vaccine? if you are pregnant. the _ get their vaccine? if you are pregnant, the best - get their vaccine? their vaccine? if you are - pregnant, the best way to protect yourself and your baby is to get the vaccine, it is never too it later. if you are listening to us, please consider getting the vaccine as soon as possible. consider getting the vaccine as soon as possible-— as possible. professor, thank you very much — as possible. professor, thank you very much indeed. _ now it's time for a look at the weather with phil avery. hello. sunday has been marked by quite a lot of dry weather across many parts of the british isles. but some very windy weather across the north—eastern quarter. and that came about thanks to the influence of the low pressure and it will take a while before those isobars open up under the influence of this transient ridge of high pressure. i say transient because it really will not stick around very long at all. and even in the first part of monday, we'll see the cloud thickening ahead of atlantic fronts as the high pressure just gets eased away towards the eastern

>> is the vaccine a superhero. u know what, i like to think about it being like you being the superhero. the vaccine is just your training camp for you to become the super hero so you could fight away the virus. >> that is a great way to look at it. dr. corbett, would you like to think of you as one of our superheroes who worked so hard to make these vaccines possible. you are really superheroes. >> thank you so much for having me. and you know what, i am so proud to be called a superhero but i'm even more proud of all of the kids that are going to get their vaccines so they could become superheroes too. >> dr. sanjay, i have some questions, too. >> sure, granny bird. i mean, i know there are lots of parents and guardians with questions around their kids receiving the vaccines. so you know what, here to help us answer them is the surgeon general of the united states, vivek murthy. doctor, thanks for joining us. >> of course, hi, granny bird, how are you? >> oh, my stars. hello, surgeon general. oh, my goodness. i wa

caller: we talked to somebody about the vaccine. i am vaccinated and booster. people tell me they have had it and it was not that bad. but the next variant may be worse. guest: this is true. people who have had prior infection had protection, but reinfection's were common. what is interesting about omicron is that it has many mutations. this is a reason to get vaccinated if you have had infection. it will make your immunity more robust. maybe only one dose is necessary for people who have recovered. if you can get the johnson and johnson, your immunity will be topped off. this is a another reason why people who have had prior infection would benefit. host: michael, connecticut. caller: hello. i had taken the johns hopkins covid risk calculator back in february of 2021. i am 79. they said i was at 99.6% risk of not dieting. so i never got vaccinated. is that calculator in line with your thinking but i am low risk? guest: the fact that you have no comorbidities does put you at lower risk, but your age puts you at higher risk. most people who get covid survive, but

a powerful leader in the fight to vaccinate the world, why is it taking so long to manufacture vaccine? why are we as a nation being held captive by a botched trump administration contract, that allowed moderna to ignore the involvement of the nih and benefit from millions of dollars in taxpayer funds? just this week, it was announced that moderna is close to making an agreement to pledge doses to low and middle income countries in 2022. this is a positive step forward, but not enough. i cannot understand why we are beholden to this company. people are dying, time is of the essence. in the midst of it all, but moderna is making billions of dollars, controlling vaccine production and negotiations of a vaccine the hhs help them create. this is unacceptable. an act h -- nih and barda must be progressive. this administration must be aggressive in pursuing every off -- every option to work around that contract and use every tool at its disposal to accelerate vaccine production, including the defense production act. president biden must be aggressive in compelling other countries to back the

that the subunit vaccines that are similar to the flu vaccine, like the mobile acts that it will trick you need to then incorporate those mutations into the, the parent strain of the virus before you then that use recombinant technologies to produce that's purified protein. the aspartame with those mutations and then the whole virus vaccine, next rated approaches like beat on eva, and the sign of act. you need to then get some of that, that all swan and be 11529 virus grew up and massive amounts and then you can actually a whole lot purify and then you put into the vaccine. and those take longer. the subunit vaccines, the whole aspect is to take longer to adjust the morning advisor to vaccines are quicker, but you still need to increase in to scale. that can take several months as well. look at least 3 to 6 months lag time before we get this fractions out on mass to the population against this new variable. as dean, you government should be now thinking about a contingency plans they've been promising people easing the restrictions now with army kron as a scientist. would you recommend

vaccines? la recommending the or moderna _ different vaccines? erna vaccine _ different vaccines? la recommending the or moderna vaccine pregnant - the or moderna vaccine pregnant women in the uk based on the wider recommendations of those vaccines, because those are the ones adopted in the us and canada, and now that is vaccine that is being offered, as it has been for most of this year in the uk. ~ ., , ., the uk. what is the on vaccine hesitancy _ the uk. what is the on vaccine hesitancy amongst _ the uk. what is the on vaccine hesitancy amongst pregnant . the uk. what is the on vaccine - hesitancy amongst pregnant women? women who have had their doubts and have had their doubts over the last few months. is that number changing? i have been working as a consultant obstetrician in london and really we have had ongoing conversations with women throughout this time and i have seen, initially, it was all about providing the right information to pregnant women on a one—to—one basis and through as much good information as we can provide through as ma

the good news is we have the vaccine. have knowledge and we can think and be smart about how we engage in groups and gatherings so that we minimize our risk and minimize the risk to others. host: is there another variant out there on the horizon? guest: well, there are variants that will be emerging. what's important to recall about this last summer surge, it was delta that kicked it off. delta is different because it is much more transmissible. if you are in a room with someone and there is a cloud of virus around you and you breathe it in, there's a much greater likelihood that that single breath is going to lead to your becoming infected. there was an interesting study that showed the delta variant was affecting people who had waning immunity from the vaccine. if someone had been vaccinated in the month or two before delta came out, they generally did not get sick. six months after the vaccine was administered, let's say you got it in january and you got in august, there is a good chance that you have a breakthrough ca

how do these developments -- the covid-19 vaccine for children in the u.s.? will all geography types for these populations be able to get enough vaccine while demand initially outstrips supply and the initial distribution period that you're planning? jeff: so thank you for the question. we have enough vaccines, pfizer vaccine, for every child age 5 through 11. the whole distribution plan we have been talking about, 20,000 sites, millions of doses being shipped as we speak, is all pfizer vaccine. we do not have any u.a., as you know, for this age group for moderna. so we have already plans and in the process of shipping 15 million doses out nationwide with millions more doses available each and every week. states have chosen where within their state to send vaccine supply. they will be able to get additional doses, as i said, each and every week. the federal government is sending vaccines directly to pharmacies and community health centers, which will in turn administer vaccines to kids. this is how we think is the best way to manage the supply chain of pfizer

we talk about the way the vaccine works the pfizer vaccine you will get that mrna blue print that makesatever misinformation says it does not alter your dna. it cannot go into the nucleus of your cell. there is no actual evidence to back the fact that this vaccine can affect a child's fertility, long-term growth or anything in that sense but unfortunately, we don't know what the long-term effects from covid-19 itself. if parents want to protect their kids, protect them against the actual virus, covid-19. >> great information to our hold panel. we are going to take a quick break on tv. but we will be on the trials for kids under five have been underway and we anticipate in early 22 is when we may see the vaccine available to kids in that age group that is the surgeon general on the next vaccine stage shots for children under five. what are you hearing about the trials for kids five and under? that's exactly what i'm hearing. also what you mentioned that a lot of parents alike my gosh. my kid's three. two things to address. number one, i hope some reassurance and how systematic this proce

with the astrazeneca vaccine. ust be said that france, who is reaching high levels of infection, has 30,000 infections at the moment. it's still quite a lot lower than the level of infection we've had in this country for quite a long time. what we're not seeing is the spike that europe is seeing. it might be down to the vaccine. a is seeing. it might be down to the vaccine.- quite _ is seeing. it might be down to the| vaccine.- quite interesting vaccine. martin? quite interesting that we have _ vaccine. martin? quite interesting that we have the _ vaccine. martin? quite interesting that we have the claims _ vaccine. martin? quite interesting that we have the claims backed i vaccine. martin? quite interestingi that we have the claims backed up vaccine. martin? quite interesting i that we have the claims backed up by various_ that we have the claims backed up by various scientists. the —— best responses _ various scientists. the —— best responses seem to come if you get a first dose _ responses seem to come if you ge

the vaccination efficacy was nearly 91% in preventing the covid-19 vaccine. the fda advisory committee reviewed safety data from an additional 2000 children who received the vaccine and found no severe adverse effects. and reported post vaccine symptoms, including soreness at the site, headache, muscle aches and low-grade fever that were similar to the adult population. with these safety and efficacy results, the fda authorized the covid-19 vaccine for children ages five to 11 on friday. tomorrow, the cdc advisory committee on immunization practices will need to have their transparent, open conversation on data for vaccine effectiveness, safety and clinical need for ages five to 11. throughout the pandemic, this commit has convened many times to review the latest data and provide their trusted expertise. and i, along with many others have been looking forward to the scientific discussion and liberation that will take place. following the meeting, the cdc will release its recommendation for vaccination of children ages five to 11. we know children have differen

the u.s. is fully vaccinated. this should be 100 million people and there is overlap between those two groups trigger probably 7580% now. you're starting to see numbers come down the best cap enforcement targeting too much heart in this. if we get back sit in front of the 30 million people we can get on top of this. this virus is not going away for a while. as long as it exists in the world we need to make sure we are a highly protected population. look at the polio vaccine. we still give children a polio vaccine we've not had pull in this country for 50 years we haven't had over 50 years polio exists in the world that came to light in our hospital recently we were taking in children from afghanistan. afghanistan and now suddenly our interns are thinking wait could this person be shutting polio virus systematically. selling this or think about where they hadn't thought about it before. it is a stark contrast. >> we have the luxury at least to me. so i wanted to turn to another recurring theme in your book. i really

they cannot replace the vaccines. es are meant to prevent cases, so you want to bring down the cases. if you do not prevent, you will have explosive cases. even if you can trade some of them with a success rate of about 50%, you can still overwhelm hospitals. we embrace every drug treatment. we need to embrace this to help us get out of the pandemic. the strongest tool we have at hand is a high vaccine coverage rating all populations, but particularly amongst older persons. rob: how is peace -- how easy is it going to be to persuade countries to step up their efforts if they have not been able to achieve that in two years, and yet the vaccines are available if they are willing to spend the money? >> they've got to look at what is going on in their own countries and pay attention to the horrific consequences of not getting a vaccine -- giving a vaccine. if you have something that can prevent your population from getting hospitalized and dying, that needs to be messaged well. the other problem we have that we do need to

the blue is those who were fully vaccinated, and the red are not fully vaccinated. we are comparing total admissions to the icu and total deaths. it is clear to see the difference between the density of the red versus the density of the blue. let us look at virginia. among over 5 million virginians who have been vaccinated, hospitalization rate is extra nearly low at 0.035% and those who have died is 0.0125%. this is not only the united states. let's look at new south wales in australia. unvaccinated individuals are more than 16 times more likely to end up in the icu or die during peak periods. any concern about the efficacy in the real world of vaccines, i hope we have put that to rest. what do we have? we have 62 million americans eligible for vaccines who are still not vaccinated. the data i show you do not lie. vaccines protect you, your family and your community. and importantly it is not too late as dr. wilensky has said. get vaccinated now and importantly, if you are already vaccinated six months or more ago and eligible for a boost, get a boost because as a m

on the surface program, dr. paul offit, vaccine education center director, talks about the risks associated with medical innovation. he is interviewed by bloomberg school of public health epidemiologist dr. emily gurley. >> i'm so happy to be talking with you, dr. paul offit. >> the pleasure is mine. >> obviously, the themes in your book are very relevant to what we are going through today in the pandemic. and i know you said you started writing the book around the time the pandemic began. but can you tell us where the idea for the book came from? why this book now? >> i think the emotion for this book actually came from the fact that i am a child of the 50s and i remember the polio epidemics. whatever member from that is one devastating -- how devastating that epidemic was. how much it affected my mother. we were not allowed to go to a public pool. we had these plastic tools in the back. until jonas salk made a polio vaccine. it was activated with a chemical. he tested it in 700 children in the pittsburgh area and he found it to b

they cannot replace the vaccines. remember, vaccines are meant to prevent cases, so you want to bring down the cases. if you don't prevent, you will just have, you know, an explosive rose again of cases and even if you now can treat some of them with a success rate of only about 50 percent, you will still overwhelm hospitals. so yes, we embrace every drug treatment we need to manage these. it's a very ill patients, but a but really to, to help us get out of this tragic condemning with the strongest tool that we have at hand is a high, maxine coverage rate in all population. but particularly amongst the older persons how easy is going to be to persuade governments who have in of countries that have a low vaccine rate to step up their efforts, if they've not been able to achieve that in 2 years. and yet, the vaccines are available if they're willing to spend the money lawrence to let me ask you that 1st. well, i think we've just got to look at what's going on in their own countries and pay some attention to the horrific

the key value is life, and vaccines save lives. there will be some sincerely held beliefs, but very narrow. host: tomorrow, the advisory panel at the cdc is meeting to discuss covid-19 vaccines in children five to 11 years old. what are your expectations for what happens in the meeting tomorrow? guest: it is almost certain the cdc is going to follow the fda decision to authorize this. the cdc will then recommend it, and i expect the vaccine for children age five to 11 to be rolled out in the coming days, certainly this week it will start to be sent to pharmacies, pediatricians' offices, family practitioners. there will not be mass vaccination sites the way we saw early on. we will try to do this with local pharmacies. >> should we be vaccinating children right now, children at a lower risk of severe covid at a time when worldwide vaccination rates in other countries are a fraction of where we are? should we concentrate more on the global effort of those most at risk? guest: let's stick with the united states first because we have al

in the inactivated polio vaccine people did get infected. they just did not develop was called poliomyelitis which is a effectiveness final paralyzing them so it did not provide sterilized immunity. this is another myth the anti-vaccine movement is been propagating and it really shows a basic misunderstanding of the biology of poliovirus and i ic think it's something that you continually have to debunk it it's because people don't understand what vaccines are meant to do. and the ipv, polio vaccine does not prevent you from getting polio, it prevents you from pgetting poliomyelitis and that's what i'm saying. they may not necessarily prevent you from getting a breakthrough but they prevent you from being hospitalized f. >> host: a quick questionfrom virginia. when will a booster be available to 12-year-olds and above ? >> guest: this is something that needs to be studied because people between the ages of 12 and 18 are low risk for severe disease outside of the immunocompromised population so this is something where you'd you need to see data

vaccines. for some of these emerging infections, because of that even some of the covid vaccine, the covid-19 vaccinewe have were already in development because of this new push. but it seems a different endeavor to start testing vaccines in humans for diseases that are not common and engaging people in discussions about participating in those trials even if they may not personally be at risk for those diseases now. i'm a big proponent of that and i think we can gain a lot by doing that kind of research but i wanted your thoughts on this new paradigm shift in vaccine development. >> i think it's actually what amazes me is when faced with this pandemic, the sars covid to pandemic and we ended up going to novel technology. as much expense as we had with vaccines like hepatitis b, what we went to worthy mrna or these vector virus and the genetic vaccines. the reason is there a much easier because you need the one gene. you didn't, it was in many ways because you knew the genuine interest in, interest in the gene that coded for the surface protein. in many ways it was a fastest vaccines to make easier th

the vaccines are readily available. so what's gone wrong? i'm will europeans have to spend another winter in lockdown? this is entire story. ah. hello and welcome to the program i brought barrison. now in the warm months of july and august, much of europe get the impression. the worst of the pandemic was over countries lifted coven 19 restrictions. people traveled for holidays, again gathered in large numbers, and you didn't had needed to wear masks in many places, but infections and are rising to record levels. the world health organization says the region is once again, the center of the pandemic. it's urgent governments to re impose restrictions and step up vaccination campaigns. vaccines are readily available, but many people still refuse to take them. we're going to bring in our guests in a moment, but 1st this report, by john hall. while many people are out and about as if the coven 19 thread has passed, the world health organization says the wider european region is once more, at the pandemic epi center, across $53.00 countries, includ

convenient access to the vaccine. llowing the cdc decision parents can visit vaccines.gov and filter locations for children ages five to 11 so they can easily find a site nearby and schedule an appointment while vaccinations may start later this week the program is still be wrapping up to full strength with millions of more doses packed and shipped and delivered and thousands of additional sites coming online each day. starting the weekk of november h the kids vaccination program will be fully up and running. parents can schedule employment on —- and the number of sites will continueut to increase throughout the month as more vaccine sites open the doors to administer vaccines. bottom-line we have been planning and preparing for this moment we are ready to execute pending the decision and starting the week of november 8 the vaccination program ages five through 11 will be running at full strength we remain laser focused on? vaccinating unvaccinated americans those 12 and older to get booster shots to tens of millions o

the second thing is enough vaccines for all. it is clear when you start from scratch the first month will have fewer doses than the months after. [indiscernible] most of them were coming from high income countries. the european union, the u.s., but the small and -- [indiscernible] -- i sent letters to change their position. they did do it most of them and they did not do it because they placed -- from china, russia. when the vaccine became successful and others had difficulty delivering the quantity they promised they came back to us. the problem was the first few months the doses were already allocated. i could not just tell them, i am not giving it to you anymore. the solution was to build more. this is where we invested. from the billions of doses we were expecting to produce through the end of 2020 we raised it up to 3 billion. i'm happy to tell you by the end of this year which is in a month and a half we will have produced 3 billion doses. from there more than one billion doses, 1.2 billion, will go to middle and low income

and in the governments promotion of vaccination. so i think there's something about the messaging ink in countries like like in south africa, about the benefits of vaccination. it may be because vaccinate because levels of invention were quite low. jo, recently the people had become complacent and decided that they didn't need to be vaccinated. well running out of time are we, i do want to give everyone just a quick, 30 seconds to summarize your thoughts, monticello, if i can start with yourself perhaps. so what do you think here is the way forward on the balance here to be struck between and providing a poor countries. little of countries with their back seems lot seen booster campaigns in the west and tackling vaccine as and see what is the way forward here . to end this pandemic. oh, well, some going, i said, did they have the right to defense their own population source? and then they don't say when they like the rest, but in practice deadman it. well, let's say that if countries have their right and they do have to defend their

you talked about the vaccines. reporting this morning in "the new york times" on where they are in terms of vaccines in south africa. they write that the9 mrna vaccines in particular, moderna and pfizer's, were built for technology that should permit rapid modification. can adapt the current vaccine within six weeks and ship initial batches within 900 days --1 is 00 days in the event of a varian want that eludes the immune system. let's hear from oliver falls, virginia. good morning. >> caller: good morning. >> host: ago ahead. you're on the air. >> caller: okay, good morning, buddy. lli want to say good morning to everybody on c-span. i listen to you guys religiously. i believe it's one of best programs on television where you give the american people a chance to peek up and speak out -- speak up and speak out. i just wanted to say this morning as far as -- i'm vaccinated. i've gotten both of my shots. i'll be looking forward to a booster next month. and i wanted to say that the american people should be so gratefu

the mrna vaccine is a rare cause of myocarditis, you find the johnson & johnson vaccine is a very rare cause of something called thrombosis, which means blood clots, including blood clots in the brain, which can be fatal. there were about a handful of people who died as a consequence of the j&j vaccine. the point is, you have systems in place now that can actually detect events as rare as that blood clotting phenomenon of the j&j vaccine, which is 1 per 500,000 people, and the myocarditis which is 1 per 50,000 people. that's extremely rare and it's because of tragedies in the past that allowed us to monitor vaccines in this case, but again, i think you're right. i think we deal with an enormous level of mistrust. it's remarkable to me that 65 million people in the united states continue to not get the vaccine despite the fact the evidence it could save your life couldn't be clearer. >> as someone in the scientific medical community, what do you think our role is in communicating to the public? and what advice would you give to other researchers about what they can do to play their part

the data on vaccine effectiveness over time and the safety profile of booster shots of over 30 million americans who have already received an additional vaccine dose. the safety data shows a serious adverse event after a booster dose is rare and people have fewer reactions after their third dose than after their second dose. reactions that did occur included the previously seen sore arms, headaches, and joint aches. this latest cdc action underscores that booster shots are an important public health tool to strengthen our defenses against a virus. -- the virus. while the actions of the fda and cdc represent an important step forward in the vaccination program, we are not losing sight of the goal to vaccinate all core eligible with the primary vaccine series. 47 million legible american adults and more than 12 million teens are still not fully vaccinated and remain at highest risk of disease. data updated and posted today on cdc's covid data tracker continues to show that unvaccinated people are six times more likely to test positive for covid-19 than vaccinated individuals. and most tr

so now really is time to get the vaccine. has made it more dangerous for pregnant women who have not been vaccinated with mac who have not been vaccinated with ma. ., , , , ., who have not been vaccinated with mac absolutely. the delta variant, we know that _ mac absolutely. the delta variant, we know that about _ mac absolutely. the delta variant, we know that about half— mac absolutely. the delta variant, we know that about half of - mac absolutely. the delta variant, i we know that about half of pregnant women have severe infections with the delta variant, whereas before that was only a quarter. so it is significantly worse.— that was only a quarter. so it is significantly worse. thank you very much indeed- _ significantly worse. thank you very much indeed. thank _ significantly worse. thank you very much indeed. thank you _ significantly worse. thank you very much indeed. thank you for - significantly worse. thank you very much indeed. thank you for your i much indeed. thank you for your time. . ~' ,, a senior uk medical

that is the bottom line, getting more people vaccinated and getting the fully vaccinated boosted. at is what we can be doing. we are on the lookout for this. if and when it comes here, hopefully we will be ready for it by enhancing our capabilities , masking, all the things we do and should be doing. host: what are your concerns or thoughts on the new variant detected i south africa? last week? -- by south africa last week? (202) 748-8000, the line for those of you who are vaccinated. (202) 748-8001 for on vaccinated viewers and listeners. this is from politico. omicron raises concerns about global vaccine equity and hesitancy. global health experts say the emergence of variant is a byproduct of unheeded warnings about vaccine and equity they have said could fuel public health crises in the developing world and prolong the covid-19 pandemic. africa remains the most under vaccinated region of the world with 7% of its people fully immunized. north america has vaccinated about 54% of its population. they write further in that article that, after waiting for supplies for months, south

because of the number— escape from vaccines because of the number of— escape from vaccines because of therefore. — number of changes. that means, therefore, there _ number of changes. that means, therefore, there are _ number of changes. that means, therefore, there are three - number of changes. that means, therefore, there are three thingsj therefore, there are three things that need — therefore, there are three things that need to _ therefore, there are three things that need to be _ therefore, there are three things that need to be done, _ therefore, there are three things that need to be done, as- therefore, there are three things that need to be done, as the - therefore, there are three things . that need to be done, as the prime minister— that need to be done, as the prime minister has — that need to be done, as the prime minister has said. _ that need to be done, as the prime minister has said. the _ that need to be done, as the prime minister has said. the first- that need to be done, as the prime minister has said. the first is- that need to be done, as the prime minister ha

that is the bottom line, getting more people vaccinated and getting the fully vaccinated boosted. at is what we can be doing. we are on the lookout for this. if and when it comes here, hopefully we will be ready for it by enhancing our capabilities , masking, all the things we do and should be doing. host: what are your concerns or thoughts on the new variant detected i south africa? last week? -- by south africa last week? (202) 748-8000, the line for those of you who are vaccinated. (202) 748-8001 for on vaccinated viewers and listeners. this is from politico. omicron raises concerns about global vaccine equity and hesitancy. global health experts say the emergence of variant is a byproduct of unheeded warnings about vaccine and equity they have said could fuel public health crises in the developing world and prolong the covid-19 pandemic. africa remains the most under vaccinated region of the world with 7% of its people fully immunized. north america has vaccinated about 54% of its population. they write further in that article that, after waiting for supplies for months, south

walensky: the definition of fully vaccinated as one dose of the johnson & johnson vaccine, and two doses of either the pfizer or moderna vaccine. and we are not changing that definition at this point. >> the federal requirements will follow the cdc guidance. >> next question. reporter from the american urban radio network. >> given the reduction in dosage with the pfizer vaccine among five to 11-year-olds, and the increase of risk for myocarditis in the adolescent population, hello this affect the dosage? -- how will this affect the dosage? dr. walensky: that is among the reasons the dose was changed to one third of the dose. i do want to highlight this. in the clinical trials dr. fauci noted, there were no cases of myocarditis in children ages five to 11. the cdc has reviewed the data in our older age group and adolescence, and -- adolescents and has determined there is more of a benefit to vaccination. >> reporter from bloomberg. >> parents that they are having trouble scheduling their appointments. i know you said that this will rent up into next week. one can people log in and get th

, the moderna vaccine _ of the mrna vaccines, the moderna vaccine or— of the mrna vaccines, thee at 30 mcg, a standard adult dose, both gave extremely good antibody levels. they generate _ extremely good antibody levels. they generate a _ extremely good antibody levels. they generate a very strong immune response — generate a very strong immune response given as a boost. there are some _ response given as a boost. there are some people who are unable to receive — some people who are unable to receive an _ some people who are unable to receive an mrna vaccine and they may have had _ receive an mrna vaccine and they may have had at— receive an mrna vaccine and they may have had at the astrazeneca vaccine both for— have had at the astrazeneca vaccine both for their first dose and their second _ both for their first dose and their second doses. for them, we advise that they— second doses. for them, we advise that they receive as their booster, the astrazeneca vaccine again. the astrazeneca vaccine does give a good boost, _ astrazeneca vaccine does give a good boost, albeit not as go

now, when combined with all the vaccines such as the astrazeneca vaccine, it has also shown a high efficiency. but when administered as a booster shot against the delta variant is 83 percent effective against infection and a little bit high at 94 percent effective against hospital lies ation. now aside from all those figures, the bottom line is the spot and quite vaccine. according to their support in the lancet and by the russian direct investment form, it can accelerate the pace of vaccination in russia. and of course, in those countries that have that have a deficit for those covert vaccines. yeah, tony, i'm strong, a huge need for more vaccine.

, the vaccinations that make it better to have different ones as you go through the the program? well, i wish i knew the onset because i probably get some medical prize for it. it's not widely understood. this is a phenomenon known as immuno mentation. the vaccine of course, pokes your body to recognise one specific barrow protein. and you thought that if you got kobe to whatever you would only respond to that in a protein within science, that the getting the virus and the vaccine interact to augment a much broader range of immune responses. so that to phenomena, say nodes, immune or mentation. and how it works isn't fully understood, operate to say, but it does work. so a mixing and matching does seem to be valuable. less come to your work, profess montgomery, as a, an intensive care, a physician on the walls. you're on monday of treatments as no being greatly of meant it it, we 1st had the standard treatments last year and then of the antibody treatment seth was the beginning of this year. and now we hear that those going to be that what looks like successful a