the civil war. robert e lee, colonel robert e. lee who was a army officer who went to west point. that was his last deed for the union. when he defected to the south, the confederacy, that did not sit well with his fellow army officers who went to west point with him. and lincoln was also furious should not that lee report to duty for the union. weddedthese characters together and have different intersections. i thought that might be interesting to know that robert e. lee was at the scene of harpers ferry. match in thelast powder keg of the civil war. although it failed, it succeeded in alarming the south and it blows. the two sides, to in a way, john brown succeeded with his revolutionary rage. -- raid. frederickbman and douglass were not revolutionaries in the same way. they were nonviolent revolutionaries. time, the two new each other with mutual friends like william lloyd garrison, the bostonian abolitionist and the philadelphia quaker and women's rights leader lucretia mott's who we discussed last time. once brought a group of 13 runaway slaves to the frederick douglass home in rochester, new york were he put them

the national union party had numerous advantages. the united states army dwarfed any previous manifestation of federal power, patron age and communication. with more than half a million voting men gathered in the army, the party and power infused the purposes of the nation with the purposes of the party. soldiers received a steady stream of pamphlets and copies of the pro administration, "harper's weekly," paid for by reporters of the party but distributed through the national post office. victories on the battlefield and victories for the nation became victories for the party. the kratz hated this. the democrats centered at the new party. the union party convention was no convention at all and merely a recoreonation of king abraham and reaching into a familiar bag of villification, this might be useful to remember, that this is what people said about abraham lincoln. he is totally unfit for the position he holds. he is weak, incapable, vacillating, a time-server without either wise comprehension of the present or segacious forecast of the future. lincoln'

the march to the sea, this particular image of richmond being destroyed as the union army marched in in a grand victorious manner. the smoldering ruins, if you will, left all across the south. we talked a little bit before about the crisis in faith that southern veterans had, that they had prayed to god in many ways for that speedy and big victory and now are returning home as defeated men, as losers, if you will. there are many ways sort of embodying if you will rem, sitting in the corner losing their religion because god had turned away from them. some came home completely disillusioned, angry, frustrated. one veteran, though, remained somewhat hopeful, though. he said defeat must be the will of god and is therefore right. we must look forward therefore with heart and hope to the future, trusting that god will strengthen us to override all obstacles and triumph all difficulties. another woman noted this demoralization that we feel is now complete. we are whipped. there is no doubt about it. so when these veterans are g@r(t&háhp &hc% to face mixed reactions as they come off of trains

she had married a man from pennsylvania who was a general in the union army. she went to war with him, which many women did with their husbandss. she wrote a memoir and it includes photographs about the war and her experience. in those memoirs she wrote that she had never really fully realized the fraternal side aspect of the conflict until she was nursing her brother one day and her northern husband the next. this really embodies that concept. one development we saw was the first jewish chaplains came into being during that time. up until the civil war, a chaplain in the army had to be a regularly ordained minister of some congregation. jews fought to have that law changed so that it was just a regularly ordained minister. of a congregation. so this is the first charter for a jewish chaplain signed by abraham lincoln, just above those flags. this is on loan to us from a congregation here in philadelphia. the first jewish chaplain was rabbi jacob frankel. we explore the story of judah benjamin who was a high ranking official in the confederacy. we look at refor

the european union cut the funding for the african union. this is significant because it was the african union backed by the somali national army that pushed al-shabab from big cities and central somalia. so these air strikes are seen as moral boost for the african union and the somali national army. in september somali will hold elections. the government and the african union are trying to show a picture of normal position assumed in the country. the e.u. cutting funding, african union saying that it will affect its operation against al-shabab. also the government trying to plan for elections and here are al-shabab trying to show that they are a force to be rk onned with. -- reckoned with >>> thank you. the search for answers to the biggest a -- aviation mystery. plus graduates trying to find jobs in south africa. >>> the top stories on al jazeera. some european leader have agreed to panning turkey's proposal to stem the flow of refugees to europe. ankara has ordinary r offered to take back refugees from greece in return for extra funding and fast-tracking of its e.u. membership bid. more than 150 al-shabab fighters have been killed in somalia. tun

have a nervous breakdown fortunately, general henry halek, who was in command of all of the western union armies at that stage of the war gave sherman another chance to send st. louis to train new troops. sherman went home for a leave of absence for a while. and sherman recovered his stability that fought under grad. that began the partnership between grant and sherman which as many historians have said, the partnership that won the civil war. >> just to add something, the previous picture. sherman on horseback is a famous one. and that allegedly is the sight of where the jimmy carter library is, as you drive in, there's a circle there. whether it is or not, i've never checked out the story. >> sherman at shiloh, first major battle as grant's lieutenants. tell us about his experience there -- >> this is where i think the relationship between grant and sherman is solidified. what happens as you probably know, the first day the confederates surprised the union troops pushed them back. at the end of the first day, grant and the union troops are hanging on by their finger nails. and the famous story

the march to the sea, this particular image of richmond being destroyed as the union army marched in n a grand victorious manner. the smoldering ruins, if you will, left all across the south. we talked a little bit before about the crisis in faith that southern veterans had, that they had prayed to god in many ways for that speedy and big victory and now are returning home as defeated men, as losers, if you will. there are many ways sort of embodying if you will rem, sitting in the corner losing their religion because god had turned away from them. some came home completely disillusioned, angry, frustrated. one veteran, though, remained somewhat hopeful, though. he said defeat must be the will of god and is therefore right. we must look forward therefore with heart and hope to the future, trusting that god will strengthen us to override all obstacles and triumph all difficulties. another woman noted this demoralization that we feel is now complete. we are whipped. there is no doubt about it. so when these veterans are g@r(t&háhp &hc% to face mixed reactions as they come off of trains

you surrendered when you were forced to surrender when the union army made the confederate capitulate. you didn't run away and you didn't escape. you had to prove that you honorably left the war. for those who fled after their injuries or didn't have the proper paper work, would have a hard time getting a prosthetic limb. in order to figure out, how many limbs do you need? state government decide, we're going to do a prosthetic limb program, they would send out census takers to go to communities all across the south and count how many amputees. so they can come back and give the state government a figure, financial figure they would know how much money they would need. limbs can be expensive particularly legs it can go from anywhere $75 to $150, prosthetic arms $50 to $75. we see the legs coming first because the mobility issue. some begin to write into their state government saying, wouldn't it be nice to have a prosthetic arm to create some more comfort whether emotionally or physically. they would be added later. how do you get your limb? you end up going to a major city, lot of ti

the most well-known native units in the union army was company k of the first michigan sharpshooters. this was made up of ottawa, delaware people. they fought with the grant when grant assumes command of the army of the potomac. i realized earlier i referred to lee's army as the potomac but i meant the army of northern virginia. petersburg.in they were well decorated. there was little interest paid to the interest during the civil war, there are a couple flashpoint moments that did garner a lot of public attention and one happened in 1862. it has been called various different things but i prefer to call it the u.s. dakota war in minnesota in 1862. this kind of thrust indian affairs into the public eye. through august and september of 1862, there were starving dakota community members who moved out and attacked a local white .ellers near st. paul the attack resulted from the failure of the federal government to provide rations they had agreed to in a series of treaties starting in 1851. the federal government agreed to provide rations to help the community as they heated land to the u.

have a nervous breakdown fortunately, general henry halek, who was in command of all of the western union armies at that stage of the war gave sherman another chance to send st. louis to train new troops. sherman went home for a leave of absence for a while. and sherman recovered his stability that fought under grad. that began the partnership between grant and sherman which as many historians have said, the partnership that won the civil war. >> just to add something, the previous picture. sherman on horseback is a famous one. and that allegedly is the sight of where the jimmy carter library is, as you drive in, there's a circle there. whether it is or not, i've never checked out the story. >> sherman at shiloh, first major battle as grant's lieutenants. tell us about his experience there -- >> this is where i think the relationship between grant and sherman is solidified. what happens as you probably know, the first day the confederates surprised the union troops pushed them back. at the end of the first day, grant and the union troops are hanging on by their finger nails. and the famous story

you actually surrendered when you were forced to surrender, when the union armies made the confederacy capitulate, if you will. that you went through this honorable discharge, you didn't run away, you didn't escape. you had to prove that you honorably left the war. so those who maybe fled after their injuries or didn't have the proper paperwork would have a hard time getting a prosthetic limb. so in order to figure out well, how many limbs do you actually need. like state governments who decide okay, we are going to do a prosthetic limb program, they would actually send out census takers to go to communities all across the south, that particular state, and count how many amputees so they could come back and give the state governments a financial figure so they would know how much money they would need to buy these prosthetic limbs. limbs can be expensive, particularly legs, it can go anywhere from $75 to $150 at the time. prosthetic arms, $50 to $75 usually in that range. we see the legs coming first, particularly because of a mobility issue. if you give somebody a prosthetic leg, it h

he came to mississippi with the union army, became provisional governor and he went to the senate in 1870. both men were republicans. but elkhorn was a so-called regular republican while ames was a radical republican. these two men personified a growing split in the southern republican party, a division that, by the late 1870s, would undermine its strength and allow a resurgence of conservative democrats. the feud between the two senators peaked in 1873. dominant radical republicans nominated ames. in response, elkhorn challenged his colleague as an independent, splitting the party into competing factions. bruce was stuck in the middle. torn between the man who inspired him to enter politics, elkhorn, and the man whose more radical brand of politics, ames, offered african-americans their best opportunities. edelberg ames won the election in 1873 and did so with the support of blanche k. bruce. and now you know why james elkhorn refused to escort blanche k. bruce to take the oath of office. by 1874, bruce had gained a statewide reputation as a shrewed politician. he staked out a middl

the march to the sea, this particular image of richmond being destroyed as the union army marched in n a grand victorious manner. the smoldering ruins, if you will, left all across the south. we talked a little bit before about the crisis in faith that southern veterans had, that they had prayed to god in many ways for that speedy and big victory and now are returning home as defeated men, as losers, if you will. there are many ways sort of embodying if you will rem, sitting in the corner losing their religion because god had turned away from them. some came home completely disillusioned, angry, frustrated. one veteran, though, remained somewhat hopeful, though. he said defeat must be the will of god and is therefore right. we must look forward therefore with heart and hope to the future, trusting that god will strengthen us to override all obstacles and triumph all difficulties. another woman noted this demoralization that we feel is now complete. we are whipped. there is no doubt about it. so when these veterans are g@r(t&háhp &hc% to face mixed reactions as they come off of trains

a war when hundreds of thousands of african-americans served the union army and in fact when lincoln gave his inaugural address, his great second inaugural, a large part of the audience were african-americans in uniform. lincoln was opposed to voting rights for african-americans. but in his first stab at reconstruction, he dissen franchised former slaves but he began to change. two days after the surrender of the south lincoln gave his first speech, his big speech about what we wanted to have happen during reconstruction from the second floor window of the white house and he said, you know, i have been criticized on this voting issue. people have criticized me and my plans for not enfranchising the former slaves and i now agree. i think people who served in the uniform or educated should be able to vote and he gave indication he would go further. one member of the audience understood this. john wilkes booth and he gasped and said that means citizen. that is the last speech we will give. he tried to get the man standing next to him to shoot lincoln on the spot and when he said no he sa

the union just means to fight the war. considerable responsibility for the conduct of the war and the union army's treatment of confederate some indians -- confederate civilians. most of his actions were justified on utilitarian grounds. they were necessary to bring about the best consequences in the long run. i also argued in practice lincoln was a totalitarian. my defense of lincoln does not predispose the truth of totalitarianism. whatclaim the actions of lincoln should have performed, for example complete abolitionist of slavery at the beginning of the american civil war would be self defeating. we don't need to be utilitarians to reject these criticisms of lincoln. let's turn to lincoln's character. other political leaders and historical figures, abraham lincoln is generally regarded as a singularly good and virtuous human being. the mythical lincoln many of us learned about as schoolchildren was honest ape. he walked many miles to return a few pennies for someone who was overcharged. he was moved by compassion and a sense of justice. lincoln was a resolute and determined commander-in-chief, despite great awareness an

patrick's day events that were the toast of the union army. all the other union generals would come to. so marr tried to find some joy -- oh, and they would play hurling too. tried to find some joy in the margins of the slaughter, and all the cultural things which the irish are known for they all practiced in between these battles, and that rubbed the career officers the wrong way as well. some of them not. i mean, burnside praised them, and he loved going to these festivities. they would actually stage plays while waiting to charge richmond in the peninsula campaign. they were only a couple miles from the confederate capital. you just couldn't keep that spirit down, and that's how they kept their spirits up, was to do all these things. >> marr complained to lincoln about sherman threatening to shoot him. do you remember? >> i don't remember the exact throat, but president lincoln said if general sherman is threatening to shoot you, mr. marr, i would take him at his word. [laugher] >> you kind of assess -- the war obviously took a tremendous em

the european union mission there? what is it? reporter: it is meant to help the army rebuild. the goal is to allow the marley army to reoccupy those areas vacated by french forces. that operation was an attempt to clear jihadist out of northern mali. this is an attack on the malian state as well as foreign interests in mali. it targets the very thing that is supposed to strengthen the malian army. eutm, missions, european union trading mission. 200 instructors and 150 soldiers. in terms of the actual nationalities of the countries, france is the most represented in terms of military personnel. you have a big spanish and german contingent. 22 you countries participating in that training mission. host: we are hearing from the afp news agency that the attackers have been pushed back. they have been repelled. one of them killed. by that european union mission you are just telling us about. security is a major concern right now. it has been for many months. reporter: this immediately brings back the memories of the attack on the radisson hotel in bamako in the malian capital. showi

in the war joined union forces, sometimes voluntarily and at other times by compulsion as military laborers. their insistence on reaching campsary in the union created serious problems for the army and for an administration determined not to make the war anween wightman -- white men avenue for black freedom. reports of union commanders, frustrated slaveholders, and local officials confirmed it gained momentum after january of 1863. two days after the decree took effect, black slaves in mississippi were in great numbers coming into general grant's line bringing horses and wagons. within one month, they were flying away in every direction. in monroe, virginia, fugitives from the surrounding countryside and nearby towns had been arriving since union occupation of the area in may of 18 city one. two years later in may of 18 city three, captain charles wilder, superintendent of the contraband noted there are a great number of courageous fellows who have come from long distances in rebeldom, sometimes from up to 200 miles away. those who travel the distance is new about the proclamation and work persuaded -- were persuaded to flee because of it. it was reported 10,000 have come under

corner and they hall hollered at him and asked who do you think is responsible and he replied the union army had a lot to do with it. i think that is one of the most profound statements he made. i love francis nickels as well. his first battle was on march 1862 and he gets his leg leg shot off. he gets amended and comes back and he gets his left arm shot off in this one. in 1877 with reconstruction, the democratic party came back into the service. they decided to run nickels for governor on a wonderful platform. we are running all that is left of general nickels. we won by a landslide. he served a long time on the state's supreme court. there is a chapter on the first modern war and the men who created these innovations and took the world into a military age. sherman, of course, contributed to this. he had a concept of take the war to the people to break their will and not merely defeat their army. as a young man and at 18, one of the first skirmishes of the war he lost his leg, and he came home and with a peg leg and just didn't fit well, and hammer fashioned his own artificial limb. and fa

colonel joshua lawrence chamber said the one word that had never been set in the entire union army up to that point in the civil war. he said bayonets. there is a moment that will come standing on little round top, where we have run out of ammunition, when we fear there is no other recourse, cannot retreat, cannot surrender. say that one word that is the embodiment of spiritual embodiment of the united states of america, the american citizen. thank you so much for being here today. next month we have the former head of the defense intelligence agency, lieutenant general michael flynn will be with us march 31st stu and it will be a great session to hear from someone who understands what is going wrong with our intelligence gathering apparatus in the united states. god bless you all, good morning, thank you for being with us. [applause] >> when i tune in on weekends, authors sharing new releases. >> watching nonfiction authors on booktv is the best television for serious readers. >> they can have a longer conversation. >> booktv weekends they bring author after author after author, fasc

the union. some of the commanders of the armies in the field that have given us the most important successes believe the emancipation proclamation and the use of the colored troops constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion he wrote. and that at least one of these importance successes could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black soldiers. black men were holding up their end the deal and the promise of freedom having been kept, having been made must be kept and if that was not enough to calm their criticisms, lincoln added that when peace returned there will be some black men that can remember with silent time and clinched teeth and steady eye and well poised, they have helped man kind on to this great consummation while i fear there will be unwhite ones unable to forget with malignant heart they have strode to hinter it in a drafted response to krit sauce m level a wisconsin war democrat lincoln reiterated the necessity from continued support suggesting to betray the promise of freedom would ruin the cause it self-. in lincoln easiest mansion, all recruiting of colo

she had married a man from pennsylvania who was a general in the union army. went to war with him, which many women did with their husbandss. she wrote a memoir and it includes photographs about the war and her experience. in those memoirs she wrote that she had never really fully realized the fraternal side aspect of the conflict until she was nursing her brother one day and her northern husband the next. this really embodies that concept. one development we saw was the first jewish chaplains came into being during that time. up until the civil war, a chaplain in the army had to be a regularly ordained minister of some congregation. jews fought to have that law changed so that it was just a regularly ordained minister. of a congregation. so this is the first charter for a jewish chaplain signed by abraham lincoln, just above those flags. this is on loan to us from a congregation here in philadelphia. the first jewish chaplain was rabbi jacob frankel. we explore the story of judah benjamin who was a high ranking official in the confederacy. we look at reform ju

the soviet union. it stopped the chinese army that followed. it brought to a halt the communist effort to push out the line that had been drawn and to establish communist control over the korean peninsula. we fought the korean war, which like the struggle in vietnam, occurred in a remote area thousands of miles away to sustain the principles vital to the freedom and security of america. the principle that the communist world should not be permitted to expand by overrunning one after another, the arrangements bill during and since the war, to mark the outer limits of communist expansion by force. before the korean war had ended, the united states, under president truman moved to settle and consolidate the situation in the pacific through a peace treaty with japan and through bilateral security treaties with the philippines and japan, and through the treaty with a celia -- australia and new zealand. hardly had the war been finished, when fighting happened in indochina, france decided to really question presence in southeast asia. after a brief ne

the european union. emergency crews treated victims on the pavement as the army kept guard. triggered by concerns of further attacks, the public transport system was shut down. parts of which remain closed. the belgium government has raised its terror alert to the highest level. >> it's difficult to take a train, but you must have the courage to take it because if you don't take it, the normal life, you give the terrorists a chance to win, to win the game and we can't do that. >> reporter: three days after national mourning have begun. i.s.i.l. has admitted carrying out the attacks. security service commanders had warned of a possible follow-up strike to the paris killings four months ago. the bombings in brussels now confirm those fears >>> live now to al jazeera's dominic kane who is outside brussels international airport. the suspect have been identified, two brothers who were known to police and had a record. tell us the latest about this investigation. >> reporter: certainly the police authorities have been actively trying to get hold of this third suspect who is seen o

the right. to your point, in terms of enthusiasm, i saw union workers from the nciu, the union, gathering because hillary clinton wants to show she has an armyf folks to turn people out around the country. she won a lot of states on super tuesday. she's looking ahead to the general election. bernie sanders saying not so fast. watch. >> it's not to make america great again. america never stopped being great. we have to make america whole. >> bring your friends and your family and your uncles and your aunts and everybody you can drag out. if we have a large turnout here in maine, we will win the state. >> reporter: the maine caucus this saturday. bernie sanders says he's here for the bottom line. hillary clinton almost halfway to securing the nomination. neil? >> ed henry, thank you very much. i want to do a comparison for you here. this is the breakdown of the democratic delegates awarded so far. hillary clinton has 577 delegates and 386 for bernie sanders. then there's the role of the so-called super delegates. about 715 of them. not all of them have made up their mind but you throw them in and hillary clinton is about halfway there to the n

the early war and he hadn't been given command yet. so in a period of three months, jackson, with a force of 12,000 or 13,000, you know, basically drove three or four union armies out of the shenandoah valley with forces numbering more than 50,000. so what it did is it was just this stunning -- i mean, people still study it. i mean, the germans studied it very closely in world war ii, so did george patton. it was one of the most remarkable military campaigns in history compared to napoleon's italian campaign. and it happened again before lee had even, again, been given command of the confederate army. >> amazing. >> so he wasn't there yet. grant was this thing in the west that had won that -- you know, had won some battles in the west, but that was all he was. >> are you surprised, sam, as i confess i am, how much interest there is all these years later in that story? >> it's amazing. >> i mean, the civil war, i said earlier, the last ten or 15 years, ton of civil war books and many of them best sellers. a lot of interest in this subject. why? what's brought this? i mean, it's not all those civil war reenactors on tv. [laughter]. >> surely it's more than people

outside romania but occupied by the romanian army in the midst of hitler's operation barbarossa to capture .he soviet unionomanian troops got as far as port in the middle of the black sea. i believe the number was 375,000 but it is in the book specifically. all of this is the work of some real trailblazing scholars who solidified the record following the release of the soviet archives, the romanian archives after 1989 in in in the 1990's. inside romania proper, there are about 300,000 jews who are being kept from the gas chamber but nevertheless they were, there were 15,000 jews killed by antonescu's troops inside romania -- the most famous event in 1941. brian: this is your 16th book. when did you decide you want to do this book? robert: i had been thinking about doing a book on romania for years and years but i wasn't sure. first i thought, i will do a project. , will start in the black sea romania, and i will travel up to estonia and you a travel book of what used to be called by a , that before between the seas. in romania. i want to romania in 2013. but i got so swept up in it. i said, wait imminent,

the @university of mount union. all @this attention and is not even @july. @first national hit we are @expecting tomorrow will be on @the today show tomorrow @morning. @as you know from your network @days, armies of crews coming @tonight, people at the hotels, @restaurants, good for the @economy early and hopefully @later this summer. @>> a cast of thousands and they @will spend money. @>>> boaters got a chance to @meet the candidates as the @presidential form that @candidates market place. @local, regional and national @candidates and spokespeople had @a chance to make their pitch to @voters and address some of the @issues. @the naacp, league of women @voters and the greater @collegiate chapter of delta @sigma theta sorority for the @>>> an ohio judge deciding @weather 17 -year-olds will have @17 -year-olds he will be 18 by @the november election can't @vote but there is a battle over @presidential primary. @says ohio law lets 17 @-year-olds pick nominees but @for delegates is the same @thing. @emmett sjoberg will be 18 next @-year-old joining the bernie @sanders campaign, to have their @vote counts. @disappointed. @i think that not being able to @vote in the primary election @will make me mu

the hills outside the city of isil fighters and the army is trying to recapture palmyra which includes a unesco world heritage site that was seized by isil in may. >>> european union'sl at this chief has been called in to help progress talks on ending the conflict in syria. talks wrapped up on wednesday with no deal. but syria's government said it will consider proposals that have been put forward. >> first the con sol saying and extension of the cessation of hostilities. second, the consolidation and he can passion of the hugh mar terrien access to the areas still to be reached. and third, and i would say extremely important, enter in to the political process without delays, without games with the spirit of reaching a solution. >> let's get more on this our diplomatic editor james bays has been following this. you are listen to them there what is the significant point that comes out at this stage. >>> i think it is very significant that we have had this meeting between these two, but more importantly, the other things that frederica has been doing while she's been in geneva because she's been to see the opposition delegation, nothing new in that. she's met them man

strategy that won't hold off very long >>> the african union troops are there because somali doesn't have its own force. what is the possibility of them getting an army that can counter al-shabab? >> it is slow. the first thing to do is protect the current government and leader and capital, but going out of that area, getting out of that region and it is the wild west. there's no control. the capital doesn't control areas which allows these tortial arguess to run free >>>-- territorial regions to run free >>> at one point it seemed that they pledged loyalty to i.s.i.s. which is at odds with al-qaeda, as i understand it. >> al-shabab has pledged loyalty to al-qaeda central. there was a small wing of dissidents within al-shabab that pledged support to i.s.i.s. they have been marginalised and a few killed by al-shabab. that has been an internal feud that has preoccupied them for a number of months. i think the pofr thing to know about that question is it doesn't make a whole locality of different. al-shabab doesn't rely heavily on al-qaeda. it never has. not for money or material support, not for recruits. so for the moment this is a largely academic qu