thomas payne broke during the american revolution may say that the 1960s because these were turbulent times. everything that was happening, racism is ubiquitous across the nation. this crash and another thought did not get the attention it deserved because it happens in quote, unquote multimedia save wichita kansas. i've never been to kansas before, had no idea what the history of kansas was. that was about it. you can imagine sitting there taking and surrounding and listening to the instructors that were there. did the first-term airmen venture. i am hearing about all of these things have happened and there's a short blurb about this is where the words disaster in kansas history occurred. i said it used and asked a question and did get the answers i wanted and i went to the library after that i didn't get the answers i wanted them. i found no substantial history there. 30 lives are taken, no memorial and this has been remained the worst non-national disaster in the state's history and there is not more on it. that's darted my initial intrigue with iraq and various other things in the

essentially taken them out of his protection, they then encourage by immigrant englishman by the name of thomas payne who writes his famous pamphlet "common sents" in july of 1776 declare independence. and this newspaper volume, this is a bound volume of all of the papers from philadelphia publication known as the pennsylvania evening post from 1776. i've turned it to the page on saturday, july 6, 1776. and this is the first newspaper printing in english of the declaration of independence. and so while many viewers will have seen the large broad sides published by john dunlap and other printers, it would have been posted up in public places, this is probably the way many colonial americans first read the words of the declaration of independence published in newspapers. of course first in philadelphia but then quickly scattering out through the other colonies and then eventually by august appearing in print in london itself. so independence had actually been already declared on july 2 of 1776. we celebrate the fourth. the fourth is the day that the declaration of independence, the final version of the

and finally you get the last big push which is thomas payne's book "common sense" published here in philadelphia, selling tens of thousands of copies through the colonies. and payne's simple argument is we don't need those guys. we can run america better than the british ever could. and so this idea of independence kind of swells through that spring. by june, virginia introduces a resolution for american independence. but they decide to not address it right away in june. they are going to want to consult their home governments, their colonies or states, if we want to start calling them that because we're getting to that point. at the same time they want to put something on paper. so while they are each consulting home to see what home says they should, do they are also going to form this five-man committee. john adams of massachusetts, who is probably in a lot of ways one of the most significant guys in congress those early days. he's really pushing for that creation of the army in 1775. also the navy in the fall of 1775. he's pushing in the spring of 1776 that each of the colonies write its own

militiamen were only enrolled for nine months or three months or six months and this is why in 1776 thomas payne writes a very famous essay called a crisis called the summer soldier he was talking about the militiamen. this summer soldiers would come when we didn't have to harvest crops but then they go back. this is why they needed a professional standing army. so there was a real discrepancy between the militia covered by the state and governors and not of farmers terror off but immigrants german and irish even though he resisted and would not in a list of blacks in he first took over the army. but the france joined and so they joined. for those who served and fought and won the revolution from dash heroic minutemen myth created after the war cemetery was great fear of a standing army. the people i can see a real hadn't won decennial adams and thomas jefferson feared a standing army they often ended with a strong man to march into takeover going back to julius caesar. and associated with those who had nothing better to you do and the soldiers through the dregs of society it was a negative imag