provided that an official shall not require any attendee, to identify themselves so we're not foring anyone to identify themselves unless they're campaign consultants, under campaign and government conduct code article one chapter five lobbyists, with the [inaudible] article two, chapter two. permit consultants, conduct code, article three, chapter four, and developers of major projects, as in campaign and government code 3.510. is discussed at the meeting, in this case we're only asking for a major donor we're identifying the major donor, when they're discussing the project that's before the board of supervisors, and the subject of that meeting after this meeting or event the official shall update the attendees, by the officials of the organization they represent. that is the new language we have in here. we want to make sure we're following what is elsewhere in our ethics legislation, identifying consultants lobbyists, developers, and developers of major projects i think this is actually is able to not saying we're casting a wide net, but con porming with existing legislation, most

, rediscover themselves, take time to know themselves better, and they can get ready to find somethingingful for them for the rest of their life. and i think that people need to feel that they, somebody is expecting them to do something. and i think that creates some empowerment in them, and a sense of responsibility. i think this intergenerational help is the next wave, is the next wave, you know. all embrace and help each other to become a better society, because we are mindful of each other. it's all about the mind-set. when we change our mind, the state of our mind, we can change many, many things now. and many more people should embrace this. >> singapore's challenge is to create a society where the elderly can live in comfort. by encouraging its elderly to be independent and not rely on a welfare state, the country is hoping to forge a new path to the future. -- captions by vitac -- www.vitac.com steves: the dramatic rock of cashel is one of ireland's most evocative sites. this was the seat of ancient irish kings for seven centuries. st. patrick baptized king aengus here in about

and others in that group, as we'll see when we get to the second cycle, devoted themselves to creating new educational institutions for former slaves who were able to escape and be ready to join american society in the fullest possible way. what you see is their dramatic arrival on the shore of sierra leone. and so, there is this idea of fellowship and continued support and the idea that, this is the beginning of a continuing relationship where they will they are providing resources for not only the amistad folks but others in the communities they came from to be educated and hopefully to be able to live the kinds of lives they want to lead and not find themselves again in the throes of a slavery situation. this is the second set of, the second cycle of murals that hale woodruff completed for talladega college. these were finished later in 1942. after his prints in doing the first three. really not much more than a year, he was able to spread out the time that it took to produce these other three murals because we should remember he was at the same time he was doing the murals, he was

they got themselves a lot of money and they got themselves a lot of weapons. they got themselves some very sophisticated weapons. they went from there weakest point at the end of 2011 to an incredibly strong position by late 2013 in early 2014. they 2013 in early 2014. they take a lot of territory in syria and they go back into a rock and they do this split across a rock. it wouldn't of been possible without help and the iraqi military just melted away. it melted away primarily because of the mismanagement of the military. he put incompetent officers in charge of the military and in a very short. of time they destroyed what the united states had created an. that's what happened and that's what we are. isis is a very significant threat to the stability of a very significant threat to the stability of the middle east. that is why we are doing what we are doing. they are a moderate terrorist threat. al qaeda in yemen and another group in syria and pakistan are still a greater threat to us than isis but given enough time in iraq and syria isis will pose the kind o

american parents are moving away from shame, scorn and cutting ties with children who consider themselvesifferent from their birth gender. that doesn't mean all the challenges that go along with changing from the gender on a birth certificate disappear. a lot of adjustment is required to see gender identity less as a binary this or that idea. but for some, as a journey. it's tonight's "inside story". welcome to "inside story". i'm ray suarez. the idea that a person's gerpd is fixed ot birth -- gender is fixed at birth, defined on the birth certificate is undergoing investigation. for some, there's a life-time struggle between what your body says you are, and who you are. the whole idea of gender doesn't fit the true sense of themselves, but nature has, from the day of birth, made things ambivalent. for a long time intersex infants, where genders ambiguous at birth were given a gender by parents, told to choose male or female. al jazeera's ashar quraishi profiled an adult who felt the approach could force parents to make the wrong choice. >> reporter: today this person does not identify as

or they're bought off by the organizations or are members of the organizations themselves. that's what many people openly say. >> adam, that was really great. thank you so much for joining us. >>> well, that does it for this week's show. but the conference continues at aljazeera.com/thirdrail. good night. >> this is aljazeera america from w york, here are today's top stories. >> the outpouring of love is just overwhelming. it's, i mean nine people died and it brought a whole nation together. >> a time to heal, a community comes together to mourn the victims of last week's tragic shooting in south carolina. >> i had myself convinced that there was a conspiracy against the white race. >> our

and generations before which was to vote with their feet and make a new life for themselves.erica tonight"s christopher putzel with an epic drama captured by artist jacob lawrence, and the residence it has for us today >>> also - is it a miracle in a little pink pill or a marketing ploy to even the score. >> the company is hoping it will be a road to open the way, changing the dialogue saying "excuse me it's not about safety and evocation, it's about fairness" >>> lori jane gliha vets the female viagra and the strange bed fellows behind it. thank you for joining us i'm joie chen. it's one of the biggest money makers for the big pharmaceutical companies, making sense that the little blue pill viagra is highly thought of by its parent, pfizer. you may wonder why a little pink pill is not available to women for their sexual dysfunction. a viagra for women is not led by big pharma, the force behind it introduction of this drug is a curious coalition. lori jane gliha votes why. >> i have been silent for a long time on this issue, as far as my own personal problems. >> reporter: ca

often distracting themselves by looking away.bout a third were able to wait 15 minutes. >> how did you do? >> and earn the extra candy. >> you want to eat it. but i told you i would give you another one. >> the first group of kids who took this test 40 years ago were followed and tested years later. the kids who didn't eat marshmallows had s.a.t. scores 200 points higher. the kids who delayed gratification at this age do much better later in life. not just in school but they make more money and are happier and have better relationships and less likely to get in trouble. but the kids susan merrill runs the parenting website ima. >> when you want something, you save up for it. >> you want to buy something, it's yours. >> seeing money in the jars reminded them to wait. >> it's really good to see that money grow. they get into it how much have you saved, i've saved this money money. >> it doesn't need to be money. >> prizes praise. >> when her kids wanted it, they could have it but only after doing something that was hard for them. >

so people are starting to separate themselves and distance themselves. good work that has been done? so i would say that a good thing would be to say, i'm going to step aside to handle my personal issues and let the work continue to happen and someone stand in my stay. >> naacp does tremendous work. we hope that work continues. we appreciate you getting up so early on the west coast to talk about this matter. what is your take? folks at home tweet us using #newdaycnn or on face book.com/newday. >>> the summer blockbuster smashed all projections. why is this movie such a hit? >> you don't have enough guns. fessional secret: amopé and its premium foot care line. the new amopé pedi perfect foot file gives you soft beautiful feet effortlessly. its microlumina rotating head buffs away hard skin even on those hard-to-reach spots. it's amazing. you can see it and feel it. my new must-have for soft, beautiful feet. amopé pedi perfect. soft, beautiful feet effortlessly. did you know that meeting your daily protein needs actually helps to support your muscle healt

i have seen offenders cut on themselves, go to the point of even rubbing feces on themselves due to theapid deterioration. there is no sensory stimulation in these cells and that creates a major problem. amy: this is very interesting. he is head of the union that represents the guards. >> it is an impairment that affects everyone. you can't just say that public safety for these people incarcerated or the community that is negligent at the returning or the lack of training or therapy or even sympathetic support for these people coming out. it also, who is trapped in the informant while these people are going to these emotions? they do sentences 10 to 20 years, and they go through social emotions because they are trained not to keep eye contact, trained not to call people by their name but by numbers to recognize them as bodies. these people are trained because if you are human and you look at the person is a human and you call them as a recognizable name, not a convict, but a person incarcerated, it would cause you to reflect on yourself and treatment you would want to receive. amy: how

or they're bought off by the organizations or are members of the organizations themselves. that's what many people openly say. >> adam, that was really great. thank you so much for joining us. >>> well, that does it for this week's show. but the conference continues at aljazeera.com/thirdrail. good night. >>> announcer: this is al jazeera. >>> hello, and welcome to the newshour, i'm martine dennis in doha - these are the top stories. >> i believe a good deal is at hand for everyone to benefit >>> still optimistic, iran's foreign ministers meets his counterpart days ahead of a deadline >>> foreign tourist fly out the tunisia after a gun attack on a beach. mosques

>> well i think the fact on the tactical side the americans can accomplish an awful lot by themselves. so we don't need to destroy isis to find the cfo of isis in syria, send in special forces exposed to great danger themselves and take them out. we need to ask a bunch of people if we want to do that. if we've got a country involved in sanctions busting like we saw in france $9 billion fine we say hey, you don't have to pay it but if you don't, you're not going to do business in the u.s. no no no we're sorry, we'll pay $9 billion and stop doing this stuff. so nato an alliance that's just not as relevant and you see the erosion of nato as a consequence to the relevance of u.s. policy. >> you introduce another topic in here that sports fans will hear, which is sort of money ball. money ball foreign policy. explain. >> the idea michael lewis, billy bean and the oakland a's, i shouldn't say because the a's are just not doing it right now. >> well they gave up on the previous regime but they came close n two years, by the way, they'll be back. >> so the idea is very nonsentimental policy.

. >> migration is a story of people doing for themselves what immigrant groups had done for generations and generations before, which was to vote with their feet, and make a new life for themselves. >> america tonight with the epic drama captured by jacob lawrence and the resonance it has for us today. >> is it a miracle in a little pink pill or a clever marketing ploy to even the score? >> you can either throw the whole thing away or change the dialogue and say excuse me, it isn't about safety and efficacy, it's about fairness. >> america tonight investigates what many calm the female viagra and the strange bed foal fellows behind it. >> thanks for joining us. it's one of the biggest money makers for the nation's biggest pharmaceutical company. makes sense that the little blue pill viagra is highly prized by its maker pfizer. you might wonder why a companion drug isn't available to women for their sexual dysfunction. an advisory committee just cleared one, but the creation of what is often called a viagra for women isn't led by big pharma. it is a curious coalition. we investigate why.

there've been a number of occasions why they've blown themselves up and would have the number. one of the drivers ended up somewhere and now he's in prison in beirut. so a few people have said you are naÏve that this is happening and you are making a kind of comic story that you presented this as a kind of comical story and i guess it happened with the comedy and we were there by luck so i think it's a kind of valuable record of the world being about to change. >>> presidential candidates often release books to introduce themselves to voters and present their views on issues. here's a look at some return by candidate. ..

or they're bought off by the organizations or are members of the organizations themselves.s what many people openly say. >> adam, that was really great. thank you so much for joining us. >>> well, that does it for this week's show. but the conference continues at aljazeera.com/thirdrail. good night. ♪ this is al jazeera. >>> hello there. this is the news hour live from london. coming up >> is this a sad day for you? >> a sad day for europe >> the greek finance machine sisters remains hopeful even as euro zone officials refuse an extension. >> the gunman behind friday's beach attack is claimed to have links to the islamic state group.

or they're bought off by the organizations or are members of the organizations themselves.at many people openly say. >> adam, that was really great. thank you so much for joining us. >>> well, that does it for this week's show. but the conference continues at aljazeera.com/thirdrail. good night. >>> it's crunch time. he mergency talks due to begin in brussels. can greece be saved from defaulting on its debt? you are watching al jazeera live from doha. more than 20,000 people sign a petition calling on the german chancellor to release al jazeera journalist ahmed mansour. thousands of people form a unity bridge in

is sending hundreds of troops to iraq to train and advise iraqi troops, not fight themselves. a symbol of hope for greece in the face of austerity. the country's public broadcaster is back on the air two years after it was axed. french and belgian scientist say they have discovered the cause of parkinson's disease that could bring them one step closer to finding a cure. we will be looking at the moneymaking side of sports with kate moody. she'll take a look at the top earning athletes. turkey is still in government limbo four days after the ak party lost its majority in the parliamentary elections. the president has wrote in his silence giving his first speech since then. he says all parties should leave egos aside and form a new government as soon as possible. the akp says it will consider every partner option to form a coalition but was not against holding early elections if discussions fail. pro-kurdish opposition party said today it would not form a coalition with the akp. for more let's bring in jasper mortimer. tell us more about what the president had to say today in hi

hear the council and chamber people are working together not a random person speaking only for themselves but for the community their rep. >> i want to comment supervisor wiener that is not just about small business they're not just a big corporations. >> there will be big corps. >> supervisor eric mar has tried to take over the industry (laughter). >> next speaker. >> and good afternoon. i'm obviously here in support of task force my concern is the issue of labor i'm a former attorney for local 2 i represented local 11 hundred i'm an attorney with the labor commission we represent low income people there will be a lot of jobs coming to san francisco whether cult vacation or sales but a labor intensive we'll see young people that never had jobs learner skills working within an employer and populations and coworkers really wonderful opportunity for them unless we're prepared in 2016, 2017 godzilla it coming to this city verythey have to make sure that labor is at table in unionization whether we're going into a peace agreement the city will be brought into that i feel every employee will b

banks themselves have been

themselves.themselves. the lack of television coverage of the court which they oppose precisely because they don't want to see what goes on and on and on. that would be one. you can have more transparency and what the court does and how it operates between change public perception and in a useful way without in any way significantly undermining the emotions. the other is if we are going to have this power put on the court justices out there, i we will preface it by saying i would not put myself on the court either. if you're going to give people this kind of power the fact of the matter is all the important cases, the ones we care about and make it an important institution was that literally by definition allow runs out giving you an answer. the question is what will take that last little bit? and we used actually put people on the court who had done things in life who had been senators are governors are cabinet officials who had responsibility for making decisions in the political realm and seei

lots of people could take part in it as bystanders and see for themselves this person meet their maker or perhaps witnessing it think whether or not this was a just form of punishment. >> it was considered almost like a community activity? bob hutton: absolutely. >> what roles did members of the community play in the pageantry? bob hutton: in the hanging i wrote about, they are participants in his personal performance of asking for forgiveness on the gallows. at one point, he asks the boys and girls in the audience, he says please promise me you will obey your mothers. he said all of the men in the audience, please promise you will refrain from whiskey and not do like i did. all the men raised their hands. it was a ritual that did have a certain religious element, but it was not technically speaking carried out for religious reasons. but it gave him an opportunity to express himself in terms of his beliefs about the afterlife. and it gave the rest of the audience an opportunity to take part in it as well. >> it was a form of penance for him? bob hutton: it absolutely was. so many repor

in san francisco so it is a body of knowledge that respond does need to understand that tenant themselves may not understand so our goal role to make sure that it is an informed consumer about what they are rights are and i couldn't help but when we were - i read number 7 what came across my mind we're not paying for anything illegal we've seen most of that that took place in front of city hall your visited of notified to those to make sure that recent part of what the older american act says to make sure that older adults are informed; right? of their rights and their responsibilities that come with being a person in our society but also there are those governmental place where decisions get made if you don't show up your point of view may or may not be heard and so number 7 is about having the ability to organize people so they show up and expressed their opinion but i'll let jessica those are my thoughts i looked at those two. >> before we give jessica the mike director one other question not related to the 7 but the budget if it is an older americans act funded proposal that is county

it has been a failure and the numbers speak for themselves. african american men have to step up in big numbers, addressing the youth, bringing them to the table, and that's the only which to stop the killing in chicago and throughout the nation in african-american communities. >> if i told you they said the same thing about marion barry in washington d.c., and smoak in baltimore and on and on and on would it make a difference? >> well yes, it would make a big difference. not just having a symbolic black leader, we need black men on the ground level. if young men are out there involved in a violent lifestyle, fathers, uncles and relatives should tell them we'll disown you as part of the family if you shoot people in the community, you will not be welcome to no family reunion, you put that pressure on the guys they may come around. let me say that quickly. another reason you cannot reduce a homicide no one talks about killing. it happens, police show up after the fact. community groups show up after the fact. you have to intercept whispers and

moms going this way, dads going this way, the kids are left to raise themselves, so we feel if we cant friendly up to them, maybe get them to trust us enough to give us their name and then kind of follow up on them and maybe they will trust us enough we can help them. >> this is what we do here. this is hookers for jesus to help women get out of prostitution that are with bad pimps. >> hookers for jesus is run by annie lobart a former high-dollar escort. they offer support to women toiling in sex work. their goal to give women a place to turn when they find themselves ready to get out. >> i see the person deep inside, and that person is a person that just wants to be loved, and that just needs to know they are valued and that they are a person of worth. >> you know, you're so beautiful. look at your little dimples on your face. have you ever been in the sex industry? no? >> yeah, my first was in the sex indust industry. >> i used to be in the industry, i used to be an escort. >> annie feel as unique kinship as a former escort and survivor of beatings, rape and abuse, annie says her mi

people consider themselves lucky just if their application gets accepted for the waiting list. reporting in northwest, jeanette reyes, abc 7 news. kellye: affordable housing is considered to be about $800 per month. according to one housing website, the average rent in the district for a one-bedroom apartment is just under $1800 per month. one man giving his all to save a life. how one bicycle could mean a world of difference. first, a metro nightmare, the new safety problems the transit agency is tackling. devon: the forecast, high heat and humidity tomorrow. possible thunderstorms. severe thunderstorms. we will track the timing. kellye: an alert for metro riders, the commute could be complicated as they make long-term repairs. the ntsb found some third rail features were improperly installed. it may be connected with january's deadly incident. metro is putting a crew to work. they say that means midday and extended single tracking. the worst part, work could take a year and a half. 5.5 years ago a man was a non-or student at west virginia university. tonight, the 25-year-old

it he said that ramadan represented a moment that was an obvious point for both sides to say to themselvese need to do something for the libyan people, and we heard from both of them, about the role of the islamic state of iraq, which has taken setter, mr. leon talked about that and said seeing the presence of isil in setter and other parts should be something to motivate the two sides to try to form this national unity government. which mr. leon says is essential, and these were sentimentses echoed by the foreign minister. >> the latest on those talks in berlin. >> still to come, after four decades in solitary confinement, why albert wood fox face as few more days in prison. and how to clean up what is being described as the world's most dysfunctional peace keeping mission. welcome back area minder of the top stories. the u.s. is set plans. to be more of a help iraqi forces of the anbar provincial capitol. was captured last hospital. that announcement is expect add year after isil took control of mosul iraq's second largest city, al jazeera has discovered evidence that the group is recrui

there are no existing stories from the peons themselves, which is unfortunate when you are trying to research this kind of thing. one of the most useful sources are published travel logs, government reports, military documents. almost any white american, who visits the southwest from the 1840's to the 1860's wrote about that the and that you -- wrote about debt peonage. they noticed it and wrote about it and compared it to the slavery they were more familiar with it there were american outsiders passing through. that is useful. it can also be a little difficult because they have a biased opinion and they are looking at peonage from their own racist, nativist, anti-catholic viewpoint. you have to view them through their jaundiced opinions, but they provide great descriptions of the system. in the territorial archives, there are records from court cases. there were maybe half a dozen to a dozen court cases that pertain specifically to peonage. that gives you a window into the system. but it is a rather obscure topic and there is not a plethora of primary source material, unfortunately.

leaving behind a piece of -- the volunteer leaves a piece of themselves there. their hard work, their relationships that have been developed. and i truly have seen communities that have been -- from the spark of the volunteer, community has changed in a way that will never be the same. at the same time, within the volunteer themselves, if it is a rite of passage unlike anything else we have in our culture. amigos is a program i did three times when i was in high school and college and completely changed the way that i saw the world and my view of myself. the reason i stay involved now as a volunteer is to see these remarkable, amazing young people who give of themselves and are serious to see what is beyond the border. internally and physically. what is out there in the world and how can i make a positive difference in it. it is just amazing. >> how would you recommend it to other teenagers who might be considering? >> i would definitely say, if you feel that you don't know what's out there in the world, this would be a really good way to experience what life is

on discipline and when they will and will not recuse themselves. so just the lack of television coverage in the court which of course, they oppose precisely because they really don't want too many people to see exactly what goes on and on and on. so that would be one face. you can have a lot more transparency in what the court does and how it operates which would, i think, change public perception of the court within a useful way without significantly undermining plausible notions instead of judicial independence. the other is, if they're going to have this power, who we put on the court -- i hope there are no justices nearby because this will be a little insulting. i'll preface this by saying i wouldn't put myself on the court either. if you're going to give people this kind of power, the fact of the matter, all the important cases the court decides, the ones that care about, the ones that make it an important institution are one that literally by definition the law runs out without giving you answer. once you've done the legal analysis and seen y

. >> it allows people to protect themselves and those around them >>> texas colleges react after lawmakers vote to allow concealed weapons in the classroom >>> good evening i'm antonio mora this is al jazeera america. the homeland security department is issuing changes airport nationwide after t.s.a. screeners failed to detect fake bombs and weapons brought through airport security by investigators, john terrett joins us. results of this are troubling is an understatement. >> an understatement. we weren't supposed to learn this it was a leak until the summer. it centers around red teams that test t.s.a. procedures. they are pushing protocols to the limit, seeking loopholes and stress points. nonetheless, the t.s.a. chief is admitting that a 100% failure rate is showing. >> reporter: the transportation security administration is doing a poor job at the main mission protecting the flying public. according to an internal investigation, t.s.a. screeners failed to spot weapon or mark explosives smuggled through zombiesy airports. >> one of the problems is the technology used to screen people ar

many people have been accused of witchcraft years earlier and are suddenly finding themselves on trial this time around with more dire result then what happened the first time around. i would say the minister gets accuses one of the most fascinating characters to me. at one point you have a mother daughter and grandmother who are in court together each of them accusing the daughter accusing the mother and the grandmothers of three generations of having introduced her to the devil and made her a witch. >> host: did this witch fever or this fear involve the entire area? >> guest: to a large extent yes. it spreads very quickly. it's important to remember how dark and frightening it was and how the smudges on the wall could mutate into something else especially when you have heard there are which is living down the road so severely easy idea that begins to steam roll. 25 communities in the end of massachusetts and connecticut will soon suffer an outbreak of its own. most of the community most severely affected as andover and another historian has suggested that this would be better called

courage because there was a time when that is what it took for transgender people to be themselves in public. perfect, you can thank the supreme court for that one. timing is everything or so it seemed in san francisco today. >> it is a historic day but not without complexity. >> reporter: which might qualify as under statement of the year as they formally married in san francisco city hall. these two came from texas where until this morning their marriage would not have been recognized. >> we have been waiting for this a long time. >> reporter: along with countless others who will not miss the two words. >> no longer same-sex marriage. it is just marriage. >> reporter: a not so subtle distinction in the context of pursuing happiness. how the supreme court chose this day before gay pride weekend to permanently flip the marriage universe in all 50 states now. >> it makes us all feel american regardless of what state you are from. >> reporter: or country as blake and bill noted back home in canada same-sex marriage minus the first two words has been legal for ten years. >> what do we ha

victoria secret ages -- >> the magazines too. >> it's magazes things on facebook thirls post of themselves evennd they just think i need to look like that in order for people to find me attractive andind me likeable. >> and so we we talking about how this affects your self-esteem and your mental health. so this can cause all kinds problems too. >> oh yeah. it can cause self-este problems for sure that run very deep, even down into issues like i'm not goi to go for that job, i'm not going to go for that opportunity in my academic career because i don't feel good about the way that i look. and it can of course then affect the physical al with dieting being very danrous, eating disordes, eating dorders are a physical illness as well as a mental illness. >> now your organizatn has a very comprehensive approach to this. describe some of th ways that you work with this. >> absolute. so what we found is that the main reason that girls and women-- the main way they t their body image, they find out whether they are beautiful or not in our culture is tough the media, is through culture. so what we

they put much more of themselves in it. and guess what. from a social point of view, which is, kind of, better, 10 workers collecting a weekly check or 10 workers building a whole new business that they really care about? and which they'd better care about, because if that fails, they can't go back on unemployment. they've gotten their unemployment. a very interesting idea. and the italian government provides assistance along the way--technical assistance and so on--and subsidized loans. and are there precedents for the government helping in other ways? of course there are. here in the united states, for example, we have a longstanding government entity called the small business administration, the sba. here's the idea: in the united states-- it's been going on for decades-- small business complained that there wasn't a level playing field. when they competed with big businesses, they had disadvantages. and they wanted to have a better shot at succeeding as a small business, so they wanted the government to set aside money and support to h

i think the 1890's, the end of the 19th century, americans found themselves sort of right in the middle of that question. >> is that the period your research deals with, the late 19th century? bob hutton: it sure is. the civil wars in the 50 years that follow -- and the 50% follow is a particularly violent time in american history. >> why did you choose that? bob hutton: because of the disorder. the civil war remains a popular subject for historians and the public. i have tried to get people thinking about what happens after the civil war. as the sesquicentennial continues, i would like to help start publicizing what goes on immediately after the war is over, after reconstruction is over, and how long it takes for many americans to find themselves back in conditions where they can forget the war. i suggest it takes more than a generation. >> what kind of disorder are you talking about? how did that relate to executions? bob hutton: the book i published in 2013 deals with a variety of different sorts of violence. most of them extralegal. carried out by vigilantes, by criminals, by crooke