u. s. and u. k particularly was strong arming the afghan government on a range of mining contracts because they wanted companies from the countries to benefit from mining extracts. and this colleague of mine, all sorts of mine, was saying that he was in a room where he saw us and british officials pressuring african officials, senior afghan officials to sign a contract. now ultimately, as i said, all these contracts failed, no mining in any kind of decent, reasonable way actually happened because of mass corruption and the fact that there was a was on. and what so disappointing here is there's no real accountability at all. there's no real discussion about the role that nations like the u. s. and e k had and their embassies in cobble. i should also say alongside the question of mining. i also heard from the same source which isn't put next story in declassified australia, but i've written it elsewhere, is how often there was well awareness of the mass corruption that was within the afghan governmen

and it's something that i'm happy about. at the end of the day, the u. s. and the u. k. and the nato more broadly is beginning to recognize that russia actually has some legitimate security interests. and that's the good thing that's come out from this. go ahead fair. well, this is something they've always known, whether they're recognizing it now or not. but from the very beginning, this was aimed at both trying to put a straight jacket, ratcheting up all the nato alliance and forcing them into an aggressive sanctioned blocking the north stream to blocking other forms of trade. ah, and it, and it is still not past as a danger. i really don't know that if a false flag of provocation this much build up is very dangerous. and it was all based on claiming that russian troops were moving within russia within their own borders. i mean, is that while they're not at the same time nato as an aggressive us commanded military alliance, was pumping more and more troops, a equipment naval maneuvers into the black sea sea of ross. i'm really one area after another and all of that is d

u. s. delegate branding it the own, provoked violation of ukraine solver and see what the u. k. want a fresh sanctions marsh's you and i'm pass the criticize those reactions as highly emotional and reiterated that most goes focuses on the avoidance of war with me now in the studio is ortiz, donnie armstrong. danny, thanks for coming in again. so we had a range of accusations and we coming from the west. how did things unfold the security council meeting because it's no surprise that we see here, the usual suspects that have taken their roles in this ongoing ukrainian crisis. of course that the un security council, their emergency meeting called in new york, we have the u. s. u k, on the side of the west, promising a sanction is playing russia as the aggressor blaming these bush and threats. of course, as peacekeepers were sent into those regions of guns and done yet, because that was the reason why the security council convened this meeting. it has been pretty much a continuation of the history that we've seen over the past months. of course, the west bank jerome for warren and m

u. s. and the u. k, you have declared a diplomatic boycott over schuman rights issues, and wilson competitors, but no ministers or officials. meanwhile, organizers have threatened athletes with punishment for any behavior or expression that they deem in breach of chinese law, and will expect the io see to rigorously enforce its own rules. limiting protests, sasha, as our meeting is in the olympic charter, there are very strict rules. so for the middle ceremonies and during the competitions, political protests are not permitted. i fear, on other occasions like at press conferences or during interviews or on personal platforms, the athletes are free to express their opinions. but the athletes must be responsible for what they say. we know nancy g as in alpha, due to covered athletes and journalists will be kept insecure bubbles, while no spectator tickets will be sold to the public. organizers say health and safety are paramount. the law of course covey counter measures are still on top of our agenda. we

and the u. k. at the time, there was a lot of outrage here in paris and it led to a real diplomatic crisis. can you give us a sense of where things stand white now between australia and france, there are 2 different things there. again, one is the bilateral relationship between france and the radio, which was badly damage by the circumstances of the orcas announcement. and the other thing is that australia is a key player in the indoor pacific. everyone recognize that including of course, france, australia is a partner for the european union. we have corporations together. so as a key player and as a partner of the european union, it is natural that we should have invited australia. there is nothing special in it, but it does not mean that our bilateral relationship has improved. it is an invitation that was made by french minister and the high representative. it doesn't mean for us that the conditions are ripe now to restore the food trust that we had with those. try the before the orcas announceme

and i think that the, you know, the, the, again, the u. k. and the u. s. it's backfired. nobody wants to get ukraine into nato. now this is what can happen. go ahead, jeremy. well yeah, i think you're, i mean, yeah, and historically you see that, i mean, countries you know, make a calculation that aligns with, you know, the powerful united states is going to make things great for them. that will, you know, particular leader things that's going to be his savior. but you know, if you look at history, us will know, stab these leaders in the back when they're no longer useful. and yeah, i mean, they ultimately, it could, you know, so their own demise and i think you're right, you know, you cranes experiencing severe economic problems because of the situation. and i mean, i'm sure there's a lot of domestic unrest in the country right now. and happiness was zalinski, who came in as a reformer, but i mean, i think the corruption has remain and democrat is ranked. i think, very close to bottom world corruption index is certainly in europe. and i think he's losing his credibility v

u. s. and u. k. science rushes clear attack on ukraine sovereignty and territorial integrity is unprovoked. it is an attack on ukraine status as a you and member state rushes actions show, blatant contempt for international law. the united kingdom will be announcing new sanctions on russia in response to its breach of international law and attack on ukraine sovereignty and territorial integrity. so we kind of gotten used to these accusations and misinterpretation that russia is a threat, rushes, the aggressor, we've also, we've got usa, this rhetoric and we've also seen the west pays no attention to the increase shelling in the dawn bass region in recent days. and of course, no attention paid to the scenes of violence in the region. of course, it is worth mentioning, as well as president putin is address yesterday did start off with something of a history lecture. when he began that talk, it seems as though the west is something of the same. of course it will be, it is accused russia trying to rein

8 and fries their assets total u. c. second lucky, we will introduce import and export bands. it was on the 2 so called republics. either. 3rd, we will prohibit the issuance and distribution of russian bonds in japan in other douglas macklin go g vega. i got city but the situation worse and in the future. engleside, we will work with the g 7 and other international communities. we are going to quickly take further action sightings. so i mean offer more from a talker as journalist, michael and michael. do we know how or even if these sanctions will hurt russia? i, it's pretty clear that the sanctions will have almost 0 effect and in fact, they seem to have been designed to have almost 0 effect. so for example, one of the sanctions says that people from the, these are these territories in ukraine, will not be able to have visas to come to japan or not be able to trade with japan . well, clearly, you know, there's not much trade between donnette skin and tokyo. and right now, almost all foreigners, anywhere in the world c

because china's exports to the u and the u. k. combined almost 10 times greater than those to russia, with increasing restrictions on technology transfer and chinese investment and coles to reduce supply chain dependence on china. china's economy could face sanctions from europe if it becomes too supportive of putin over ukraine. china tries to not be seen as taking a clear sight while it's the economy is facing new downward pressure. and we have actually heard people during comparisons between the relationship between russia and ukraine and that of china and taiwan. how does that comparison go down where you are almost how many people feel for the situation in ukraine, and it's people's desire to maintain it. serenity and people here are watching closely if the united states and is l. i will help you friend, to stop the russian invasion with a psychological projection of a military crisis in the town went straight. though most people don't think that china would launch a war against high one. if a russell ukrainian war breaks o

and the u. k. over the troops been sent into the recognize we recently recognize, reasons of done yet can do hands. and yet, amid this build up intentions, both sides continuing to say they just want a diplomatic solution. so that any thanks for coming in again finance, on and across the channel in the you, russia is also facing fresh sanctions. threats over its recognition of the don years in the guns republics. european leaders condemned it as a violation of international law. his aunt is paula sla, with more details from berlin. well, certainly, sanctions are on the table, many in not only the european community, but internationally slamming the russian president vladimir putin decision to recognize the provinces of lou ganske and de next, the u. s. the u. k. and the e, you have all now pledged to impose sanctions. there has been a joint statement that was issued by the european commission and the european council. the european council president has held a marathon of telephone calls from last ni

u. s. and you will discuss the latest flaws the federal reserve has moved to bay and its members from trading stocks and even crypt joke in an effort to crack out on corruption among the top brass. we'll take a look at whether the new rules will have any impact, then your 2nd on this recovery is roaring back in the face of during inflation. later on will analyze the performance of both you k and the e. u. as tensions between the 2 sides continue, we have those packed here today. so let's get started. and we leave the program with the international reaction as russia moved to recognize the dynamic and lu gans people's republics. nearly 8 years after they declared themselves independent of ukraine. ahead of the announcement, the mo x tumbled 11 percent thing, it's a worst day since russia annex crimea, back in march 2014. now this move increases the possibility that nato allies could move toward announcing new sanctions against russia without an invasion, even taking place with the u. s. foreign

u. k and the e u. i tensions between the 2 sides continue. we have the attack show today to, let's get started. and we leave the program with the international reaction as russia moved to recognize the dynamic and lose dance people's republics. nearly 8 years after they declared themselves independent of ukraine. ahead of the announcement, the mo x tumbled 11 percent marking its worst day since russia annex crimea. back in march, 2014. now this move increases the possibility that nato allies could move toward announcing new sanctions against russia without an invasion, even taking place with the use foreign policy chief saying on monday, quote, if there is recognition, i will put the sanctions on the table and the ministers will decide there has also been hopes of more direct talks between the u. s. president joe biden and russian president vladimir putin. but while the white house said in a group, it agreed in principle to a meeting the kremlin. there are no plans yet for a summit. secretary of state anthony blanket said on friday that any mo

u. k. and also bags the u. k. is and to the largest to make the package of economic sanctions that russia has ever seen with new financial measures, we're taking new powers to target russian finance. in addition to the bank, we've already sanctioned these powers and they will not totally to exclude russian banks from the u. k. financial system, which is of course by far the largest in europe, stopping them, accessing sterling and clearing payments through the u. k. this 10 point sanction package includes asset freezes on some major russian banks, including the 2nd largest state and bank v t b. major russian companies will also no longer be able to access and res finance in bush. and at the same time, the russian, a non ill afloat, is no longer going to be allowed to be professional. here in the u. k, it will not be able to land. and then there has been the suspension of dual export licenses to russia and of some high tick exports. now, earlier we did hear from the russian foreign ministry spokesperson responding to

e u and the u. k moved, implement new sanctions against russia over its ongoing military operation. ukraine . the result has been continued volatility as investors brace for the impact of the latest tensions. ortiz trinity chavez has more today, market volatility continues in the wake of the russia, ukraine, crisis, western nations. now ramping up sanctions against russia, with steps including blocking some of its banks from the swift global payment system. russia's currency, the rubel, tumbled to fresh record lows. and the russian central bank has raised its key interest rate more than doubling it to 20 percent on wall street. markets are under pressure monday. morning futures for the s and p 500 index dropped about 1.4 percent. while futures for the tech heavy nasdaq, $100.00 declined roughly 1.2 percent. as the volatility index rose to with highest level seen in over a year. the pan continental stock europe $600.00 also felt approaching a correction. this while china's hang saying index retreated

the european union and the u. s. have previously imposed russian sanctions and more are expected if diplomacy fails. stock markets have reacted to the g o political tension and the stand off as res and fears of a wider economic fought out. us officials have warned of what they called the mother of war sanctions against russia and bow expected to include measures targeting that move hooton's in a circle. and it's time to the west. washington and its allies have also been discussing border sanctions against sectors of russia's economy, including banking and energy. the measures meant to hurt the russian economy, but it's fear they'll also affect those of other nations. of the crisis has already pushed the price of oil and gas off, but it goes beyond energy. the cost of metals used for everything from ca, making and out of tronics to kitchen where and construction have also increased. so have the prices of wheat and coal, one on the possibility of a sudden supply crunch. russia and ukraine combined to make up a quarter o

p u k. and the you moving forward with sanctions against russia falling its recognition of the don bass region. all of that is raising concerns that the u. s. could make it increasingly difficult for other nations to work with russia, which is the world's 2nd largest oil ex, border accounting for 10 percent of all global supply. joining us now, all the latest are boom, most co host christy i and josh young, chief investment officer and founder of bison interest. it's great to have you both on the show today. josh, let's start with you and i know that we've seen oil prices skyrocket over the last year as demand came roaring back while supply has lag behind. so what do you make of the continued response from opec plus in which the top producers don't seem to be too concerned about oil heading $100.00 per barrel? yes, a great question. um, so it looks like they might actually not be able to produce as much as they're saying. and so their lack of concern from one perspective might also just be that

u. s. and canada with a 3rd of those goods being auto parts. so this disruption now in its 6th day, has force some auto manufacturers on both sides of the border to slow production. now protesters are also rallying in the canadian capital ottawa, and this is the 3rd week and they've done. so. prime minister just intruder has been clear in asking them to leave. however, they appear determined to stay and police say there is no clear deadline for their removal. will have been similar demonstrations in paris. french police dispersed a convoy that tried to block traffic in protest against pandemic restrictions. they were rallying against vaccine passes, which are required to enter restaurants and many other public venues. at least 500 vehicles. the intercepted police checkpoint, but peter humor, they professor freelance journalist, he says, protest, as i'm motivated by more than just pandemic restrictions. i think it's a mixture of reasons embarrassed causes of course we have the anti faxes taken p

he is vice president, russia and europe at the u. s. institute of peace and a former us ambassador to ukraine. from odessa, hannah shall asked director of security programs at the think tank ukrainian prism . and in moscow by skype as possible, falcon, how're, he's an independent defense and military analyst, a very warm welcome to you all. and thanks so much for joining us today on inside story. william, let me start with you from your perspective. at this stage is war inevitable? war is not inevitable. mister putin has a decision he can invade, in which case there will be a war of major war and europe 1st time since we're war 2, or he can decide to negotiate. uh, that option has been on the table. he's expressed some interest in this, at least in some aspects of negotiation. so he has a choice of a war is not enough. probable the last we've heard from russian president putin was in a news conference a short time ago, where he said that we are ready to follow the negotiation track with nato on security guarantees. what exactly does t

and the e u r. demanding due process and rule of law. we hear testimony from uganda and satirist to alleges he was brutally beaten and says, the orders came from the very top. the son, most guy, no go.

u. s. and it's western allies seeking to further isolate moscow. russia recently used his power as a permanent member of the camps were to veto a resolution condemning moscow's actions while china, india, and the united arab emirates. all abstained with more now from new york. is kelly mop it the representative of the united states hurled a lot of allegations at russia, accusing russia of many things, and blaming russia for the entire conflict. here's some of what we heard. we need to take extraordinary actions to meet this threat to our international system. and do everything we can to help ukraine and it's people just this morning, president putin put rushes. nucular forces on high alert, even though he is invading a country with no nuclear weapons. we urge russia to tone down is dangerous rhetoric regarding nuclear weapons. now from there are a number of countries aligned with the united states echoed these allegations from the united states, placing the blame for the conflict solely on the

u. s. and u. k. have have together a crude invaded bond since world war 2. it's quite staggering. we, i literally con, name them all. the us was bombing, syria, and brian williams was, you know, foaming, gets involved on live television. if it's isolated, they will do that on every network. i am old enough to remember when they were invading iraq and they were doing the same thing. you had a live stream from a tank on cnn. this is who these people are. they are spokes person. they are the mouthpiece for the weapons manufacturers. so it's their job to sell war, and i know this must be very frustrating for americans because when they see bombing on live television, they're used to seeing their own troops do it. so when they see russia doing it to defend itself, it's weird for them. they don't understand it and it causes a lot of it's, there's a lot of emotions. and, you know, israel is bombing syria almost every single week. and i don't see anyone i'm seeing and covering that as a matter of fact, a few hours before rush along the operational ukraine, israel bon, syria and there was n

and over in the u. k, a 1st round of sanctions will target the assets of 5 russian banks and 3 wealthy russians. london is a very popular destination for assets of russia's wealthiest prime minister boris johnson bowed a barrier of further penalties. should russian aggression continue? i spoke early with theresa fallon, director of the center for russia, europe, asia studies in brussels. and here's what she had to say about whether these sanctions will be enough to make a difference. the big issue was energy and we need unanimity from all you member states. and before the sanctions were even announced, it was understood that both austria and hungry might be opposing it. so having unanimity was a big question, but that seems to have been overcome now. and also the key issue is energy issues because both france and i'm sorry, germany and italy did not want to have sanctions on energy. we've seen increased dependence in energy by european member states dramatically actually since 2020. so i think that this

u. s. and the allies have imposed sanctions against russia in the past. and yet we find ourselves here again after the annexation of crime in 2014. how effective have previous sanctions been in deterring russia? well, i wouldn't say they have been very effective. i think that the russian leadership is probably has a long term political goals and it's a building explaining strategy and in order to achieve those goals. so i think it's actually kind of has been general case, the manufacturer and not just against russia, but also other countries such as been you swale and iran, glen actually, you know, the sanctions often do not probably bring it as a defect and sometimes they actually inflict a lot of suffering under populations. so the sanction found a tool which has to used very carefully and given that they do affect people as much as they do, governments, could they possibly backfire here and not just affect the russian people, but other than europe to oh yes, i think it's going possible i mea

u. s. and the u. k. and we can get a little bit of what was said in the un security council from the us and u. k. side rushes clear attack on ukraine sovereignty and territorial integrity is unprovoked. it is an attack on ukraine status as a you and member state. russia's actions show blatant contempt for international law. the united kingdom will be announcing new sanctions on russia in response to its breach of international law and attack on ukraine sovereignty and territorial integrity. thanks for coming in, danny armstrong. now we got reaction from a spike co in the 2020 libertarian us vice presidential candidate. he said western involvement and the crisis will only make things worse. that i think that vladimir putin is the head of state of one of the least militarily, one of the largest powers on, on the planet. and of a, one of the, one of the larger economy, the former member of the ga and, and i'm, i'm sure this does weigh heavily. i'm not sure that anything that can potentially lead to a hot mil

u. s. and the u. k. is made it very clear that they're not going to send troops here. so just create one big headache for the entire population of the don bass and defacto, a headache for russia. that is that low cost to the u. k. and the u. s. in nature, nato, in general. and i think that's exactly what they're going to do. go ahead, sir. well, it is. let me just say it's low cost for the wars and for corporate power. you know what it is costing the people of the us. i'm talking about working people. the military expenditures are draining every every social program in the united states the day. they're huge source of profit. yes. and frank gas would be even more profitable, but the military expenditures very profitable at the same time, life expectancy in the u. s. is like 31st globally it's, it's one of the lowest in the developing world and 38th and in education, basic education. we could look at figures on infant mortality and maternity care housing infrastructure. they really reflect. it's kind of off topic, but i mean not having a reasonable health care system of

u. s. and his allies have doubled down on the threat of factions. the ukraine stands off. it's a took care resorted to of the past decade or so. it bought, do such punishment really bite and what's at stake? also this week of tension between russia and the west escalate over ukraine. your energy supplies in the crosshairs. national says the continent must, does this apply to be from away from moscow? but who could fill the gap? a new terrace weapon against the us, the war trade organization authorizes china to retaliate against millions worth of annual american export. washington says the ruling undermine fame. market competition. ah, a build up of russian troops along ukraine's border has kept moscow's rivals on edge wandering. what let me putin's next move is russia's president says he doesn't intend to invade ukraine. leaders in western capital say he might attack and a one the hi prize if he does order troops in the u. k. the european union and the us have previously imposed russian sanctio

u. s. and the a u. is there a red line? what would would see boots on the ground? well, only if, if a protein does not stop in ukraine, but would set foot into a nato members, let's say the baltics. then of course, the nato would be obliged to defend these countries. but the, the hope and the calculation at nato is at least that she rude not dare to do that . so far i felt rigate and brussels that, thanks very much on the cranium. president says, ukraine is not prepared to give up its freedom and will defend itself against the russian attack. let's take a look at how the early hours of the invasion played out. with dawn came the bombs, russia attacked sites across ukraine. the russian troops that had been amassing on the border for weeks started rolling in, recorded on surveillance cameras by ukraine's board a police brushes, leda. vladimir putin announced the military operation in a broadcast on russian t. v. he disparaged ukraine's democratically elected government and asked ukrainian soldiers to surrender. ukraine's president followed amir soleski introduced mar

and u. k. make predictions of an alleged russian invasion of ukraine. meanwhile, the security situation within ukraine is deteriorating, will biden, in johnson get their war? ah, to discuss these issues and more, i'm joined by my guess than deep is an in our slow he is a professor at the university of se or norway as well as the author of the book, great power politics in the 4th industrial revolution. and in budapest we have george, i mean, well, he is a podcast where the goggle, which can be bought on youtube and locals are generally crossed up rules. and the fact that means you can jump in anytime you want. and i would appreciate it. okay, let's start out with glen glen. let's get the lay of the land. we've been talking about this now for months on end, on this program, and we're very privileged to have un george talk about it so many times. so the way i look at the lay of the land is that we, it's basically 2 prongs. right now we have a rush is issues with security. it is address the u. s. a

and in the u. k. household electricity bills are about to sol by more than 50 percent off to the regulator lifts up price gap, potentially plunging millions of people into fuel poverty with choosing between the feeding myself and my family or heating it. this is another increase, this another bird in governments and with all right, just after 5 pm in moscow. now, and as most people are heading home with cranking up your top stories with this, our live or nazi international. so lavish opening ceremony has just drawn to a close in beijing, but that of the 2022 winter olympics, rather than celebrating a global sporting event. certain western commentators seem to have a well war and politics on their minds. let's learn more right now with aussie saskia taylor joining us in the studio. now. saskia, you know, sports and politics are supposed to be entirely separate entities, but it's not exactly what we're seeing right now in beijing. is it? well, exactly, if you some things were beyond politicization, you w

and that is why the u. s. president feels it is so urgent to have this call and why there is so much attention focused on there is this last hope that this call can potentially avert some sort of military clash or crisis. and that is why this dual track of diplomacy and deterrence, the u. s. and its allies have been pursuing, is really it's how there is hope that this can really be this last push to try and avert some sort of crisis. now to get to your question about evacuations, i think it's important to know that this is something that the united states doesn't want to use in terms of the word evacuations. in fact, the white house press secretary pushed back vehemently on this, saying that the united states citizens inside ukraine have since last month been notified that the situation is rapidly deteriorating and that they had the option to leave at any time. but since then, given this window, given the fact that the united states military intelligence suggests that the vladimir putin, although, as they sa

and agreed to do. so you now have countries like u. s. canada and key you up in countries including germany saying this. and as i mentioned, choosing selected are russian bangs. but britain has also admitted that they're prepared to take an economic hits in supporting such a move. this long running conflict is about freedom and democracy in europe because if we do not stop puting in ukraine, we're going to see others under threats, the voltage holland, moldova, it should end up in a conflict with nato. now the foreign secretary has also said that she believes that sanctions will take a long time to be felt. but from her opinion, this war could go on for a long time. she's also say she's putting a hitler together with so called hypnos of russia, ali gas to a closely associated to the russian president vladimir putin. and that they will have to quote no where to run the assets will be frozen and other sanctions imposed against them. and in the next few weeks, they will the, the u. k. will continuing adding names to that list. so this come

and both the short and long term that was james sweeney in new york. thank you. while the u. s. isn't alone and reacting on the nordstrom to baltic see pipeline has been controversial from the start. and now it's officially been called off, at least for the time being terminal or german chancellor. olaf schultz has stopped the certification process of the completed pipeline on tuesday, after russia formally recognized to break away regions in eastern ukraine. the 1230 kilometer nord stream to pipeline, which caused 10000000000 euros to build has been ready since september last year. but has yet to be put into operation germany withheld approval due to the russia ukraine, tensions, and it's shoving the project for now after moscow recognized the self proclaimed people's republic of luke guns, can don't ask habit. as i have asked the federal ministry of economy today, due to withdraw the existing reports on the analysis of supply security at the federal network agency taken as this may sound technical to give, but it's a necessary legal step. so the certification of the pipeline do

u. s. dollars and study. i'm pleased to tell the house that the united states is taking similar measures. and these powers would also enable us to ban russian state and private companies from raising funds in the u. k. banning dealing with their securities and making lows to them. we will limit the amount of money that russian nationals will be able to deposit in that u. k. bank accounts and sanctions will also be applied to better us for its role in the assault on u. k. overall will, will be opposing asset freezes on more than a 100, a new entities and individuals on top of hundreds that we've already announced. this includes all the major manufacturers that support hooton's woman. she further mo, we are also banning aero float from the u. k. next, on top of these financial measures and in full concert with united states and the e u, we will introduce new trade restrictions and stringent export controls, similar to those that they in of the u. s. are implementing will bring forward new legislation to ban the

u. s. france, japan and the u. k, but china has called on the us to engage in dialogue with north korea. yes, i diplomatic editor james bass. she didn't, judy of, she almost killed all this propaganda video has been ad in recent days on north korean t b kim john on is showing off his equestrian skills riding at speed on a white horse. but it is the speed of progress, his country's making, its nuclear weapons, and miss all programs. it's warring diplomats. there were 9 miss are launches in january a record in a month. and the most recent launch was an advanced intermediate range ballistic missile. ambassadors came to a closed door meeting the 3rd this year. before it even started though, the chinese ambassador made it clear he felt there was a vicious circle and the u. s. needed to do more invoking the summits that president trump had held with the korean leader in 20182019. they should come up with more attractive and more practical, more flexible approaches, policies and actions. we have all seen, we have all seen