those who work at the truman library have become familiar overtime of truman's handwriting. this is when he is first meeting joseph stalin in this particular diary entry. we have other diary entries from july the 18th, the next day, when he meets churchill. from july 25th when he goes into a lot more detail about the atomic bomb testing. he doesn't mention it in this one page of his diary. he's talking to stalin about the different negotiations that are going to come up and they are setting the agenda. this is very much at the beginning of the potsdam conference. they are talking about china and they are talking about the soviets coming into the japanese war. that is one of truman's goals at potsdam, to get the soviets to join. but he has a kind of cryptic phrase in here. he asked him about the agenda and truman says, i told him, this is about halfway down, i told him to fire away. he did and it is dynamite. then truman says, but i have some dynamite as well which i am not exploding now. so he kind of has this cryptic reference to dynamite and not exploding now. it is not to

that truman -- asking for peace. those are truman's words. aboard the augusta on the way back from japan writes on august 3rd aboard augusta, the president admiral lay and burns agree that the jabs are looking for peace. they knew that i when we got these cables and broke the codes, not only truman but also mccoy and others agreed to that assessment that the japanese knew they were defeated since the battle of tsai pan and july of 1944. and in february of 1945, three-time former prime minister sent a memo to the emperor saying i regretfully inform you that defeat is inevitable. japanese new that and the americans may not. the second way to force the surrender was to wait for the soviet invasion. from the day after pearl harbor, president roosevelt, secretary of state hall have been urging russia to commit to the pacific war. but the russians were busy fighting against the russians throughout most of the war the u.s. and the british are fighting ten k chairman divisions come i will the soviets are facing 200 divisions. but by february 45, ston

truman is dumbfounded. a question and churchill comes up and says, he wasn't there but he can see that it's a very short conversation. truman's russian translator, not the russian but the american who served as a translator, is wondering whether the translator had translated properly. the truth as stalin was interested, he just wasn't surprised because exactly as you say, there is this german scientist who would become a refugee, gone to britain ended up in the united states but he had been a member of the german communist party because he saw the communist party as being the only force inside germany that was resistant to hitler, he leaves eddies in the united states and because these are brilliant scientists, he is working the manhattan project for his loyalty distal to communism so gives a courier named raymond all kinds of information which goes back to the russians, the postscript to the entire story is, later that night stalin and molotov, the foreign minister, and up back in the russian compound toge

those are truman's words. walter brown, who was burns' assistant aboard the "augusta" on the way back from japan august 3rd, aboard "augusta" the president, admiral leahy and burns agree the japs are looking for peace. they knew that. when they got the cables and broke the code, they all agreed with that assessment that the japanese knew they were defeated. japanese knew they were defeated since battle of saipan in july of 1944. in february of 1945, the prince, three-time former prime minister sent a memo to the emperor saying i regret to inform you but defeat is inevitable. japanese knew that and americans knew that. the second way to force a surrender was to wait for the soviet invasion. from the day after pearl harbor, president roosevelt and the secretary of state had been urging to come into the pacific war. the russians were busy fighting against the nazis. through much of the war u.s. and british facing 10 german divisions combined while soviets facing 200 german divisions, so they had their hands full.

president harry truman.first up, though, here is the former president explaining his decision to use atomic weapons. this video is from outtakes from a television series, looking back at the major events of his presidency. >> so when we issued the ultimatum to japan to surrender, the only answer we got was to go to the devil, yet all this time, some of their people seemed to be acting behind their backs of the cabinet, trying to sue for peace in one underhanded way or another. well, when they applied that way, we knew there was only one of two things to do. we advanced on japan and fight every inch of the way, losing a million of our own friends, or drop the atomic bomb. we dropped the bomb. still, there was no reaction. we learned later that the japanese cabinet met and finally there were enough who agreed to surrender to split the cabinet in half. one half in favor of surrender, the other determined to fight on. in this spirit, the emperor was finally called on to give his opinion, an unprecedented move. h

and truman agreed. we when he was elevated to the president, he was briefed and truman appointed secretary of state we, by the state of the manhattan project. >> we're talking about it with the end, tall whose brand new book is coming out and september, twilight of the got, war in the western pacific, 1944 to 1945. the lines, as they were last hour, for the eastern and central time zones 202-748-8000. mountain pacific, 202-748-8001. for those who are bets or family, 202-748-8002. and for japanese americans, 202-748-8003. one of the questions that came up was a demonstration of the bomb to show the power instead of using it on a city? >> that's a hard question. in my view is should we have not we have used the bomb, given the circumstances in the summer of 1945, the urgent need, but in those circumstances, the bomb was defensible. dropping it on a city is a different question. i think i am in a minority among military historians in this feeling, a preference i have, that i would've liked to see a use aga

are the democrats behind truman? are they solid behind -- >> i will tell you who was solid behind it true men. one of the factors behind the loss, they had organized labor which they saw as an attack on many of the rights and privileges that had developed under the new deal. it put thomas e. dewey in an awkward position. by and large, he agreed with much of the bill. at the same time, he is governor of new york. this is a labor state. this is a liberal state. in some ways, he was walking on a fine line. what it did was organize labor has nothing ever did. 1948 was the single election in which organized labor played the biggest role throughout america. in race after race after race, the democratic ticket ran a head of here truman in part because of his relative unpopularity and also because organized labor turned out in record numbers and voted democratic. >> or the other players in the democratic party at this time? >> you have four candidates in the 1948 election. you have former vice president henry wallace who bel

maybe misses truman can. >> any comments, mr. vice president? of course senator kennedy and i have felt truman's desire and i think he can speak with feeling on this subject. we all have tempers. i am sure mr. kennedy has one but when a man as president of the united states or a former president he has an obligation not to lose his temper in public. one thing i have noted as i have traveled around the country are the tremendous numbers of children who come out to see the presidential candidate. i see mothers holding their babies up so they can see a man who may be president of the united states. i know senator kennedy sees them to. it makes you realize that whoever is president is going to be a man that all the children of america will either look up to or down to. barbara perry what did you take away from >> that clip? >> that is one of my favorites. i'm so glad you all chose that one. let me tell you about morden, who was the head of the rnc. he was a kentuckian and he became our senator after. a great statesman. i love this clip because it ha

harry truman's grandson, clifton truman daniel. >>> a short time ago, an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. that bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of tnt. the japanese began the war from the air at pearl harbor. they have been repaid many fold. and the end is not yet. with this bomb, we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction so supplement the growing power of our armed forces in their presence forum these bombs are now in production and even more powerful arms are in development. it is an atomic bomb. it is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. the force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to

one of the things that president truman -- president truman's august removed by the holocaust -- presidenttruman is obviously moved by the holocaust and stuff -- but kennan despite the idea of domestic policy influencing foreign policy. kennan thought foreign policy should be objective national interest. yes? >> what were his views on s before and the nazi they took power? dr. costigliola: he regarded hitler's as dangerous, particularly when hitler's began to move, you know, into other countries. something i came across yesterday at the truman library, a diary entry that was a friend when hen, he said ethiopia, kennanou thought they should have taken a stronger stance. he was disapproving of hitler. that is an understatement. [inaudible] dr. costigliola: yes, and this is someone who despised democracy -- well, he did not despise democracy, but did not like it, he said, actually running for senator of new jersey. and entertain that idea. he runs in the late 1950's, and he runs into the director at the associate out of it -- institute of advanced study and asked if of absencet a leave with p

but i love this clip because it has three profiles -- first of harry truman. there is an old story about truman taking some friends of his wife through the white house, and at one point he used the word manure. her friends reported back to her, somewhat scandalized, that her husband would refer to manure. reportedly she said don't worry about that. you don't know how long it took me to get him to say manure. but kennedy's wit in how he dealt with that, that was typical of him to divert attention away from what might be a difficult question, but get a gleam in his eye and turn up a little bit of a grin. so i thought he handled it really well. for richard nixon, it was poignant to me because just two days before the second debate, my mother took me and my two brothers to downtown louisville, kentucky to see senator john f. kennedy campaigning through our town. until she passed away, she would say, remember, got there early and stood in front of the podium so you could see him. so what richard nixon is saying is quite true. it is quite ironic though nixon'swe kno

perhaps this is truman kent, but i don't think i can. -- perhaps misses truman can. >> any comment, mr. vice president? v.p. nixon: of course, both senator kennedy and i have felt ire, andn's consequently i think he can speak with some feeling on the subject. i just was a one thing. we all have tempers, i have one, i'm sure senator kennedy has one. what the president of the united states has an obligation not to lose his temper in public. one thing i have noticed as i travel around the country, are the tremendous number of children who come out to see the presidential candidates. i see mothers holding their babies so that they can see a man who might be president of the united states. i know senator kennedy season, too. it makes you realize that whoever is president is going to be a man that all the children of america will either look up to or will look down to and i can only say that i'm very proud that president eisenhower restored dignity and decency and, frankly, good language to the conduct of the presidency of the united states. i only hope that, should i win this election, but

the great issue was which republican party would replace harry truman if harry truman were to leave? be isolationist conservative midwestern party or would it be the international modern republican of the eisenhower? stevenson had to calculate the chances of which party he might be running against. he was very reluctant to iran. he did not want to run. -- he was very reluctant to iran. >> he did not want to run. he did not want to run against dwight eisenhower. it was like running against jesus christ. if it had been robert taft as the opponent, adlai stevenson would have relished running. there would have been a clear difference in philosophy. you have to remember the democrats tried to draft general eisenhower. the democrats tried to give eisenhower to run as a democrat. eisenhower was a candidate of both parties. >> newton minow, when adlai stevenson did the welcoming address at the democratic national convention in chicago in 1962 -- in 1962, was he considered a candidate? >> he was not that well known. i remember the first time he appeared on national television. he was on "meet

. ♪ >> president truman arrives at meadow five years to the day after his historic proclamation whichnnounced to the beginning of work by the united nations. mr. truman dramatically calls on the world assembly of nations to bring about real disarmament to control of atomic and all other weapons. then, the president says, vast sums now being spent on rearmament that will be used for world betterment. [applause] in the reception that follows, the president reached to the delegates of the 60 united nations, among them are russia's andre vicente and the social security council. roosevelt.leanor the u.n. anniversary is hailed around the world, here in paris, already the united nations has a record to be proud of. peaceful settlement of petals -- palestine, indonesia, india. an now that -- defeat of international force in korea, by ceremonies like these, there is one in london that by the prime minister, the free world reaffirms its belief in the united nations future. the ceremonies reach their climax in berlin where a quarter of a million west berliners gather for the crusade for freedom

when you talk about the truman administration, mr. truman came to office in 1944 at the end of the war. during that time, 1946, it is rather difficult that you as an overall figure taking notion of those hard years, and comparing them to the last eight years. i prefer to take the overall percentage record of the last 20 years of the democrats in eight years of republicans to show a period of growth. in regards to price stability, i'm not aware that committee did produce recommendations that ever were for the congress and from the point of view in legislation. in regards to the exchange of unions, i amlabor chairman of the subcommittee on africa and i think one of the most unfortunate phases toward that country was the minute number of exchanges we had. i think it is true of a latin america also. we did come forward with a program of students for the congo of over 300, which was more than the federal government had for all of africa of the previous year. i don't think we have moved, at least in those areas. >> the next question to sena

when you talk about the truman administration, mr. truman came to office in 1940, 1944, the end of the war. and the difficulties that we're facing the u.s. during that transition, so it is rather difficult to use overall figures, and compare them to the last eight years. i am prepared to take the old percentage records of lost 20 years of the democrats and the ears of the republicans to show the overall period of growth. with regards to price stability, i'm not aware that that committee did produce recommendations, certainly before the congress. as far as exchange of students, i am chairman of the subcommittee of africa and i think one of the most unfortunate policies towards that country is the minute number of exchanges we have. i think it is true of latin america also, we came forward with a program for the students of the congress, which was for 300 which was more than african had in the previous year. i don't think we have moved sufficiently in those two areas. >> the next question to senator kennedy. >> senator kennedy, during y

truman came to office in 1944 and at the end of the war.ifficulties that were facing united states during that period of transition. it is difficult to use an thosel figure, taking seven hard years and comparing them to the last eight years. i prefer to take the overall percentage record of the last 20 years of the democrats in the eight years of the republicans to show an overall period of growth. in regard to the price stability, i was not aware that that committee did produce recommendations that ever were certainly before the congress from the point of view of legislation in regard to controlling prices. in regard to the exchange of students and labor unions, i am chairman of the subcommittee on africa and i think that one of the most unfortunate phases of our policy towards that country was the very minute number of exchanges that we had. i think it is true latin america also. we did come forward with a program of students for the congo of over three hundred which was more than the federal government had for all of africa the previous

truman, when he had political control of the federal reserve. i don't believe we have to pay our bills to inflation or through a phony interest rate. >> next mr. drummond's question for the vice president. nixon >> mr. nixon, for the convention, un governor rockefeller said jointly that the no nation's economic growth ought to be accelerated and that the republican platform states that the nation needs to quicken the pace of economic growth. is it fair therefore mister vice president to conclude that there has been insufficient economic growth during the past eight years and if so what would you do beyond the president administration policies to step it up? >> mr. drummond, i am never satisfied with the economic growth of this country. i'm not satisfied with it even if there were no communist in the world but particularly the kind of race we're in, we've constituted america's growth just as fast as we can -- because even though we have maintained -- the absolute -- even though the growth in this administration has been twice as much as it was in

we talked about the creativity of a lot of the people around president truman who essentially set theations for order in the world of outlasted for three quarters of us andre. now we need to something just as great. three decades after the cold war. we have squandered a lot of the inheritance that we had to so this is a moment that calls for american ingenuity and the design in order. like disease and climate change, like terrorism. this needs to be the second great moment of american foreign policy if there ever was a moment, this is it. >> final question. to be very serious about it. if someone is watching and says i want to be like richard haass, a foreign policy specialist. this is what i really want to do, what is the appeal and do you have any regrets that in your decision as a young man that you decide to go into foreign policies why should somebody else want to do that and why do you enjoy being in foreign policy? >> i don't have any regrets. i feel extraordinarily fortunate. it's interesting the issues you grapple with are about as interesting and as difficult as they get. if

they seem to be a retread of the programs of the truman administration. i would suggest it during the course of the evening he might indicate those areas in which his programs are new, where there will be more progress. we are for programs that will expand educational opportunities. that will give to all americans their equal chance for education, for all of the things which are necessary and dear to the hearts of our people. that will programs give the medical care for the age is much better handle than it is at the present time. senatordicate that kennedy and i are not in disagreement. we both want to help the older people. we want to see that they do have adequate medical care. i think that the means will reach that goal. i could give better examples. but for whatever it is, whether it's in the fear -- field of housing, health, medical care, schools or development of electric power, we have programs, which we believe will move america, move her forward and build on the wonderful record that we have made over these past seven and a half years. what we l

after to 2nd world war in $1045.00 then us president truman issued a proclamation. declaring that the natural resources in the. seabed and subsoil belong to the united states of america. in convincing the world that the american president not only had the will but also the right to incorporate undersea territory truman used an argument that built on a recent discovery some areas of the seabed oceanic others a continental. the us had to have this kind of basis of a jew logical link between its land mass and the land mass submerge and lead to its territory. andy an idea of the geological continental shelf is the basis which the us saw as. a legal basis as well they had to finally end the bases that they found most convincing most of course science. but the. odds of being at sea and i'm not so cursed by ever what is it must there sure we yeah let's encourage 15 year tours like this name years. in. our business in the us we are by to get. the argument that the continent continues on made up the core of truman's justification this was the more convincing because the hist

we have been moving much faster, than we did in the truman years. but we can and must move faster and that is why i stand so strongly for programs that will move america forward so we can stay ahead of the soviet union and win the battle for freedom and peace. r. mcgee: senator kennedy? let me edy: first correct that food prices would go up 25%. that is untrue. the problem is even if you put income up 10%, it would be three cents out of that $.25. the man who grows tomatoes, the rest of the tomatoes and just a label on the can, when the farmers wages $.50 an hour, he should do better. anyone who suggests that program would come to any figure indicated by the vice president is in error. the vice president suggested we a distressed areas. the administration -- the administration and republican majority has opposed any realistic aid to education. the vice president cast the deciding vote. this administration and this country last year had the lowest rate of economic growth, which means jobs of any major industrialized society in the world in 1959. we h

truman a man who was imploring war reaching out any other man on earth. how he truman asserted his country's influence with nothing claiming this ocean was a territory of territory under water that could be annexed just. part of the united states. enormous quantities of oil the found in the gulf of mexico but the oil lay beyond the 3 miles island in which coastal states could exercise their song rights truman wanted more he wanted new term a story for the night it states the superpower needed more more oil urgently oil reserves on the mainland no longer sufficed. our dependence on these minerals and raw materials is so fresh and our supply so uncertain that we are moving as rapidly as we can and by every means that ingenuity can devise to expand facilities to step up production find new sources develop substitutes and bring in increased supplies from foreign sources. after to 2nd world war in $1045.00 then us president truman issued a proclamation. declaring that the natural resources in the. seabed and subsoil belong to the united states of america. in c

truman never did see it. it included a chapter, my trial as a war criminal and he fantasized being tried by the russians for what he had done. he said i advised against it and the prosecutor would say you went through channels, you knew it would not get any further. he said he had to admit that was -- butut ravenna which leaker had said we should it. i had never seen a statement like that anywhere. actually saying and writing what tony russo had said to me you ought to leak that. they didn't do that. so they wrote a letter to the .imes in 1971 i thought much later thanks my friends who put in the book. he said to make the case of daniel ellsberg, who he did not know if you. he is being soft, they didn't use the word whistleblower for four revealing-- details. i spent sleepless nights considering if i should not tell congress. he said later, i don't flatter myself that the public would have denounced that or gone against it. at least they would be responsible and know what they are getting into. know it was in

my name is spelled like the secretary of state under harry truman. our family definitely felt that david rice atchinson was hung over on his day of presidency. we are yankees from northern illinois and i'm sure the newspapers irritated my family. we spelled our name, but not originally. it was 80. it was 80 when churches kept tracks of birth records and death records. counties did not do that a long time ago. my great great grandfather changed the spelling of his son's name in the church records. the one thing that i have been steadily learning more about david rice was that it wasn't all bad as you said. i went to your museum, it's a very nice museum.

in 1950, president truman calm him to organize and direct the military forces of nato.nified his availability for the presidential nomination as a republican, winning the nomination from taft, the respected leader of republican conservatives. richard and nixon, senator from california was his vice president running mate. of illinoisson headed the democratic ticket. texas.n't like i doubt if anybody does. tohall do everything i can reduce, but make no promises i know i cannot keep it. [applause] campaigned on reform, a balanced budget, government decentralization, and preparedness to preserve world peace. from eisenhower's first inauguration to his victory in 1956, his administration covered eight years of profound social and scientific growth and change. the new president organized an executive team of cabinet members and advisors on a staff basis and assign individual responsibility for administrative action, subject to his final approval, and gave increase significance to the vice presidency, by delegating functions in the field of international relations to mr. nixon

eisenhower became the 34th president of the united states, succeeding harry s truman.ffectionately known as ike, president eisenhower came to prominence as commander in chief of allied forces in europe during world war ii. he directed unified operations until the surrender of germany in 1945. at the war's end, he returned home to a hero's welcome, following which as a civilian, key served briefly as president of columbia university. in 1950, president truman calm him to organize and direct the military forces of nato. in 1952, he signified his availability for the presidential nomination as a republican, winning the nomination from taft, the highly respected leader of republican conservatives. richard nixon, senator from california, was his vice president running mate. adlai stevenson of illinois headed the democratic ticket. >> i don't like texas. i doubt if anybody does. i shall do everything i can to reduce, but i shall make no promises i know i cannot keep. [applause] >> ike campaigned on reform, a balanced budget, government decentralization, and preparedness to p

validity of that statement with the validity of your own statements in previous campaigns that the truman administration was responsible for the loss of china to the communists? mr. nixon: first of all, i don't agree with senator kennedy that cuba is lost and certainly china was lost when this administration came into power in 1953. as i look at cuba today, i believe that we are following the right course, a course which is difficult, but a course which under the circumstance is the only proper one, among which will see that the cuban people get a chance to realize their aspirations of progress through freedom and that they get that with our cooperation with the other states in the organization of american states. senator kennedy has made some very strong criticisms of my part -- or alleged part -- in what has happened in cuba. he points to the fact that i visited cuba while mr. batista was in power there. i can only point out that if we are going to judge the administrations in terms of our attitude toward dictators, we're glad to have a comparison with the previous administration. there

maybe misses truman can. >> any comments, mr. vice president? of course senator kennedy and i and ielt truman's desire think he can speak with feeling on this subject. we all have tempers. i am sure mr. kennedy has one but when a man as president of the united states or a former president he has an obligation not to lose his temper in public. one thing i have noted as i have traveled around the country are the tremendous numbers of children who come out to see the presidential candidate. i see mothers holding their babies up so they can see a man who may be president of the united states. i know senator kennedy sees them to. it makes you realize that whoever is president is going to be a man that all the children of america will either look up to or down to. host: what do you take away from that clip? guest: that is one of my favorites. i'm so glad you all chose that one. let me tell you about morden, who was the head of the rnc. hewas a kentuckian and became our senator after. a great statesman. i love this clip because it has t

can anyone tell me why the truman and eisenhower administration would have deemed it in the national interest to accommodate european refugees and displaced persons? anyone want to venture a guess? sarah. >> trying to be the better - the soviet union. prof. garcia: right. we are already locked in a cold war with the soviet union. we are battling for the hearts and minds of the developing worlds. this is a way of signaling to the rest of the world our humanitarian commitment. any other reasons? >> they wanted european stability. that was in the interest of the u.s. economically. prof. garcia: absolutely. they wanted european stability, to assist in europe's postwar economic recovery. any other reasons you can think of? these are all very good answers. at the end of the war, there were an estimated 10 million inple left homeless and, some cases, stateless, just in europe alone. truman wanted to accommodate a greater share of the displaced persons in order to assist europe's postwar recovery. as tess pointed out. financial aid to the war-torn nations was not enough, he said. the united

president truman spoke at the ships christening, and also attended her commissioning.e how president truman hoped the pride and joy of his home state would live on in the hearts and minds of americans for years to come. and i mention this for two important reasons, first, to highlight that this iconic american museum today was the epitome of the arsenal of democracy that will have to victory. in part, honoring the men and women of our greatest generation who supported the war effort and factories and shipyards across the country. of course, the second reason is to provide a clear reminder of how the history of september 2nd, 1945 lives on. september 2nd is the day that the eden states and our allies turned tragedy into triumph, violence into victory, signing into freedom, loss into liberty and peril into peace. a day that marked the very beginning of the rules based international order. in order responsible for some 75 years of peace, prosperity and security that helped not only to liberate hundreds of millions, but to lift billions out of poverty, and all to a level o

instead of having one timeline of the early cold war of harry truman, korea, china, a gathering sense of suspicion and paranoia but also wanted to write about my own life and make sense of that early. that my wife and i got to rescue.since the day before. and then we got through to difficult dogs the day before. so it is a book about trying to write a book about what happened a long time ago. >> a lot of stuff. that george cannon of the cold war and truman was more involved than he suggested later he had been. and later we heard about henry cabot lodge but and then to see covered on the time magazine. and postwar and entering formally consciously. m those fascinating characters of time. and it was very intense and to the people he admired he would give a pipe and a tremendously powerful figure at mit and in charge of the atom bomb project but also the biological warfare project. that's where it began in world war ii. after the war was over he stayed on in government. and to decide what was important to wrap up the germ warfare program in the united states to triumph over the numerical

in a way where truman to my mind is a deer in headlights. the other great turning point was where i kind of and book on. it was a spontaneous resolution people rose up from the streets. the hungarian military joins the revolution. and there was this key moment where one night. they said. we can't put this down militarily. so the tanks were leaving. and then the very next day over the course of the night. they change his mind. the americans can do anything to help the rest pollution areas. the cancer will spread throughout eastern europe. and we will lose all of eastern europe. they had been talking about the rollback against communism. and finally what have happened. and then all of a sudden they went and we can't do anything there. all of the guys you talk about. the morally right abstaining savior. and all of it went. shaped. they ended up with some pretty horrible things. backing up dictators and letting them legitimate movements. did you end up judging the men that you like to write about. i see it as it's very easy to do. was 70 years o

truman 1948igo the order, but truman does not enforce it and truman is forced to do it. point arele at that going to boycott the graft -- draft. a lot of the enforcement comes who is going to profusely enforce it. it is not until 50 years afterwards that secretary of cullen who says the army is now integrated and may be the first perfectly integrated element of american life. it probably still -- you can probably still make that claim. close to 40% of the military is now people of color. i believe you mentioned even during the maneuvers in the south about like the 366 which were part of the world war i could not participate in those. all african-american units out of massachusetts, a in world warit had i and they are disinvited to the maneuvers because they are all black including their commanding officer. of was --are afraid it was a colonel, we get to louisiana and every lieutenant and every sergeant would have to salute a blackman -- black man. that is how bad it was, they marginalized them officially because they were so afraid of crowit would do to the jim -- with t