by the way, it's not specific to the ottoman turks. the turk iraq nation during this period. the greek followed by a significant portion were doing he same thing. >> so that was the period tween 1980 and 1922 in anatolia was more disastrous than the great war. these dynamics significantly intensified under the conditions of the war between the greek occupation army and the turk iraq nation forces. by 1920, the nation has managed to create this moment in anatolia through skillful diplomacy. and they tried everything, right? now, they don't respond. hey were talking to the bull shi vicks. and they were against the common energy which was represented by meantime first and there had been experimented. many of them of course, ommanders. these policies at this time significantly contributed to the defeating the enemy. the nation's visit toik against the greek army marked the ficial end of ottoman -- approximately 900,000 ottoman christians and 400,000 greek were in a homeland most of them had never even visited before. despite the devastation, the empire could have survived. and it

the ottoman turks on the other hand seized on the first part. in a short span of time, they became very proficient at speaking in rhetoric against greek and armenian territorial claims. what is fascinating for me is that this process was not coordinated by the government or any other central body. for six months between november 18th and may of 1919, there was a remarkable rising activism. this activism was manifested and the emergence of hundreds of local clubs and civil society organizations. this in the former province of the empire acting outside the , control of the authorities. they embraced self-determination. they collected material, drew up maps and statistics, and produced historical and economic arguments. i call this fascinating process . is really unprecedented, peace makers to the great dismay of the turks the conference sanctioned and the esult of long discussion and mostly because of the dislike of italians sanked the greek occupation in may 1919. this represented a dramatic turning point in the twilight years of the empire, the

turks more often these days. sifu here is turkish. music too. but recently grass skirts and brightly colored shirts have become popular. nobody here can afford an actual trip to africa so they're happy to see more and more africans visiting turkey which would need. whenever we meet people from nigeria or sudan here in turkey we invite them over one of them tell us all about their home countries and cultures. of course we'd like to travel to africa or so. maybe someday destry more come true to goodness that it's. ok but you know chin yannick wants to bring about change here in turkey in 2018 he ran for parliament as a candidate for a left wing party. but he didn't collect enough votes to become the 1st afro turkish representative in the grand national assembly. hello. we're already more visible in many areas of society. now it's time for us to go into politics time for a black president told minister just a black but it. would look almost a good. coach in yannick thinks the time is right some 160 years after slave

like most afro turks they are of modest means they have little time to delve into their past . believes his ancestors came from tanzania but that's about all he knows what all of you are going to do but even if you do want to research it hardly any documents from that time can be found. through. the children haven't learned anything about the history of the african slaves in school leaders it's not even mentioned but they've had their experiences with day to day racism in the better mr cobb of course a lot about i really don't like to be in crowds. a lot of fallen by feel uncomfortable and frightened while the shitter. you know what it was a kid it was worse than budgeting admission to get i was trying to hide under a chair called to have had. the annual afro turk festival concludes with a big picnic the yonex try to get together with other efforts more often these days . the food here is turkish. music too. but recently grass skirts and brightly colored shirts have become popular. nobody here can afford an actual trip to africa so they're happy to see more and more africans vi

but turks of african origin like nick are growing more confident once a year they celebrate a festival in is mere with people coming all the way from the americas and africa. is mir's mayor also came to underscore his liberal image but many passers by are still surprised that afro turks exist. really these people here i wasn't aware of that. very few of the afro turks themselves know their roots forced assimilation has consigned their history and culture to oblivion now their descendants want to change that some years ago they founded an association for the purpose. of community for them with stood up so now we have been able to say who we are exactly of course we're turks were born here but there's more to it something was always missing. in a disadvantage suburb of his near the yannick family sits down to breakfast like most afro turd. they are of modest means they have little time to delve into their past . believes his ancestors came from tanzania but that's about all he knows all and if you're going to do it but even if you do want to research it hardly any documents from that tim

thousands upon thousands of turks and others some political dimensions related to the particular to the main kurdish. party in turkey all of these things have transformed the turkish landscape and i believe that today anyway it is important you know any pressure. any effort to raise awareness of the genocide is actually on the longer term can be helpful when the issue off the armenian genocide is discussed it especially by politicians it is usually treated as as a standalone devoid of the historical context a context which in my view at least is absolutely vital in understanding the genesis of those mass atrocities i mean the sitting mass expulsions of muslims from the balkans their resettlement in the natalia the resentment of income inequality that existed between their medians and their newly relegated muslim neighbors aren't all of these contributing factors lost in today's geo political bickering. but look ultimately i believe that scholarship is at the foundation of any kind of full reckoning of the historical context right and i believe that that you know scholarship evolves not

on the one hand and other nato allies on the other and then also tensions between the turks and some other united states in the west from the persian gulf so libya in some ways is a kind of conflict where there are also some local reasons why after in the tripoli government or at each other's throats but these outside forces will nominally allied to each other are also at each other's throats struggling for influence over after all a very oil and gas rich country and how do you think you talked about tattoo size how do you think this will impact relations with its international partners considering that some of them after a mess the port behind general have to well i think in some ways it reflects turkey's growing sense that really its european partners in particular in nato and it's hoped had hoped to join the e.u. they rather rejected it and so turkey in a sense is saying you've rejected us we can show that we can be rather awkward to you but also turkey is perhaps looking at a situation in syria where you have a kind of civil war that may be going to be terribly to an end and one

this is going on for a couple of hundred years between kurds and turks. >> mr. secretary, with all due respect. we had a situation that was far more undercontrol before than it is today. >> yes and no, congresswoman. if you recall from the earliest days when fds was set up under the obama administration, there was unhappiness, vocal public concern by the turks and made two previous incursions into syria they thought was a terrorist problem. >> and i know you've been your time, i know you've got to go so i don't want to cut you off, but at the same time i want to respect your time. i thank you very much for being here. we are adjourned.. >> keep going with worst catastrophe in the world today supporting the saudis. why do you say the saudis are our partners? look what they just did in pensacola. what about activist[inaudible ..."

russians and the turks and the us because turkey has been procuring defense systems from from russia and is always almost on the verge of being sanctioned by the us for doing so but it seems like they're going ahead regardless of the spot any of the of the consequences but it certainly puts the g.n.a.t. now in a position where boy with a aaa backed government the un backed government in a position that i never thought it would be in which is that turkey is really doing the job of the un security council who brought the government in tripoli into existence but has refused for the past 8 months to defend. a weather update next here on al-jazeera than anti-government activists in chile may get at least one of the atom bombs after violent protests that left at least 26 people dead. by. law i because it's probably the heaviest carbon footprint that we create as individuals and how one man's on such a saving the world is keeping everyone's feet on the ground. hello again welcome back to your international weather forecast what we are going to be seeing a mix of weather coming into play her

to get some concessions out of the turks whether that's in syria or any other point of conflict andto pressure the u.s. in terms of trying to exert itself russia exerting itself as the new superpower we've seen it in syria it's said it's starting to court the middle east it's russia wants to be seen as this alternative superpower so it's backed off that with the weaponry and mercenaries over the last 3 months that have allowed her to push into tripoli however it seems that following ago she was with turkey following discussions with their dog and after seeing that turkey is sincere or is serious about sending troops to libya in order to save surges government the russians have thought look at the end of it they are not going to win libya but i can exert my influence and out due to us in libya so i think russians are serious about this idea of mediation and have to will be very worried about these statements well let's talk about the timing of all of this because this offensive has been underway fair by my calculations 8 months now so why are we seeing this renewed interest at this m

thing syrians do not like the turks now if they don't want if they don't like the turks should make should should they kill their people this is another thing at the same time turkey wants russia wants 32 to 2 to detach itself from nato and would that require the this this inhuman action in killing civilians displacing tens of thousands and but you said the you came to syria to fight terrorism a few if you intend really to fight terrorism you should target those rebels those what you call terrorists not children not women you look at the picture now when people are just flooding into into the borders and they are not allowed to get into turkey no one accepts them this is a real catastrophe in front of the world with people talking about their priorities they have political priorities regarding this regarding that at the same time we are plagued by an irresponsible regime that does not care about its people and unfortunately it gets the support from a superpower called russia and trying to settle their conflict with the west at the expense of syrian blood that's very well that's that's clea

"i respect turkey, and i respect the turks, but i do not respect the turkish state.e like isis, they have similar views." the commander of kurdish forces, general mazlum, was equally worried. >> translator: erdogan wants to cleanse the area of kurds. he wants there to be no kurds along his border. >> do you think president trump understands the consequences of what his actions are doing? >> translator: i assume that he doesn't understand the consequences of this decision or doesn't have the full picture. >> reporter: then suddenly, a week into the invasion, president trump wanted to play peacemaker. sending vice president pence to broker a cease-fire with turkey's erdogan. >> my fellow americans, i greet you this morning from the white house to announce a major breakthrough toward achieving a better future for syria and for the middle east. it's been a long time. this was an outcome created by us, the united states, and nobody else. no other nation. very simple. and we're willing to take blame, and we're also willing to take credit. >> reporter: despite the gloating,

he didn't campaign on the turks — that was gove.tuff, if you are a senior level politician, you can argue that you're not an islamophobe, but you know that your words are being welcomed by people who are. and you also know that's going to have an effect on people who are sitting on the top of a bus wearing a burqa. i think he's either conscious of the power of his words and doesn't care about the impact, or he's actually not conscious of the power of his words. i regularly quote it to people what you think your biggest mistake was. speed humps. the only one i ever admit to. road humps! every time i'm going over a road hump with a taxi driver and my back goes, and i will say, "that is ken clarke's bloody fault..." quite right. the biggest mistake a politician could make is to own up and admit to a mistake because you will never forget it for the rest of your career. so that's not the real mistake? i will carry my mistakes to the grave. i do think the really important big mistake in the blair government was the invasion of iraq, which

safe zone in northeast syria and turkey has been left all by itself on this matter and frankly the turks and the administration feel very very betrayed by their u.s. allies and nato allies if it's given so much it's if it's receiving so little what's the point of still being a member of this organization that is pretty costly and that is targeting one of the countries that turkey considers so its partner which is russia they go still does have many values it is a $29.00 member alliance it's a huge insurance policy for turkey an insurance policy against want or against whom well that remains to be seen you don't know when you're going to need insurance that's why it's called ensuring the you you need insurance right now you just said that terrorism is a major security threat for turkey i mean you are dealing with it all along that receiving no support then the lot of criticism from your nato allies so again why do you need that insurance policy for 4 weeks you're a paying a lot and not get it getting too much in return your church that. it is correct and that's one of the things that need

if you start conjuring up millions of turks, wink, wink, they are brown and muslim, you know, we have stuck to all of this stuff about millions a week for the nhs but he didn't campaign on the turks. that was gove. when johnson was taken to task about letterboxes, burqas and all that sort of stuff, if you are a senior level politician, you can argue you are not an islamophobe but you know your words are being welcomed by people who are. and you know that will have an effect on people sitting on the top of a bus wearing a burqa. i think he is either conscious about the power of his words and doesn't care about the impact or he is not conscious of the power of his words. i regularly quoted to people what you think your biggest mistake was. speed humps. the only one i ever admit to. road humps. every time i go overa road hump with a taxi driver, and my back goes, i say, that is ken clarke's bloody fault! quite right. the biggest mistake a politician can make is to own up and admit toa mistake because you will never forget it for the rest of your career. so that isn't the real mistake? i

well essentially the turks are a backstop because there's much more international involvement on the l.n. a or huffed our side it's russian mercenaries it's u.a.e. funds it's russian dinars egyptian training maybe even french technical support so only the turks backstop the g.n.a.t. government yes the u.s. italy the u.k. and some northern european countries provide diplomatic support but it would have been nice if those more neutral countries were willing to support the internationally recognized government i only wonder if the g.n.a.t. did a good enough job in its lobbying and diplomacy to say hey we're over the barrel here we're between a rock and a hard place you've got to come through or we're going to collapse and that could have been a way to get more u.s. and u.k. military engagement rather than this very unsavory bad optics deal with the turks and to what progress if any is there on a political solution that everyone talks about being a requirement for india i can't say we've gotten any closer it's really one step forward $99.00 steps back when it comes to libya the u.n. proc

public concern by the turks about the relationship. and then make two previous incursions into syria to address what they thought was a terrorist problem. and none of these will addressed. >> i think it was a good. i know you gotta go. i don't want to cut you off but i also want to respect your time. and thank you very much for being here. we are adjourned. [inaudible conversation] [background sounds] [background sounds] >> weeknights this week we are featuring book tv programs on "c-span2". tonight, the theme is the supreme court, associated justice neil porches, reflect on his 30 year career and offers his thoughts on the judiciary and the u.s. constitution. justice ruth bader ginsburg recounts her time on the high court. speaking at the 19th annual national festival also the federals molly hemingway, and judicial crisis networks carrie severino, examine the confirmation of supreme court justice kavanaugh. in the future of the quote. question i, beginning any eastern on "c-span2". in the chart book tv this week every week and on "c-s

jeopardize the moves there but there is already a complex relationship between the russians and the turks and the u.s. because turkey has been procuring defense systems from from russia and is always almost on the verge of being sanctioned by the u.s. for doing so but it seems like they're going ahead regardless of the spot any of the of the consequences but it certainly puts the d.n.a. now in a position whereby where the tripoli but government the u.s. backed government and the position that i never thought it would be in which is that turkey is really doing the job of the u.n. security council who brought the government in tripoli into existence but has refused for the past 8 months to defend yemen's internationally recognized government says several people on its wanted list have escaped from the island of sumatra with the help of u.a.e. backed forces ample time the yemeni ion was stormed by and rocky supporting troops who then took off with those wanted by the authorities the governor of the island and the pain of not being cleared by the control tower are you a 1st deployed troops to

talking russia, china and more discussion about what the turks will do.upporting more action in the ba baltics and if you recognition the wpg and the headlines will be coming out no doubt with regards not just to turkey but china and russia >> thank you aemon javers in washington, d.c. what are the thoughts of the very big role of donald trump. >> it was a tense day yesterday. we saw the meeting with the president and macron from france i'm stuck on the picture here. you see president trump there standing directly next to president erdogan of turkey. that is the key question this is essentially a birthday party. there is no other reason other than to celebrate nato as an organization this is about deciding what their path forward is going to be now that we are in this post cold war era the president dealing with president erdogan of turkey over the past several months. turkey, you've seen working side by side with russians and forces patrolling with russians at a time when they are a member of nato standing in this photo of op standing next to the preside

so there is three main areas within this single block between turk street and golden gate avenue. the play and fitness segment on the north side, an event plaza in the center and gathering area to the south near golden gate. in this design you can see key elements identified by the community as for inclusion across the entire buchanan street mall. in yellow at the bottom of the screen is the first segment of the memory walk to tell stories of the neighborhood. new path lighting to support safety and encouraging walking through the space as people move through the neighborhood at various times of day, and new planted areas, specifically with healing and culinary her bees -- herbs. the space for welcoming at the cross streets was important to try to unify the space. they are not funded at this time. they will be in a later phase of investment. adat the north end a new play area. and a fitness court to encourage intergenerational activity. the playground includes a fence for safety and all ages swing. due to safety concerns over the recent years, most of the housing developments adja

the relationship good things can come of it i think what they are overlooking is the fact that the turks themselves would like to have a more independent foreign policy of the united states would like to develop its relations with countries like russia and iran in ways that are not necessarily in the interests of the united states so that no matter how the president treats turkey whether it's in this list this matter that the president does or if he follows the advice of members of the house and senate and sanctions turkey the turks will continue to. advance their own agenda their own interests in ways that they see fit regardless of the wishes of the united states yeah it's definitely as they say a relationship that is complicated steven cook with the council on foreign relations joining us tonight from washington d.c. even as always we appreciate your time and your insights thank you. my pleasure. well it was the world's worst industrial disaster but the description barely captures what help do in the indian city of bhopal 35 years ago in the early hours of december 3rd 1904 poisonous

in my discussions with the turks, their number one concern are kurdish terrorists, the pkk coming into turkey and conducting attacks on the turkish people. close behind that is the presence of two to three to four million refugees in turkey. their focus is a little bit different than others. >> could you speak to the whole government approach as well. thf is the armed services committee, but we also know if we don't have a full picture of where the state department is in this and their capacity at this time to be dealing with it, that that's a real problem for us. could you -- not asking you to be the secretary of state, but, please. >> secretary of defense is challenging enough. the state department in the context of syria, the state department is working through a process we call the geneva process that's bringing the key players together to discuss a resolution to the war in syria, the civil war in syria. that process has had its ups and downs over the years. i can't give you a current update as to where things stand. progress has not been sufficient enough for our likes, if you wil

the german government has regretfully taken into account that sanctions against north stream to turks stream initiated by the us congress they thanked german and european companies and are tantamount to interference in our domestic affairs we requested comment from the north stream spokesperson who told us completing the project is essential for european european supply security adding that the work will be finished as soon as possible e.u. also slammed washington's punitive measures saying it objects to any penalties against european companies that are conducting legal business comes as the main swiss contractor of nord stream 2 pulls out over washington's top penalties early r.t. saskia taylor told my colleague andrew far more about the story. but at the trumpet ministration sanctions have become a political tool of choice in the often simply. automatic reaction to anything that the president takes issue with in this case is apparently no different because president trump has officially signed a bill which will require him to impose sanctions on any foreign companies and individuals

this is another way for the turks to fight the russians by taking opposite sides.ase, they are on the right side by backing the yuan government that has been imposed inside libya. we canis there anything do with respect to russian influence in syria at this point, or is it a done deal as a practical matter? mark: candidly, it is a done deal outside of anything to regarding diplomacy. it would take a diplomatic breakthrough between the united states and putin to have his forces pull back. even if the syrian forces pull back, there are still around 30,000 al qaeda affiliates inside idlib. you have to ask the question, what will happen to them? will they just remain a cancer in the middle of syria, or does more action need to be taken, just more selectively and not with military action that puts you close to war crimes? david: historically, iran has been a supporter of assad in syria. what is the relationship with iran and russia relative to syria? like each other there, there don't work with each other there. uphold not want to bashar al-assad's sovereignty over the

had the information they had the evidence and every time the saudis mounted a story the turks would then release evidence to undercut that story and so he really will try i think and use this to influence and any any sort of going to an ongoing we with saudi arabia they have many issues that are contentious between the 2 countries but i think he will continue to be a pragmatist i think where we'll see pressure however from the turks on this question of of an independent investigation although i don't think that's going to happen the law there editor of online magazine arab digest bill thank you well let's bring in now al-jazeera senior political analyst bashar who joins us here in doha hi there marwan so if we can simplify all of this what was the endgame then for saudi authorities to hold this trial and publicize the verdict. well look for the last 2 plus years they've gone through basically 3 phases the 1st phase was denial they deny that anything happened that in fact there was more killing and so on so forth and then when the turks released the tapes and what have you they start

the german government has regretfully taken into account that sanctions against north stream to turks stream initiated by the us congress are coming into effect today after donald trump signed them off their effect german and european companies and our terms amounts to interference in our domestic affairs a country with 22 trillion in state dept forbids credit worthy countries from developing a real sector of their economy the american ideology of living on loans has failed to stand against a global competition something that's been demonstrated again and again by the u.s. treasury department issuing new orders for economic arrest soon they will demand that they stop breathing at once and many of them will. also slammed washington's punitive measures saying it objects to any penalties against european companies that are conducting legal business it comes as the main source contractor of nordstrom to hold out over washington's tough penalties earlier saskia taylor gave us the details. but at the trumpet ministration sanctions have become a political tool of choice now often simply an a

and convince the north stream to as well as turks stream will be completed so extremists that for launch in just 2 or 3 weeks will respond to sanctions but in a way in which we will not harm ourselves but we will definitely respond of course we will keep in mind when developing our relations i'm surprised the politicians reach such decisions which give no credit to high profile political figures the german government has regretfully taken into account that sanctions against north stream 2 and turks stream initiated by the us congress they think german and european companies and are tantamount to interference in our domestic affairs. 12 hundreds so he's 1200 kilometer long north stream too is being built from russia to germany through the baltic sea it will allow russia to increase gas exports to germany and europe and supply enough gas to power almost 30000000 households. sanctions target companies involved in building the last remaining leg of the pipeline and their main swiss contractors now pulled out of washington's tough penalties and old steam spokesperson told r.t. completing the

the german government has regretfully taken into account that sanctions against north stream to and turks stream initiated by the u.s. congress they think german and european companies and are tantamount to interference in our domestic affairs. the pipeline is being built from russia to germany to the baltic sea and will supply enough gas to power almost $30000000.00 households. the sanctions target companies involved in building the last remaining leg of the pipeline the main swiss contractors now pulled out over washington stuff and steam spokesperson told r.t. completing the project is essential for european energy security and says work will be finished as soon as possible the lone voice in its opposition to the project. the united states commands all our european partners who have taken a strong stand against north stream 2. and we commend others to do the same germany is totally controlled by russia because they were getting from 60 to 70 percent of their energy from russia and they knew by this pipeline if completed would make europe even more dependent on russian energy would gene