if you visit tunisia, tunisia is nice, but it's nicer without dictator. tunisia is nice with democracy. >> rose: rashid al-ghannouchi from washington, d.c. talking about what many people look on as the shining example of islam and democracy. i thank you again. >> ( translated ): thank you, sir. i am pleased to have had this interview with you. >> rose: thank you very much. >> my jacket moved up and i had my firearm on my right side hit. my jacket moved up, and he saw it. i feel like he saw it-- he looked at it. and he said, "you're going to die tonight ( bleep ). and he reached for it, but he reached-- like i felt his arm going down to my side, and i grabbed it and i just grabbed my fireman and i shot him, one time. >> rose: two years have passed since trairks an unarmed black teenager was killed by neighborhood watch coordinator in a gated florida comiept. the criminal trial of george zimmerman and his acquittal rivetted the nation. even president obama weaked in. >> you know, when trayvon martin was first shot, i said this could have been my son. anothe

to help tunisia to overcome this obstacle and i think cancellation of the debt is justice to tunisia,this young democracy. >> all right. tanisha'sresident of national constituent assembly, thank you so much for taking the time. you are watching live from paris. it is time for a sports roundup. we will start with these opening games in sochi. ceremonies,opening the winter olympics are a matter of hours away. the ioc president has carried the olympic torch to the streets of sochi. the sochi games have become one of the most politicized in recent years. it is very special and very significant to be able to gather with the secretary-general of the united nations to send our olympic message of peace and understanding, which is also a message of the united nations. >> there is no official boycott. readers of the united states, britain, germany will not attend the opening ceremonies. coine skier didier defile will go in the men's downhill on sunday. bodeat cody miller -- miller fortson is first world cup when -- for his first world cup win. >> i feel good. my season has been pretty good. i'm

it is a universal sentiment that you find in tunisia. build democracy, development, and we managed to explain to the tunisian youth that rather islam is justice, tolerance, and quality. >> how much resistance is to what your goals and dreams, how much resistance within your own party? >> this is a well established culture and our party for years now. i have written extensively about that in my books, my articles, my presentations, and whole generation of tunisians were raised against this cultural background and this has become forceful in tunisia, especially the democratic stance that has become an attractive model for you and islam is. >> what do you expect from the united states? >> we expect that the united states to consider that the success of the tunisian democratic government is enough to work. we invite the united states to spend some time in the promote democracy in order to build up a model for democratic transformation because this is the most viable path to combat terrorism. >> what do you expect from other moderate islamist

to see you,hope sir, in tunisia.u come and visit tunisia, nicernice but it is without a dictator, without ben ali. it is nicer with democracy. >> rachid ghannouchi talking about the shining example of democracy. thank you again. >> thank you, sir. i am pleased to have had this interview with you. my jacket moved up and i had my firearm in on my right side hip. i feel like you saw it. he looked at it and he said, you're going to die tonight." felt his arm going down my side and i grabbed it and i just grabbed my arm around and i held on. years have passed since trey von martin, an unarmed gatedteenager killed in a florida community. the criminal trial of george zimmerman and his acquittal riveted the nation. even president obama weighed in. >> you know, when trey von martin was first shot, i said it could have been my son. another way of saying that is trey von martin could have been me. when you think about why in the african-american community at least there's a lot of pain around what happened here, i think it's im

if elections are held many i tunisia -- in tunisia today, the islamists will lose to a coalition of secular forces. it does not mean that there will be, that they will vanish, but it will mean that they will lose their plurality that they enjoyed over the last three years. and it would be the first time in the arab world of an islamist government coming to power and leaving by ballot box, not through military intervention. and that is going to send huge waves across the arab world, particularly in countries that have not upside gone transition -- undergone transition and have been preaching, you know, that if the islamists come to power, they will never leave and, therefore, they are the better of, or thelesser of two -- the lesser of two evils. the second very important lesson that we can discern from the arab awakenings that have taken place so far is the loss of holiness that the islamists have enjoyed for the last 50 or 60 years. arab governments have basically preventing islamists from coming to power, artificially, artificially have bound them in most of the arab world. and as a resul

and that is tunisia. tunisia today has not been engaged in the same kind of exclusionist policies that we have seen among other arab countries in the region. as we speak, tunisians are probably voting today or maybe tomorrow as we speak on a new constitution. a constitution that has been arrived at by consensus, including all forces in society, religious and secular, a constitution so forward-looking that it is not just the best constitution in the arab world, but probably among, you know, many other countries of the world, a constitution that upholds the right to free expression, the right to free belief or no belief, a first in the arab world, full parity between men and women, full prevention of any, any force to to operate so a peaceful rotation of power at all times, etc., etc. they have engaged in -- they have had a coalition government for the last three years in which no, you know, even if the islamists won a plurality, they did not rule alone and were engaged with others in governing the country.

in tunisia.two choices, he said. either we stay in power and lose democracy or we gain democracy and give up power. he chose the latter. it was a selfless choice but a savvy one. i won't be surprised if he and his party are back in power later this year. the tunisian model is not flawless but it has powerful lessons for the rest of the arab world. this is a country that has learned the most difficult lesson of democracy. how to be inclusive and how to compromise. it has learned this lesson without the west, without aid money, without compromising on its religious idea, remember the new constitution firmly enshrines islam but alongside women's and minority's rights. before we start blaming washington or the west for not doing enough in the arab world, let's learn from tunisia that local leadership is the key. and that right now, there is little of it in the arab world. >>> up next, are some races superior to others? it sounds like an appalling question but two professors say they have very interes

let's bring our correspondent in tunisia. how are people marking the anniversary today? --there are a number of come commemorations planned. the first took place this morning at the site of mr. bela id's assassination, just outside his home. it was attended by his widow. she and supporters struck a tone that was as mournful as it was .efiant defiant and sharply critical of the government investigation into the assassination of her husband and into -- and critical of its claim to have killed his assassin on tuesday. she is the member of a commission which has charged itself with conducting independent investigations into the murder. they told reporters this morning that there were a number of -- oflar dairies irregularities in the investigation the ministry had illing.o belaid's k they called on an international committee more to the lines of the ones investigating the prime -- the former prime minister in lebanon. the government were possibly indicated -- implicated either by incompetence or by complicity in the murder of her husband. quite a defiant and challenging tone

but direct landings in tunisia were judged far too risky. in fact, even landings in morocco and algeria were judged to be very, very risky. large amphibious operation which roosevelt pushed over the resistance of the war department. the president said he wanted u.s. ground troops in action in the theater in the calendar year 1942, and no one thought that the united states or britain was in a position to invade france. roosevelt wanted an american operation because these areas were under the control of the french and the french might not resist the americans the way they would resist their hereditary enemy, the british. but roosevelt relented and this turned out to be a joint american-british operation. in mid-october 1942, winston churchill, prime minister of britain, said, if operation torch fails, i am done for. the commander in chief of operation torch, a familiar name, even in this museum, dwight d. eisenhower, years later wrote that the hours he spent in gibraltar waiting for the start of the invasion were his most excruciating ones dur

over the course of the last few months, several ratings agencies have downgraded tunisia's sovereign that dating. tourism, as well, is yet to get back to its re-revolution levels, particularly in large markets like france, who has not been sending as many tourists to tunisia. it's hard not to see a connection with the instability. right now, tunisians are just hoping that this new political calm will lead to some economic growth that will start to make a change in their day-to-day lives. >> france has destroyed three tons of confiscated ivory as it to send a message that it will not tolerate elephant and rhino poaching. the ivory trade was banned worldwide in 1990, but more recently, laws have been relaxed to allow some limited sales. now environmental groups want other countries to all of the french example. >> this warehouse in paris is an elephant graveyard. each item is all that remains of a victim of the bloody ivory trade. french authorities have seized 17 times over the last 25 years. part, the ivory goinging from africa been towards asia. france is particular because we have

on israel egypt and tunisia. i think and not to be literate enough to push it and she played the two very important role here. and to always more coarsely and local clients a local consensus that an agency might read a year ago there was a lot of political gridlock that was as leading opposition figure who was assassinated by islamists it is a dessert to go. i can see you all i can see that it isn't only the most successful successful. it was a few years ago but it did make the move initially the station and she lead the team initially and now it is also set to sweep and a tad too did the knee the courts while they were told that the government the two right time and now we see me to discuss the topic of speech and apple. then we talked a lot of boxes to which he is in good touch but for the epsom screen counties in the old me can you talk about a teenage model for tokyo for the poor and then mostly sunny. i mean it's too soon to draw conclusions of the ideas seem to help reduce the country's institutions next tu

algeria, morocco, tunisia were not the only areas of concern and north africa. on the other side of the continent, on october 23 began the second battle. if the german forces one, they would capture egypt, penetrates to the canal and they have plans to move into palestine. it is worth reminding ourselves that the beginning of 1942, the axis still seems to be winning the war. the colonial power in northwest africa had a predominantly muslim population, eight divisions of troops in a substantial navy. no one knew whether they would fight or how hard they would fight against operation torch. they also enacted a discriminatory laws against 330,000 jews in morocco, algeria and tunisia. if germany prevailed, worse would follow as it already had or had started to in the metropolitan france. the police in cooperation with the man had recently begun deportations of the jews in france to the east. in september the american affairs in paris had made a kind of diplomatic effort to get to the premier of france to exempt 4,000 french jewish children from the deportations. he

tunisia is doing it, egypt is not. pay close attention, be careful about making stereotypes or generalizations about a reconciliation between the arab world and democracy. it seems to be different in different places. one last question. >> hi. in binder 1, you said that we love america but we do not trust t. >> yes. >> can you explain that a little ore? >> share. do we allow politicians to say bad things about america? ever? o. if you are not wearing a pin, pledging with your hand on your eart, there is something wrong with you and you need to be shamed until you correct that. we don't want politicians to think anything is going wrong in his country. . . . so we have a political culture of affection that might be consider ad lib odd and extreme nd not very self-reflective. but at the same time we don't like congress. the congress we voted in, by the way. we don't like the president and the things he tries to do, even though he said he would try to do them when he was elected for the most part. and we don't like the cou

crashed iny plan has tunisia, killing all 11 people on board.investigators say it was because of engine failure. fivelane was carrying libyan patients for hospital treatment in tunisia. according to international media, and militant separatist group has begun to decommission a small quantity of guns and explosives two years after the group all for a definitive end to hostilities against spain's government. video passed exclusively to the bbc by an intermediary shows what the verifiers hope is the start of the process of complete disarmament. conditions of great secrecy, masked militants lay out a few of their weapons for inspection by international verifiers. they are trying to build on the commitment to abandon violence with a disarmament process. handedmages were exclusively to the bbc in london by an intermediary. say these guns and explosives have been put beyond use. they call it a hugely important first step. formed overtion was 50 years ago under spain's dictator to fight a fast independence. a huge war in madrid killed spain's prime mini

imagine hearing these words if you live in tunisia or egypt. a great democratic revolution is taking place among us. everyone sees it, but not everyone judges is in the same way. some consider this something new and taking it for an accident, they hope to be able to stop it. others judge it irresistible because it seems to them the most continuous, oldest and permanent fact known in history. one point that is made consistently is that democracy on the march. political constitution of the united states seems to me, one of the forms that democracy can give to its government, but i do -- consider american people american institutions as either the only or the best that a democratic people should adopt. by making known what did things the americans gain from the government of democracy, i am far from claiming or thinking that such advantages can only be obtained with the help of the same laws. , whichook at this link is from cnn's website. gives a timeline for the arab spring. back, how has democracy progress? we can see recently, then in the recen

we talked about tunisia. it represents with the arab spring -- it represents all the hopes and aspirations of the arab spring. >> i would say that it is the tunisians ring. there is no other come -- country where the promise was fulfilled. libya is in a state of chaos. they do not have a very credible government. it is not over. they recently had an election for a new assembly that will draft a constitution. the best thing you can say that therelibya is is no sign of any institutional group were strong man that will emerge. and benghazi. tell me in summary what you have discovered and how you went about writing the report that you wrote were the new york times. frustrating from my point of view to see the debate over the death of the ambassador unfolds in the u.s. full ofit was so misinformation from the very beginning, misinformation from the obama administration, misinformation from republican critics. it was a blank slate that everyone could throw their own theories on to. the newspaper decided that i woul

of those countries that are today in distress when they get back to the normal road as egypt and tunisia ugly well you seem to be a quite an optimist let me ask you something different in all these three countries that imagines a foreigner. syria you often hear claims that people's revolutions were hijacked either by extremists or by the outsiders and i guess there is some validity to that claim because a lot of outside players remain involved in the affairs of the arab world russia the united states turkey saudi arabia you name it to what extent in your view does the success of the arab spring depend on the people in the region on the arabs and to what extent it still depends on the big power brokers who are trying to pursue that own agenda well this is that is all of the effects of the absence of egypt. egypt as the leader of the arab world had not been in the picture or in action for so many for though at least those three years plus as as you say and you are right in saying so that the whole middle east is. subject to change and with the influence of foreign powers and i assure you t

tunisia is doing it, egypt is not. pay close attention, be careful about making stereotypes or generalizations about a reconciliation between the arab world and democracy. it seems to be different in different places. one last question. >> hi. in binder 1, you said that we love america but we do not trust it. >> yes. >> can you explain that a little more? >> share. do we allow politicians to say bad things about america? ever? no. if you are not wearing a pin pledging with your hand on your heart, there is something wrong with you and you need to be shamed until you correct that. we don't want politicians to think anything is going wrong in this country. and, if citizens start to criticize the u.s. out loud, they are told where to go. we have a political culture of affection. in tocqueville's mind, that might be considered extreme and not very self reflective. at the same time, we don't like congress. the congress we voted in. we don't like the president, the things he tries to do even though he said he would try to do

rest of their neighbors and brotherly countries from to their east and west both countries egypt and tunisia has worked according to him up they brought the constitution first the presidential elections second the parliamentary elections third so both countries are doing the right and left moving event that action i believe that d.b.l. with the same growth perhaps a tougher. more problems but in the end i am sure that all of those countries that are today in distress will get back to the normal road as egypt and tunisia ugly well you seem to be a quite an optimist let me ask you something different in all these three countries that imagines a far. syria you often hear claims that people's revolutions were hijacked either by extremists or by the outsiders and i guess there is some validity to that claim because a lot of outside players remain involved in the affairs of the arab world russia the united states turkey saudi arabia you name it to what extent in your view does the success of the arab spring depend on the people in the region on the arabs and to what extent it still depends on the

>> general eisenhower wrote on november 18, if we don't get to tunisia quickly, we surrendered the initiative, give the axis time to do as it pleases, encourage all of our enemies in the area. the battle is not, repeat, not one. on november 20, the premier gave a speech in which he expressed his hope for a german victory in the war to prevent communists and jews from gaining control of france, and extinguishing french civilization. back in washington, roosevelt had our to ask congress to pass the third war powers act which contains an interesting provision, authorizing the president to suspend laws and regulations hampering the free movement of persons, property and information in and out of the u.s. we do not know why that provision was in there. we do know why it was taken out. the house ways and means committee worried that the president would use this clause to open the doors to unrestricted immigration, stripped it out. in late november, in fact on thanksgiving day, the president tried to persuade house and senate leaders to restore it, but the speaker of the house declined, and roosevel

pause and families from the animal in the light again and image it's like i'm in tunisia one to send problem is that and it made in the nation. these two. on to proceed to comment on top of the mid nineties idea needs is to send in the nation about mormon studies. so when the unites them free by the twenty ninth and neck and braced against psychic so against and not just isn't a very strong but it did in the book are part of a euro quarrel with her is that it's for you here you're in france the deeply secular country and so going inside not saddam or attacking religion or maybe attacking brutally. islam is not the way to go and she tells you well basically you're an old school conservative you don't know what revolution is here just thinking. i hope to protect maybe in france and french values rather than our cloths. yes this is part of the due date between this and i think it's interesting to date this part of that generation today. that really you can find free medicine at the news and i cnt really am i'm reading university's i sink deeper team that did fight doesn't mean that the

the best may be in tunisia itself, where secretary of state john kerry visited yesterday, praising the nation's progress. >> i want to congratulate prime minister jomaa and the tunisian people on the very difficult road they have navigated and the successful way in which they have moved through a very difficult transition to democratic rule. >> brown: the transition began when the ouster of president zine el-abidine ben ali gave way to more unrest as islamists and secular groups competed for influence. the economy worsened, assassinations of two powerful left-wing politicians eroded trust between parties. and attacks by an al-qaeda- linked faction stoked fears of a takeover by radical islamists. despite it all, last month the national assembly approved a new constitution now being hailed as one of the arab world's most progressive. >> ( translated ): our people succeeded in making a peaceful revolution that enlightened the world. we succeeded to avoid a civil war between us. but we achieved consensus. >> brown: there's been no such consensus in libya, tunisia's neighbor to the east. tw

i would like to point out that in morocco, tunisia, ybor city, there ha egypt,you've had secular overtos with egypt or modest, like alnafta which has won in elections and played politics in the western european way. so i would say much of the muslim world, al qaeda ideology is on the ropes. >> brian i'm wondering as the u.s. pulls out of afghanistan, does that become a new sanctuary for al qaeda? >> it certainly has that potential. but let me go back to the issue of the media. there may be pecular skepticism but al qaeda suspect selling any cars either, despite a communications campaign aimed at radicalizing home grown terrorists, inspiring terrorist attacks in this country, they may have created a virtual army, but thus far it remains virtual. we have no evidence offully deep reservoirs of support -- of any deep reservoirs of support for al qaeda. the campaign has gained absolutely no traction among american muslims. the numbers of individuals who have been arrested for providing material support or more seriously plotting terrorist attacks in this country on behalf of this ideology is

come back to the ukraine and to a similar revolution, tunisia. why is it that the arab state that's done the best is the one we had the least to do with? the people took it and owned it. if we see that in syria, i'm for supporting it. it's got to start with them. the middle east puts a smile on your face when it starts with them. >> iran didn't intervene in tunisia. you didn't need to go and you need to win war friends. that's the case in ukraine and syria. it was a bottom up, peaceful, a pro-western to an amazing degree in 2011 and we did nothing. >> so bill, step back for a moment quickly, and look at what barack obama's foreign policy legacy is up to this point. with syria, with ukraine, with libya, with iraq, with afghanistan. >> with iran. people around the world i think want liberty to an amazing degree. we have done little to help them. >> thanks to both of you. we're just getting started. >>> up next, facebook shells out $19 billion for a text messaging company with only 55 employees. is it worth it? what will be the impact on your wallet

the passengers are believed to be seeking medical treatment in tunisia. a trial incarnate -- in cairo has raised concerns about free speech in egypt. an australian reporter and a producer were among 20 people facing charges for joining orating the muslim brotherhood, which has been described as a terrorist organization. the case has been adjourned until next month. china is calling on washington to scrap land for barack obama to meet spiritual leader, the dalai lama. he is due to meet him on friday. beijing says that such a meeting will damage ties between the two nations. an appeals court in haiti has ruled that one of the countries most evil dictators could be charged with crimes against humanity. however, it stopped short of ordering a trial to proceed, calling for further investigation. he has been accused of masterminding the disappearance of hundreds of people during his reign that ended in 1986. this report i surely. -- shirley. >> in 2011, he returned. it was a surprise. the former dictator had been ousted by a popular uprising. hundreds of loyali

france's presidency expected in tunisia friday less than two weeks after the country. which sparked the ire of spring approved a constitution that indeed historic prospects did not seem so upbeat. one year ago in these mamas but constituent assembly was bogged down in gridlock and an outspoken leftist critique of islam is was gunned down outside his home. tunisia has been marking the anniversary shock read the lies murder two days after one of his alleged killers died in a shootout with police the united nations confirms it has struck a deal with the syrians to provide relief to the besieged city of bones and evacuate hundreds of civilians. contracts for eighteen months july two thousand twelve. you need is loyal to the rebels meanwhile conflicting reports regarding heavy fighting in the syrian city of aleppo is the miserable stormy was sent to prison to hundreds of detainees according to syrian observatory human rights group says the issue. ice is in the homeschool front that it suits the tv claims that the forces at war with the attack against two koreas which is und

. >> thousands of people, some of them in the portrait of a leader in tunisia. some are a patient in the school. i'm selling pieces of paper. they made it out, made it politic. >> is it about self-expression, is it about act vision. what are you seeing? when you go on the project site and you look, what do you see? >> what i see, when i see the portrait on the website, i see faces. wherever they come from, i see faces. when i send back, those printed on paper, whatever the context, it's a weapon or a piece of art. in some places self-expression is forbidden. in others it's on the top. >> how did it begin for you, was it self-expression. was it - you didn't think it was art in the beginning, did you. >> before photographs i was doing graffiti. that's vandalism. >> right. >> so i get - you know, it was self-expression but self, self, and i write my name everywhere. i realise the power of enabling other people to rite their own name. and i decided to do it with photography. by doing this i took what i was doing and adapting it to others, and paste it, enlarge their

you have that in yemen and iraq and syria in the sort of egypt and in tunisia they were talking about it, so you have people that call themselves republicans and there were areas that they wanted their children to. if the people were unhappy, the population growth of the social media, so people are aware of what is taking place. you cannot have the iron curtain situation. so, that chance formation is unhappy. however do they have the infrastructure or other infrastructures of society to transform? so the transformation of freedom is the question and the power of the authority and in the society you have the power of culture that is dominant yet you have a democracy which the power of governing should be the dominant process. so there are conflicts. the cover of religion or sectarianism you also have the emergence of al qaeda which doesn't allow the existence of the physical existence of others versus the globalization that promotes diversity and communications between the various communities, coexistence, interdependency. so that is where the key challenge is. you have the organizatio

they step on the road to lasting democracy -- tunisia celebrates its new constitution. it hopes it will bring an end to years of political crisis.

to the people so after that the peaceful protest was handed by the extremists like it happened in tunisia for example or like it happened in egypt when. the revolutions were made by western oriented people who were thinking about the more than a zation of archaic societies but as a result of the elections the islamist forces won here the similar picture it all started like a peaceful protest and then the extremists the warlords the field commanders appeared in kiev they started shooting this they started riots they started. real war in the streets of the european capital and when i saw the pictures on the t.v. screen i was really shocked it was not european capital it was oriental capital that what now i mean at this point is it going to stay together ukraine do you think it will splayed maybe we'll see self-governing ranges like in the united states where she throws in with this constitution well last saturday i visited kharkov. the congress of the deputies of all levels of eastern southern ukraine and crimea some journalists were calling this congress the congress of separatists. i woul

were at how do you you can't tell except of to see what happens when they try and in neighboring tunisia. things are not perfect but they do seem to have a democracy it's the power party in power is islam ist which is the means not respecting human rights not wanting to respect human rights properly but it looks like they're going to have another free election that's a sobering syria they have at syria things have gone horribly there we have iraq of course in iraq it wasn't because of a democratic revolution it was because of foreign conquest and occupation. the saddest case i'd say is egypt where it appears that they've gone back to the sort of military government that they had under mubarak just without mubarak but i don't know whether it's possible to predict these things and i question the idea that you can assert in a general sense these people are not ready for democracy maybe it's just that they haven't been able to win a democracy maybe they were thwarted in trying to set one up by various power structures and foreign influence but i think what that. me attest to is that the ques

reputation in siding with anti-government opposition movements taking place in sovereign countries such as tunisia egypt libya and syria but in the case of ukraine u.s. officials are actually flying over the atlantic to visit and possibly strategize with pro european union protesters a power play that critics say washington would condemn if the roles were reversed china or russia or any other great power or even a regional power like iran came to the u.s. and was encouraging the protesters there would be a hue and cry from the american media like you'd never hear of before they would say why are these people interfering in our internal affairs but of course the united states sort of has a double standard because it often interferes in the affairs of other countries and thanks nothing about it in all fairness critics say the u.s. does sometimes show restraint when it comes to foreign conflicts for exam. rain and deadly crackdowns against peaceful protesters have taken place the u.s. has a minute its own business america has also respected its right to remain silent as the saudi arabia recently enac

to the people so after that the peaceful protest was handed by the extremists like it happened in tunisia for example or like it happened in egypt when. the revolutions were made by western oriented people who are thinking about the more than a zation of our cake societies but as a result of the elections the islamist forces won here the similar picture it all.

if you look recently, we can see that tunisia and egypt have had very different outcomes.unisia is the one country during the arab spring that seems to have settled into a stable beginning of a new constitutional democracy in egypt has not. so when we look abroad, we have to remember what tocqueville is saying about us. and it's not important for us to have one size fits all as to understand why the pains of this movement are so extraordinary. going to the next light. and so the essential ingredient number one. structures to resist tyranny. this is from the full version not the abridged version. it is composed in such a way that represents the majority without necessarily being this way the majority's passion and the executives power that has the strength of its own. we will still have a democratic government there would no longer be chances for tierney. what an ideal democracy looks like a complex institution. let's take a look at this. this comes from a standard textbook. why are the three branches made in such a complex way? is a pro-majority or anti-majority in what he