the union cavalry by 1865 is not the same cavalry you would have found early in the war. no longer is this a group of mountain men that raised to get information, pickett roads, pull their sabers, and go at slashing -- one another across open fields. the union cavalry of 1865 was akin to any type of modern force that may use a mechanized infantry. the union calvary, in 1865 primarily as armed with a seven-shot repeating carving dispenser, and because of that they can leave one man mounted. he controls three other horses while those three men move forward on foot to engage the enemy. using the superiority of their firepower, having the, literally, firepower of 21 confederate soldiers with single-shot weapons, they are able to either subdue their target, or fall back to their horses, and maneuver to another position on the battlefield. and, so, sheridan deploys these men in front of pickett's position there at five forks, to simply hold them in place, while the union city core falls in on their eastern flank. as the union fit core arrives on the battlefield, they encounter

as the army of northern virginia drifts into the courthouse, the union cavalry under general custer has gotten in front of the confederate army, blocking the road they intend to use. the goal all along for robert ulee's to get -- robert lee is to get the army down. lee cap makes the terms to the south because union forces keep blocking the way but the union armies -- can't make the turn to the south because union forces keep blocking the way. this map shows the final battle which takes place on the morning of april 9. confederates initially pushed a union back but as reinforcements arrived they realize they cannot break through and the confederate army is surrounded on three sides of the river on the other side. lee and grant me that very afternoon of april 9. one of the things that makes the appomattox surrender you knew there is an active campaign and right up to the last minute there is fighting. we do not know who the last casualty was, there is probably no way to know because the fighting spread out across the village. one of the possible candidates is montgomery from pennsylvania,

as the army of northern virginia drifts into the courthouse, the union cavalry under general custer has gotten in front of the confederate army, blocking the road they intend to use. the goal all along for robert ulee's to get -- robert lee is to get the army down. lee cap makes the terms to the south because union forces keep blocking the way but the union armies -- can't make the turn to the south because union forces keep blocking the way. this map shows the final battle which takes place on the morning of april 9. confederates initially pushed a union back but as reinforcements arrived they realize they cannot break through and the confederate army is surrounded on three sides of the river on the other side. lee and grant me that very afternoon of april 9. one of the things that makes the appomattox surrender you knew there is an active campaign and right up to the last minute there is fighting. we do not know who the last casualty was, there is probably no way to know because the fighting spread out across the village. one of the possible candidates is montgomery from pennsylvania,

union forces to surrender. near walden, north carolina: eastern north carolina, a artillery unit wandered around for a couple of weeks. one soldier wrote that they were avoiding the arms of an octopus trying to avoid cavalry controls -- patrols and finally realized or is nowhere to go and they make their way to raleigh to surrender. as the summer unfolds and the union forces occupy the self -- south and the fighting dies down, what you will have his former soldiers, former military leaders -- is former military soldiers, former military leaders, civilians, slaves, and union occupying forces all facing very uncertain futures. so many unanswered questions, so much lingering tension and bitterness. and that is a session for another time but think about the chaotic state of things and -- as things end. what happens at appomattox sets the tone for other surrenders but a lot of the details unfold differently. look at the twists and turns. every other surrender had to have two negotiations, some in different places. different scenarios played out. so really fascinating. i think it indicates that this movement from wartime into peace is going to be very challenging. thank you very much. [applause] do we have time

the bottle -- battle of columbus took place. april 16, 1865 general james wilson is a union cavalry officer, and he commanded 10,000 cavalry troops. their job was to attack through the states of alabama and georgia. their goal is to destroy important targets like columbus because of industrial output to disrupt supply lines, disrupt communications, anything they can do to further along the collapse of the confederacy. typically and ironclad especially like the jackson, would be used at a port city and if there is an approaching army, the vessel can move up around the waterway and fire its big guns at the opposing forces. this is typically what confederate ironclad's did. however, in the case of the jackson, she is right at completion in april 65 and there is no crew for it yet. officially, the confederate navy has her on the list, official navy register as the next ship to be officially commissioned. however, the war is winding down and the confederacy is collapsing. there is no crude for the jackson available yet. during the battle of columbus, she sat at the navy yard. the navy guys never could come aboard and get her steam up.

the battle of columbus took place in 1865. james wilson is a union cavalry officer. their job was to attack the states of alabama and georgia. their goal was to destroy important targets like columbus because of industrial output. they wanted to disrupt supply lines and communications, anything to further along the collapse of the confederacy. an ironclad like the jackson would be used at a port city. if there was an approaching army, the vessel can move up and down the waterway and fire its big guns at the opposing forces. this is what confederate ironclad's did. she is right at completion in april 1865. there is no crew yet. the navy has her on the list as the next ship to the commission to. the war is winding down and the confederacy is collapsing. during the battle of columbus, she said of the navy yard. the navy guys never could come aboard and get her steam up here in there was not enough men available to do that. it's a nice showpiece. the next morning, wilson's men came into the navy yard and they started burning everything. they can't leave a weapon like this

the bottle -- battle of columbus took place. april 16, 1865 general james wilson is a union cavalry officer and he commanded 10,000 cavalry troops. their job was to attack through the states of alabama and georgia. their goal is to destroy important targets like columbus because of industrial output to disrupt supply lines, disrupt communications, anything they can do to further along the collapse of the confederacy. typically and ironclad, especially like the jackson, would be used at a port city and if there is an approaching army, the vessel can move up around the waterway and fire its big guns at the opposing forces. this is typically what confederate ironclad's did. however, in the case of the jackson, she is right at completion in april 65 and there is no crew for it yet. officially, the confederate navy has her on the list, official navy register as the next ship to be officially commissioned. however, the war is winding down and the confederacy is collapsing. there is no crude for the jackson available yet. during the battle of columbus, she sat at the navy yard. the navy guys never could come aboard and get her steam up

the 16th, 1865. general james wilson is a union cavalry officer who commanded some 10,000 cavalry troops and their jobattack through the states of alabama and georgia. their goal is to destroy important targets like columbus because of industrial out put. to disrupt supply lines. to disrupt communications. anything that they can do to further along the collapse of the confederacy. typically an ironclad like the jackson would be used at a port city and if there is an approaching army the vessel can move up and down the waterway or around the waterway and fire its big guns and this is typically what confederate ironclads did to. however, in the case of the jackson, she is right at completion in april of 65. there is no crew for her yet. officially the confederate navy has her on the list of official -- official may be registers for the next ship to be officially commissioned. however, the war is winding down, the confederacy is collapsing and there is no crew for the jackson available yet. during the battle of columbus she sat at the navy yard. the navy guys never could, board and get her steam up. ther

the he'd mocked. -- piedmont. union infantry will move upon the wagon train and his battle lines and there will be hit and run tactics by cavalry. that is what brings us to what happens on the evening of april 6 on sailor's creek. previous to fighting at sailor's creek, there was another small engagement just between sailor's creek and farmville. the engagement was for highbridge. union troops stationed in burke bill -- burkville realized they were living upon farmville at this time so they sent a group of union infantry, 900 men along with three companies of the fourth massachusetts calgary. the goal is to ride in front in getting front of the confederate army, move in front of highbridge, about four miles from here industry is -- destroy it. highbridge was 125 feet high. it was 21 for peers -- brick piers, most of which are still there today and part of the other state park highbridge trail. you can walk out to the bridge and across. the bridge is 2400 feet long. it was protected by four urban court -- urban four. in before they were guarded -- in the fort they were guarded by local militia coming to farmville. they were ther