progress is not some mystical force or dialectic ever upward and notwithstanding the good reverend theodore parker and martin luther king there's no mysterious to justice. progress is as a result of human efforts guided by an idea. an idea that we associate with the 18th century enlightenment, mainly if we apply reason and science, to the goal of enhancing human well being we can gradually succeed. and is progress inevitable and answer is of course not. progress does not mean that everything becomes better for everyone about everywhere all of the time. that wouldn't be progress. that would be a miracle. progress is not a miracle. but problem solving -- problem are inevitable and solutions create new problems which must be solved in their turn. and -- the unsolved problems facing worlded today are formidable particularly the risk of climate change and nuclear war. but i argue that we should see these as problems to be solved not as a waiting and we should aggressively pursue solutions to these problems in particular -- decarbonization of the world economy and climate change and global zero the abol