u. s. coolant, beijing, to refrain from d, stabilizing actions. the u. k. government's plan to send asylum seekers to rwanda is facing a legal challenge. she what rights groups are calling for court junction to stop the 1st flights that are scheduled for next week? and those are the headlights of these continues here on al jazeera, after drug trafficking, politics and power. next ah, [000:00:00;00] ah, this is a puppy field. once cut, the cord of the clans, secretes a miraculous, milky fluid called latex based opium, used by man as a bomb for more than 5 millennia opium release pain and the pieces the mind. and that should have been the end of it. ah, for this drug would play a part in some of mankind's greatest upheavals, imperialism colonization, the cold war, and more recently, globalization without the backing of states. drug trafficking would never have existed. released into the heart of the system. drugs have dictated their own geo politics. in the shadows, secret operations widespread corruption. drugs are now part of the very flesh of the world's democracies. from wall street to the jungles of columbia, from shanghai to cabo cartels mafia banks. pharmaceutical labs and political parties have all lived of drug trafficking. the results of devastating whole population stigmatized or displaced families torn apart to day we stopped counting the dead. ah, this documentary series looked back at the sinew as history of drug trafficking, starting with opium, which the farmers call the gift from the gods. ah ah! at the turn of the 19th century, britain was engaged in a frantic race to conquer new territories and new resources. with cotton, t peppa and other commodities, the british empire liberalize the world in india, britain laid its hands on a particularly strategic resource. it was close to the city of benares in the ganges valley that the highest quality of opium grew. the british structured its farming and intensified production. with this opium, britain hope to win the power struggle against the world's greatest power. if the time the empire of china. china refused all free trade. it sold massive amounts of porcelain and t, so appreciated by the british, but bought nothing at all in return. there was march, the chinese china was the oldest, the operating carmen, the world, dating back millennia was a self contained economy. and so coming up with goods the, that the world's most advanced consumer economy, i needed that there was an impossibility. why the chinese elite had long, sought evasion. i stuffing that pipes with all kinds of spices, saffron, camphor, on one day opium. and it's whoops, his smoke could soon caused it, spent on chinese high society. in a panic, the emperor decided to bonnet the modern history of drugs started here with the prohibition of an addictive substance and the greed of the british empire. these substances have out one very powerful, an advantage from a cynical business perspective. so the fact the drugs are addictive, ah, it creates um, out of a lay, possibly a lou billing consumers. unwilling consumers. they let people literally get hooked on the substance. the next step was purely logistical. the british crown couldn't be seen to be involved in smuggling. so it gave the job to private traders the most avid amongst them, william jardine and james matheson loaded thousands of chests of opium on to their ships in india and set sail for china. the distinction between private mercantile interest and the government. these were not completely separate there, there was a commonality of interest as the age of imperialism. of commerce was good for the empire. the empire was good for commerce so, so these things very much. one together on behalf of the british crown, jardin and madison to scottish gentleman in embroidered waistcoat and patent leather slippers invented international drug trafficking. in the bay of canton, the 2 traders bribed the port authorities unsold that cargoes of opium to the chinese empress, worst enemies, the triads. these powerful secret societies had a single aim to overthrow the dynasty and power loop. humor, would you see? i'd done it. lavish, only the millionaire tells you, ah, there is in me and the thought to the few. it book over there to say it's issue this. she farina, alexander companies. don't said these are gonna buy data, or nobody's. if you get dupe you man. the play fake it to appear, man. they also selected job, you man kid of an m and on the title p. so they are on the pallet. these look him on the deeper gone the content that puts us, you know, in 1839. the emperor felt under threat. he imprisoned thousands of smugglers and had 20000 chests. the british opium destroyed jordan and madison seized on this is a pretext back in london, they convinced the highest authorities that war was the only way to open up the huge market. the china represented with a 3rd of the world's population. so in the name of profit, britain launched the opium was in fact, in china, many chinese historians day, the modern era from the opium wars. this is, this is one china, which had been a self sufficient empire for, for hundreds or thousands of years, suddenly becomes the victim of imperialism. the defeated emperor was forced to legalize opium and open up his country to foreign trade. he seated hong kong to the british, who turned the island into an outright opium hub. in 15 years, sales of the drug had risen from 3000 to almost 6000 tons a year. to finance this boom in opium trading, a bank was founded. the hong kong and shanghai banking corporation, hsbc these glass towers of the heritage of an era which saw the birth of what is now the 7th largest bank in the world in terms of assets and the job in matheson group. a pillar of world trade and the 1st business to grow make a rich from drug trafficking. the symbolism really was a bed. the colonial power was shoving opium literally down the throat of the chinese people and sentencing chinese men and women of 2. 0, devastating drug addiction to the ability to de lives that kept them often torn from their families, m. economy, deprived following the opium was uprisings broke out across china, resulting in millions of deaths. the empire sank into a slow agony to avoid the total collapse of its economy. china began growing its own poppies. china's borders were finally opened. millions of chinese fled to the world's main ports, light london, amsterdam, and san francisco. and they took the practice of opium smoking with them. so if the original san was that the west or western imperialist foisted opium on the chinese, the chinese and away had their revenge because with this great diaspora of the chinese immigrant community on opium smoking is transplanted all over the world are in the united states at the time of the gold rush, chinese work is provided easily exploitable labor. opium spread through the china, towns of the big cities are in europe. opium also made nations heddie. the drug would make the dreams of colonial grandeur come true. for various countries, france, the eternal rival of great britain, intended to turn into china into a modern colony, a mirror of its own power. it constructed expensive infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and railroads. the colonization re topic with the french budget. citronella as if i going to walk lagoon. you had been to our georgia in the house, hebrew, to be glued. he could do it out on local degree of know the quality. so what our shall do. the more do best use boy equally by law lobby j ah, in 1882 trans, started buying war opium in india and china and refining it in a modern factory in the city center, a saigon opium became a standardized ready to smoke product called sion. do on said in a 1000 or so stores with the r o sign that a she de la opium opium regime, france jealously guarded it's monopoly and severely punished any smuggling. the more opium addicts are wearing in the china, the full of the colonial coffin became the regime would supply almost a 3rd of indo, china's budget this lucrative model was copied by the other colonial powers. and the british spanish and dutch, soon founded their own regimes. the opium industry would run on full steam until the end of world war 2, dragging millions of people across asia. now there was opposition to this and this in the 19th century, one very important group opposing this traffic was of course the missionaries because they saw the traffic in drugs as being opposed to their essential mission of christian izing, these lamps. and so there's, there's certainly tension between the merchants and the governments and the imperial administrations that are interested in revenue and the missionaries who are interested in souls. this tension reached a peak in china in the early 20th century. the empire had become the world's largest opium producer, overtaking india from deep within the country. huge cargoes descended the yangtze river to shang i. within a few years, the port city had dethroned hong kong shanghai was the new well capital of opium. the european pow is controlled entire districts of the city known as concessions where the opium trade was booming. in shanghai, different qualities of opium were available. foreign refined opium coveted by the wealthy youth or cut chinese opium for the poor classes. in 190613 1000000 chinese people were opium addicts. it was carnage. a massive prohibition campaign was conducted across the empire the europeans, not yet antics of the drug, but of its trade ignored the band and continued business as usual. so china turned towards a new power. liz, emily got good credit loaded. i could to have were la puente. be sure. darcy, earth to base your new them or baskets from pottery poly postcolonial ellie's? i mean, i don't know, but clooney. bob ols on label for, say, equal pranks on, they say that they are the a, c, a, m, c, the hog above a body, obasi lee, lee preschool, toyota salt member law, her your daughter, debbie dodge, him said, what is it does need to get in the country sauce urge montague sonata in 19 o 9 in shanghai, the united states and china convened the 1st international opium convention. the european nations unanimously refused to reduce their production. but paris, london and amsterdam would soon reconsider that position. when they realized how far opium addiction had spread across the west, lou to out to 19th century europe had gone through its various industrial revolutions. millions of farm laborers had left the countryside and crammed into the centres of monstrous manufacturing cities. with the insular breast living and working conditions, the slightest comp became infected cases of gangrene increased. epidemics were rife, typhoid tuberculosis, cholera, doctors were at a loss. then suddenly the pain stopped from the tree to the poppy chemist managed to extract a miraculous substance. they named it after mafia's, the greek god associated with sleep and dreams. villamore fina le seemed as he's been a motor fina fall, not evolution. but alice conscientious if where, where more defeat gourne listed amanela the ent. and that it went bull a lot. edwin alex young in the law morale locally passivate. what full man? ah, in the mid 19th century, the german heinrich emanuel mac pioneered the large scale commercial production of morphine. within a few decades, his small lab had turned into germany's 1st pharmaceutical empire. to day, it's the 5th largest pharmaceutical group in the world. from 1861. during the american civil war, 10000000 doses of morphine were given to union soldiers. during this 1st massive blood bath of the modern era, the quality of war surgery also improved greatly. thanks to morphine doctors could ease pain, operate and if necessary, even amputate on the battlefield. the invention of the hypodermic needle accompanied this progress, injected intravenously. morphine grip tightened. patients no longer suffered but they became totally hooked. so the pharmaceutical industry set out to find an antidote and came up with a multi usage substance, which could unhook opium addicts, cocaine advocated by young viennese doctor sigmund freud, lecoq i, enough it unseen. one of them was only that, it, i'll not go. so common webber go more. go more gussie mackey kennels. have yet a leather lassie unsealed or beer. you would go to a pharmacy and you would the pharmacist would have a little jarnard will take cocaine and would dispense you cocaine for a variety of ailments. mm. cocaine. became a slight shit product sold in the form of an alexia ointment, spray or cigarette newspapers were full of ads. the main targeted customer was the well to do woman. she didn't work. so her major suffering was boredom. throughout the 19th century and in to the early 20th century, drugs became cheaper and people discovered that all you can inject cocaine or snorted up the nose. or you can mix morphine and cocaine and you can check them. and it's, it's, it's very, it produces a very powerful euphoria, a 8098. the industrial pharmaceutical lab via came up with a new opium derivative guaranteed a 100 percent. non addictive. results of the 1st tests performed on dogs were hardly conclusive intense drowsiness, a tendency of vomiting and abundant salivation by a nonetheless launched its new product under the triumphant name of heroine, recommended for the treatment of asthma and infant teasing pains. if you look at the history of more fane, if you look at the history of heroine, if you look at the history of cocaine, these things do not enter the world as evil underworld drugs. they enter the world as medicines. it's almost like a genie that escaped the bottle. there was no cue of morphine addiction was still each new product attracted its own band of addicts. throughout the 19th century, the industrialization of western nations turned living conditions, hygiene and education upside down. new work organisation practices place the individual at the center of their concerns. the 20th century dawned with new models . there was a, arise of the idea that the state had the responsibility. and in order to produce a strong citizenry for, oh, no term mobilization for national development. that the state had a responsibility to regulate how the body was used, the unfettered market in addictive drugs, was a real social problem and a real social evil that needed to control drug control, including prohibition, was born of the same progressive international movement that gave us the regulatory state that gave us the welfare state the gave us social reform that gave us protections for workers for unions. prohibition was finally enforced. the united states began by banning opium in 19 o 9. this voltage shot in san francisco shows hundreds of opium pipes going up in flames. in 1914, with the harrison act, the u. s. regulated and taxed opiates and coca products. indispensable for surgery from then on cocaine moving and heroine would only be available by prescription thousands of drug uses. he once built their daily fix over the pharmacy counter, didn't know where to turn to ease that terrible cravings. cl estella, the c bro. evil ist americans here. and so the amanda in school had it look as i must ask is a can it? oh unmet galvanic mcculloch, a viola lake. he can, this is done the split to sub you literally rescued me. nice to meet demand, the criminal underworld land. how to refine heroine in mexico, in the fertile region of sinaloa farmers grew. pop is to supply the american pharmaceutical industry. in the early 19 twenties, they saw new customers suddenly turn up. the 1st big figure in mexican drug trafficking was ignacio eso, alias la natur, she bought roar opium in sinaloa, and had it transformed into a brown heroine of mediocre quality by chemist in her employ. now natur set up her cla
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