i'm curious what your guest from towson university said. you are not getting more information from the public, you are manipulating the public more. host: thank you for the call. let's go back to her earlier point about how this all came about. because you are talking about the first news conference in 1913. as we said earlier, it was an inauspicious occasion for president wilson. he was asked a question from the new york evening post and he responded that the president replied crisply, politely, and with the fewest possible words. guest: well, look, it is true about trying to manipulate the public. all presidents are trying to do this. it depends on your view of the public, if you think the public can be manipulated like a lump of clay. edwin l. bernaise wrote those words 100 years ago when perhaps society and academia believed that the public was easy to manipulate. it is no longer true, i don't think, if it ever was, because there are too many sources of information. there is no one source. if all you have is state-run media, let's say n