he's older than harry truman and harry truman is not a young man. they both come from border states. it does not look like much of the ticket. but, harry truman goes to the convention, he waits for hours to give his speech, he does not give it until like 1:00 in the morning. and the convention has just been all rolled up with everything. hubert humphrey had gone to the floor and forced the floor fight on the civil rights plank. each other democrats were mad enough going into this convention. then hubert humphrey says, our plank on civil rights is not as strong as the republicans. it is the same mush that we were peddling in 1944. no, we need to move out of the shadow of states rights into the bright sunlight of civil rights. he forces a floor fight on to the convention, first win since 90 32, and he wins. the southern democrats, some of them anyway, walk out. they walk out. the convention is just dragging on into chaos. then when they announce that harry truman is coming into the hall at 1 am, they unleash, they open up this big floral display of th

>> is it true that when truman -- truman didn't run in '52.t he simply -- he and bess jumped into their car without the benefit of any secret service protection and drove back to independence, missouri? >> there's a new book on that, actually. well, not as new as my book. but it came out a year ago. and, yes, which indicates that. before -- years before i was going to do a book on this election, i visited independence, missouri, and visited the truman home. it's like, gee, whiz, this -- that's real linoleum on the floor, isn't it? you go to -- you go to hyde park or you go to some of these other presidential homes and they are pretty modest. even like calvin coolidges. you go to his house before he's president and it's really modest. it's like, you know, some place you would see in amsterdam or something. but afterwards, he does have to move into a big place. harry truman never moves into the big place. and his circumstances are sufficiently modest that he is is guy that -- he's why we have presidential pensions. up to that point, you know, we

harry truman. we forget today, but truman in his first term, was a very unpopular president. the crack, to err is human. there was talk about the little man from missouri. someone dwarfed by the ghost of franklin roosevelt. truman had a very difficult assignment. every president after a war has the process of readjusting economically, culturally, the agriculture sector. it's very difficult. inflation strikes. all of that came due on truman's watch. and the consensus in '46 and '47, he wasn't handling it very well. it was so bad the republicans took congress in 1946, which only fed their expectation that the presidency would fall three years later. >> so, how are republicans viewing the truman administration, at this point, heading into '48? >> that's the great question. the problem is, there's no such thing as the republicans. and that was part of dewey's problem. republican party was almost evenly split between what's called the eastern establishment. the old teddy roosevelt wing of the party. charles evans hughes, who was profiled earlier in this series, was very much in th

truman says i'm going there. and he confronts, you know, in potts dam he confronts churchill immediately and says you've got to open up palestine to the jewish displaced persons. and he hints that if you want the loans that you need to rebuild your nation, you've got to help me out here. i've got lots of jewish -- and i need their support, and it's the humanitarian thing toot, it's the right thing to do. and then he lets go this further argument which is just tragic. he says to the british, he says you don't have to worry the way you did before the war. he said six million jews were killed. you know, they're dead. so the european jews aren't going to overwhelm pal student. we're not -- palestine. we're not talking about millions here, we're talking about a couple hundred thousand. the british would not budge. the british say to truman, look, if you care this much about the cure peen jews, take -- european jews, take them into the united states. truman knows, he's much smarter about domestic politics than british

harry truman. we forget today but truman and his first term was a very unpopular president. the cracked air is truman. there was talk about the little man from missouri. someone dwarfed by the ghost of franklin roosevelt. truman had a very difficult assignment. every president after a war has the process of readjusting economically, culturally the economic sector. it's difficult. inflation strikes all that can do on truman's watch. and in 1946 in 1947 he wasn't handling it well. it was so bad that republicans took congress in 1946, which of course only fed their expectation that the presidency would fall in the lap of dewey. >> so how are republicans viewing the truman administration at this point heading into 48? >> it's a great question. the problem is there's no such thing as the republicans, and that was part of dewey's problem. the republican party then much more than i was evenly split -- establishment, the old teddy roosevelt wing of the. party charles evans hughes who was profiled earlier in the series was very much in that tradition. top dewy represented that in the

president truman leads in san francisco.s the first visit to san francisco by a chief executive in seven years. half 1 million citizens turnout to hailed a presidential presence. as mr. truman arrives, 63 days of consolidated international never are climaxed by the signing of the united nations chart. first to sign is china. the first nation that accepts this to suppression. he signed with a traditional chinese brush. the delegation of the soviet union, ambassador, science for russia. german delegation is representing. the republic of friends, acting delegation german, one cool. the 38 of 50 nations to sign is the united states of america. secretary of state. >> ladies and gentlemen, we are all aware that this is an extremely historical moment. the charter for world peace has been completed. but this is not the end, and it's only the beginning. the great task lies before us and it is our sacred duty to seek to it that the united nations fulfills its promise. with face in our call, and goodwill in our hearts, and determinatio

harry truman on by 4.5 percentage points.er the election, one of the comments was the first time truman was the first candidate to lose in a gallop, but when in a wallet. or .5% is tory us, is fairly modest but pretty clear as well. and i think, although it is hard to measure the shock of 1948 was probably greater than that of just four years ago in 2016 when donald trump won unexpectedly. the shock will really ran deep. emblematic of the shock was the front page of the chicago tribune, one of the early additions on the day after the election that declared dooey beat truman is one of the most memorable, iconic images of american politics. harry truman was on his way back to washington from missouri and had to stop in st. louis pretty had to stop at union station in st. louis. they gave the front page of the chicago tribune. and he held it aloft of what is a very memorable photograph. "after words" journalists really criticize himself having delegated the responsibility their legwork to the polls that they relied too heavily o

arriving in san francisco is president harry s truman. he is met with u.s.es and the chiefs of the 49 other delegations. among them, the premier of south africa and the prime minister of canada. ♪ president truman leaves for a brief tour through san francisco. his is the first visit to san francisco by a chief executive in seven years. half a million citizens turn out to hail the presidential motorcade. ♪ [cheering and applause] ♪ as mr. truman arrives, 63 days of concerted international efforts are climaxed in the signing of the united nations charter. first to sign is china, the first nation that suffered axis aggression. it is signed with a traditional chinese brush. the delegation of the soviet union, the ambassador signing for russia. ♪ great britain is represented by her delegation chairman, lord halifax. ♪ the republic of france acting delegation chairman. ♪ 38 of 50 nations to sign is the united states of america. the secretary of state. >> ladies and gentlemen, we are all aware that this is an extremely historic occasion. the charter for world peace

so harry truman, and harry truman had been in power seven years.ower to prevent cal from becoming the nominee, he probably had the power to keep stevenson from being the nominee, but with that power went the dead weight of the truman administration. my sense is that truman and stevenson's relationship never quite recovered from that fact. >> i think it was worse than that. there was another factor. there had been a lot of corruption in the democratic party. there had been a scandal with one of president truman's assistants, and there had been -- it was not a happy thing to become the democratic candidate for president in 1952. >> especially if you had harry truman's impramater on you. >> i went to see the chief justice to say goodbye, and he was very close to president truman, chief vincent. he said to me, your guy is not going to make it. i said, what? he said, no, i was with the president last night, and he told me that he's lost patience with adlai. he doesn't say yes, he doesn't say no. it's going to be alvin barkley. alvin barkley was then the

harry truman was retiring. there is no obvious successor, and stevenson gave a remarkable welcoming address at the chicago convention. it had the effect, almost, of william jennings bryant. it touched off this draft, and a couple of days later, he was delivering the speech you just heard. >> welcome to liberty ville, illinois, and the contenders. this is the ninth an our 14-week series looking at the men who ran for president and changed american politics. tonight, our focus is adlai you-ing stevenson, 1900 to 1965, for his years of living. we are joined by well-known author and historian, richard norton smith. we are live from liberty, bill illinois about 40 miles outside of chicago at the stevenson family farm. we are in adelaide stevenson's old study right now, in the house. in just a moment, we will be joined by newton men, oh who worked and new adlai stevenson for years and we are also pleased to tell you that we will be joined by senator adlai stevenson the third, the son of adlai stevenson and a ten-year

perhaps misses truman can. i do not think i can. if you could pass that message on to him. >> any comments, mr. vice president? vp nixon: yes, i think so. of course both senator kennedy and i have felt mr. truman's ire, and consequently i think he can speak with feeling on this subject. i do want to say something the however. i have a temper and i am sure mr. kennedy has one. but when a man as president of the united states or a former president he has an obligation not to lose his temper in public. one thing i have noted as i have traveled around the country are the tremendous number of children who come out to see the presidential candidates. i see mothers holding their babies up so that they can see a man who might be president of the united states. i know senator kennedy sees them too. it makes you realize that whoever is president is going to be a man that all the children of america will either look up to or will look down to. host: barbara perry, what did you take away from that clip? guest: that is one of my favorites. i'm s

i mean, he supports -- he supports -- the overall truman -- truman, for example, had reorganized the war department, the department, created the central intelligence agency. to some degree had put america's economy on a cold war footing. dewey is supportive of all that, in fact, if anything he believes we need to spend more money on our defenses. he also, it's interesting, he thinks that we have neglected conservative forces, for example charles de gaulle in france who is out of power but who is seen as a bulwark against communism in france. dewey thinks that a creative american diplomacy could put people like that to good use. >> so how does he differ from the other prominent republicans in the party at the time? who are they? >> bob taft, mr. republican from ohio, it's fair to say was the champion of the isolationist wing of the republican party. that is to say the wing profoundly suspicious of international organizations like the u.n., suspicious of later on the korean war. suspicious of projecting american military power around the world as opposed to building up american defense

to truman's credit truman has to , listen to them. not all presidents listen.millard fillmore takes the oath of office after zachary taylor dies, fires the entire cabinet and is left without cabinet heads for some time. our current moment is not the first time we have had a lot of vacancies in cabinet. [laughter] when they tell truman leave asia to macarthur and focus on europe, he listened to them. now, we're going to move to questions shortly but i want to talk about the close calls because to me it's fascinating. i found myself overwhelmingly frustrated writing this book because i don't understand why we didn't get the importance of figuring out presidential succession and never treated it with any degree of seriousness. its takes three presidents to be assassinated for us to decide it's a good idea to protect the president. used to let the white house be overrun with offers seekers and people who may or may not have been mentally ill and anybody had access to the president. even by the time we start to protect the president, we don't really do it profession

whereas harry truman ran a very aggressive campaign, and truman was recognized as being behind in the polls pick a fact one poster elmo roper, one of the early figures in public opinion research, announced 72 years ago today after september 9, 1948, that he was so certain that thomas do is going to win the election that he was no longer going to be reporting poll results. he would take polls but it just wouldn't report the results because he didn't think it would add too much to the understanding of the race in 1940. that was emblematic of the conference, supreme confidence pollsters had in the outcome of the naked break election. harry truman won by 4.5 percentage point. as election as election one of the comics said it was the first time, truman was the first candidate to lose in a gallup but when in a walk. 4.5 percentage point victory is fairly modest but pretty clear as well. and to think although it's hard to measure the shock of 1948 was probably greater than that of just four years ago in 2016 when donald trump wanted unexpectedly. the shock was just really ran deep and it was

truman: delegates to united nations conference on international organization, it is not the purpose ofs conference to draft a treaty of peace in the old sense of that term. this conference will devote its energies and its labors exclusively to the single problem of setting up the essential organization to keep the peace. you are to write the fundamental charter. van dyke: as the delegates broke up that first night, the task before them was clear -- to chart the course toward realistic international cooperation to preserve peace. this was the responsibility vested in them by a war-weary world. it was for this they had gathered. at the invitation of the governments of china, great britain, the ussr, and the united states. this was the step made possible by dunkirk and stalingrad and normandy and the burma road and midway. planned for at casablanca, run -- moscow,o tehran, dumbarton oaks, and yalta. delegates from 46 and later 50 nations were there but there in spirit, too, were the victims of warsaw, coventry, shanghai. the hopes of the living and the dead were concentrated in the hands

harry truman was retiring. there was no obvious successor and stevenson gave a remarkable welcoming address at the chicago convention that had the effect almost of william jennings brian cross of gold. it touched off this drafted and a couple days later, he was giving this speech you just heard. >> this is the 9th in our 14-week series, looking at the men who ran for president and changed american electricity. tonight our focus is adlai stevenson, 1900 to 1965 were his years of living. we are joined by richard norton smith. we are live from libertyville, illinois, 40 miles outside of chicago, at the stevenson family farm. we are in adlai stevenson's hold study in the house. and we're going to be joined by newton minow who worked and knew adlai stevenson for years and we are also pleased to tell you that we will be joined by senator adlai stevenson iii, the son of adlai stevenson and ten-year senator from the state of illinois. richard norton smith, before we leave the office here, there's some things sitting ar

what president truman had called a faction had become a major war.orces in the west pulled back to the south. elements of the first mari division and the seventh infantry, along with other troops cut off in the northeast, fought their way in subzero weathe toward evaction by c. sea. men and theirng machines were loaded onto ships. more than 90,000 fled from their homes in north korea rather than live again under communist rule. we gave transportation to freedom to as many as we could. the massive withdrawal moved southward toward forks where the units could land. in the west, elements of the eighth army withdrew south. the chinese forces followed up with their massive defensive. thousands of koreans choke to the roads leading south. they had seen communism in practice. any hardship was preferable. once again, we pulled out, blowing up the bridges behind us. far to the south, our units were regrouping. in late february, we made a fresh start, and operation called operation killer. the chinese armies held a superiority of numbers. cut down the odds. [g

he's getting a tremendous ovation after that introduction, by president truman. you can see the president, seated in the back, making it easy and waiting for the speech to be in. >> mister president, ladies and gentlemen of the convention, my fellow citizens. i accept your nomination, and your program. [applause] i should have preferred to hear those words uttered by a stronger, wiser, a better man than myself. >> but after listening to the president's speech, i even feel better about myself. none of you, my friends, can really appreciate what is in my heart. i can only hope that you understand my words, they will be few. i have not sought the honor you have done me, i could not seek it, because i aspired to another office. which was the four major of my ambition. and one does not treat the highest caucus within the game, of the people of illinois, as an alternative or as a consolation prize. i would not seek your nomination for the presidency because the presence of that office staggers the imagination. its potential for good or evil now, and in the years of our

>> it is interesting truman seconds secretary of state titled his memoir the marshall plan the alliance system with the multilateral institutions and the doctrine of containment and with for decades and so many of the policies that were developed beginning of the truman administration and embraced by all successors. anyone of those could be on the list of good policies and with president bush 41 the way he handled the end of the cold war. but it was the extraordinary accomplishment also the way they marshaled the world with the iraqi invasion the conquest of kuwait that was a textbook case of multilateralism could succeed in a modern world. they were in hours we had to fight but we chose vietnam would be on the list 2003 iraq war and korea is on the list not the initial resistance to the korean invasion but rather the faithful decision by truman and macarthur to go north of the 30 parallel to unify by force so that it not only failed to bring in hundreds of thousands of chinese troops with the secretary of defense and national security advisor in the policymaking over the last 50 or 60

harry truman used to say that herbert hoover did not create thehe depressn. the depression was created for him. but it didn't matter. he couldn't help the united statates from push out from the weight of the deession and he lost the election in 1932 to franklin roosevelt in a landslide. ok, so understanding that luluck wou have thisffect for certain presidents, again, it's the same thing for donald trump. he did not create cocoronavirus, but he is dealing with the effects of it. and you know, we've been living through trying to get back to some degree of normalcy. i have one last thing to add. that is the point that i added which is communication confidence. i believe this is important and i based this on my own experience on watching presidents and studying them for a long time. what i found is that a president, and presidential campaigns, campaigners too, and you're seeing it right now, have to be effective in their discourse, appropriate. you need to be at least a ddecent speaker, bter if you're a good speaker, be if you're an exceptional speaker. ok, so a

i heard that before, so did harry truman. i'll tell you what i think, the only polls that count are the polls the american people go to on november 2nd. [ applause ] and right now, i predict that the american people are going to say that night, gerry, you've done a good job, keep right on doing it. [ applause ] [ applause ] >> as i try to my imagination, to look into the homes where families are watching the end of this great convention. i can't tell which faces are republicans, which are democrats and which are independent. i cannot see their color or their creed. i see only americans. [ applause ] i see americans who love their husbands, their wives and their children. i see americans who love their country for what it has been and what it must become. i see americans who work hard, but who are willing to sacrifice all they have worked for, to keep their children and their country free. [ applause ] i see americans who in their own quiet way pray for peace among nations and peace among themselves. we do love our neighbors,

and truman became the president. and, for a year after, many people refer to truman as his accident-cy. he kind of was carrying a big load there trying to continue with roosevelt programs. certainly they were very, very big shoes to fill. so, these are the qualities professor dallek teaches us. but what about the less successful presidents of the 20th century? dallek tells us that they refused to come up with the phrase to explain where they hoped to lead. i'm thinking here of three presidents of the 1920's. warren harding, calvin coolidge, and then. herbert hoover. i'm wondering if you studied these in history class or in political science or maybe even in communication. if you remember anything particular about any of those three. does anyone have any memories of them? >> during the depression they called -- homeless people town hooverville. that is one of the things i remember. i went to a high school named after president harding. prof. gutin: did you really? oh, ok. warren harding was a small town magazine publi

truman, dwight d. eisenhower, john f. kennedy, lyndon baines johnson, richard nixon, and ronald reagan." now, professor dallek's analysis only looks at the 20th century. i'm going to throw in some of the presidents from the 21st century as we go along. so, if we can go to the first slide, professor dallek talks about these six points. the first one, he says, is vision. the second is charisma -- i'm going to go back and talk about this. the second is charisma. the third is pragmatism. we'll move onto the next flight. the fourth is consensusbuilding, followed by trust and credibility, luck, and then i'm going to throw in, which is on the last slide, something i'm going to call communication competence. and we're going to leave the slides behind right now. so, let's start with vision. so, vision, according to dallek, is that presidents come up with an idea, and they help us to develop something that's going to pull us all together. it's going to be something that is going to unify us. sometimes it comes to us as a -- in a ph

truman arrives, 63 days of concerted international effort are climaxed by the signing of the united nationsfirst to sign as china, the first nation to suffer accepted -- acts of aggression. it is signed with a traditional chinese brush. the delegation of the soviet union, the ambassador signing for russia. ♪ great britain is represented by her delegation chairman, lord halifax. ♪ the republic of france, acting -- the acting delegation chairman. ♪ 38 of 50 nations to sign is the united states of america. the secretary of state. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, we are all aware that this is an extremely historic occasion. the charter for world peace has been completed, but this is not the end, it is only the beginning. the great path lies before us. it is our solomon sacred duty to see to it that the united nations comes into being and fulfills its promise. with faith in our cause, and goodwill in our hearts, and determination to work unceasingly for this end, i am confident that, with god's help, we will reach our goals. [applause] narrator: senator connolly is next to sign for the united

we're going to go right back to what we had under mr truman. when he had political control of the federal reserve board. i don't believe we ought to pay our bills through inflation. a phony. interest rate. >> grumman's question for vice president nixon. in line for the convention mule and governor rockefeller said jointly. that the nation's economic growth. ought to be accelerated. and the republican platform. states set to the nation needs to quicken the pace of economic growth. is it fair therefore. mr vice president to conclude that you feel that there has been insufficient economic roles. during the past eight years. and it's still what would you do. the present administration policy. to step it up as a german. i am never satisfied with the economic growth of this country. i'm not satisfied with that even if there were no communism in the world but particularly when we're in the kind of a race wherein we have got to see that america grows just as fast as we can go by do we grow some with. because even though we have maintained as i pointed

he's getting a tremendous ovation after that handsome introduction, by president truman. some people see the president seated in the back, taking it easy, and waiting for the speech to begin. >> mister president, ladies and gentlemen of the convention, my fellow citizens. i accept your nomination and your program. i should have preferred to hear those words uttered by a stronger, wiser, a better man than myself. but after this president speech, i even feel better about myself. none of you, my friends, can really appreciate what is in my heart. i can only hope that you understand my words. they will be few. i have not sought, the honor you have done me. i could not seek it, because i aspire to another office, he which was the full measure of my ambitions. and one does not treat the highest office within the gift of the people of illinois as an alternative, or as a consolation prize. i would not seek your nomination for the presidency because they're britain's of the office have staggered imagination. its potential for good or evil, now and in the years of our lives, smothe

and as truman said, they just saw the truth, and they thought it was how. and we are the party of a gallant man, john fitzgerald kennedy. and we're the party of a great leader of compassion. lyndon johnson. [applause] and the party of great men who should have been president and who would have been one of the greatest presidents in history. [applause] i have appreciate what the convention has said -- a great man who appeared as sized the state of the party and i would like to say that we are all for the party of governor jerry brown and senator edward kennedy. [noise] i'd like to say a personal word to some of the candidates. seth, you are tough competitor and superb campaigner and i can attest to that. your speech before the convention was a magnificent favor of what the democratic party is and what it means to the people of this country. and why a democratic victory is so important this year. i reach out to you tonight, and i reach out to all of you and the -- campaign. i need you. [applause] i need your idealism and dedication working for us. there is no

truman. but the gladness of this high occasion cannot mask the sorrow which shares our hearts. so let us here tonight, each of us, all of us, really dedicate ourselves to keeping burning the golden torch of promise which john fitzgerald kennedy set aflame. [applause] and let none of us stop to rest until we have written into the law of the land all the suggestions that made up the john fitzgerald us continue to supplement that program with the kind of laws that he would have us right. [applause] tonight, we offer ourselves, on our record and by our platform, as a party for all americans. and all american party for all americans! [applause] this prosperous people, this land a reasonable man, has no place for petty partisanship or peevish prejudice. [applause] the needs of all can never be met by parties of the few. [applause] the needs of all cannot be met by a business party or or a labour party. not by a war party or a peace party. not by a southern party or a northern party. [applause] our deeds will meet our needs only if we are served by a party which serves all our people.

president truman came from washington for the signing of the charter.eign minister molotov, the soviet union foreign minister, lent his presence to the solemn and hopeful promise to live in peace. the nations were united. the big china, russia, france, five, britain, and the united states led the people of the world as they launched the rules of international law and a bill of human rights, a rule of law they believed no nation, large or small, would dare defy. ♪ the united nations was set up, a tribunal empowered to mediate international disputes and to enforce its decisions. soon this machinery was put to the test. in indonesia and elsewhere, people felt the desire for independence and control of their own destiny. this had been seen in the united nations' charter. ♪ a republic of indonesia had been set up, embracing a large part of the island empire, which had until then been under the rule of the netherlands. civil unrest broke out in the republic and the other islands. although the netherlands had recognized the new republic, differences arose and

and as truman said, he just told the truth and they thought it was hell. we're the party of a gallant man of spirit john fitzgerald kennedy. and we're the party of a great leader of compassion, lyndon baines johnson. and the party of a great man who should have been president, who would have been one of the greatest in history, hubert humphrey. i have appreciated what this convention said about the humphrey, a great man who epit might have had the democratic party. i would like to say we're also the party of jerry brown and senator edward kennedy. i'd like to say a personal word to senator kennedy. ted, you're a tough competitor and a superb campaigner and i can attest to that. your speech before this convention was a magnificent state of what the democratic party is and what it means to the people of this country and why the democratic victory is so important this year. i reach out to you tonight, and i reach out to all those who supported you and your valiant and passionate campaign. ted, your party needs, and i need you. i need your idealism and dedicat

you had people lined up, especially in'48 when truman made appearances.n during the later years, lyndon johnson went south as the train, which was called the corn pone special. >> i know many top-notch correspondents. we have worked on many stories together so we know each other very well. some of us are conservatives. some are liberal. some are in the middle. but we have deep respect for each other and each other's ideas. >> all presidential candidates seem to have to take one. >> we exchange a lot of material and a lot of ideas with other correspondents. it allows you to qualify your judgments by comparing information with someone else who knows a little bit more about a particular subject. >> that's the foreign policy. >> the exchange of views is very useful. you are getting a feeling of the country and where it's going and this adds something to your insight, to your judgment, to the way you eventually will be reporting. >> president of the united states, jimmy carter! [cheering] >> roosevelt, harry truman jon kennedy and lyndon johnson. -- >> when yo

you had people lined up, especially in '48 when truman made his stops. later years, lyndon johnson went south as the train was called the corn special. >> i know many high-notch correspondents, we have worked on stories together so we know each other very well. some are conservatives, some are liberal, some are in the middle. but we have deep respect for one another. >> i don't know, all presidential candidates seem to have to take one. >> reporter: you have to change a lot of material and ideas and judgments as a correspondent. it allows you to qualify your judgment by claiomparing information with someone else who knows a little bit more about a particular subject. >> just have toe -- >> no, no. >> the exchange of views is very useful. you're getting a feel of the country and where it's going. and this adds something to your insight. to your judgment. to be weighed and eventually you would be reporting. >> the president of the united states jimmy carter! [ applause ] >> harry truman, john kerry and lyndon johnson. >> reporter: when you go out for presi

truman used to describe this investment. i believe. that it must be the policy of the united states to support. our resisting it tempted subjugation by minorities are by outside pressure. the united states made $12400000000.00 available to help western europe to rebuilt. germany its defeated enemy was also given the support. but stalin rejected american help for the soviet zone of germany in the east. and instead of helping to rebuild the region he sent 70000 officials to dismantle its economy everything was taken away minerals machinery entire factories and part of the harvest. it was the very opposite of reconstruction shortages remained widespread. in the west occupation took a different form. 1948 the deutschmark was introduced a strong currency backed by the u.s. dollar west germany began to flourish and the occupying forces began to be seen more as friends. many u.s. citizens sent care packages for the needy over the next 10 years the 3 western zones of occupation received 10000000 consignments of food. the americans also introdu

truman used to describe this investment. i believe. that it must be the policy of the united states to support. resisting it tempted subjugation by minorities are by outside pressure. the united states made $12400000000.00 available to help western europe to rebuild. germany its defeated enemy was also given the support. but stalin rejected american help for the soviet zone of germany in the east. instead of helping to rebuild the region he sent 70000 officials to dismantle its economy everything was taken away minerals machinery and tire factories and part of the harvest. it was the very opposite of reconstruction shortages remained widespread. in the west occupation took a different form. 1948 the deutschmark was introduced a strong currency backed by the u.s. dollar west germany began to flourish and the occupying forces began to be seen more as friends. many u.s. citizens sent care packages for the needy over the next 10 years but 3 western zones about the patient received 10000000 consignments of food. the americans also introduce