so that was one of the ufw's strategies. but one of the more influential strategies was the boycott. so that is what his book talks about, about how the boycott emerged as a strategy. what is a boycott? it's when you prevent the consumption, right, of a particular product. in this case, it was grapes. so if you go outside of this classroom and you look across the fields, what do you see, right? grape fields. do the field of delano of kern county consume all of those grapes? absolutely not. it's a world market. so this is what the ufw did is they sent poor farm workers from delano to new york, to chicago, to canada, to europe where all the marketplace was for california table grapes and they went to stores, they went to consumers and they convinced them not to buy those grapes because if you did, what were you doing? you were reinforcing inhumane working conditions for farm workers, right? so his text talks about the evolution of the boycott strategy. so, again, to kind of recap that, these are some of the books that i read i

where the ufw was active. you need to understand the connection to the local urban history that i'll describe to you. so as i mention, the kccw. promoted racial integration. that was one of the big agendas. so what exactly is racial integration like that's just a term. let's give it meaning. let me give it meaning by talking about school. that's the easiest way to do it. so one of the chapters in my dissertation had to do with the desegregation of the bakersfield city school district. i mention this to you last week that the school district today is the largest elementary school district in the state of california. it's a very large district. and this particular photograph comes from po to mac. 1953. you see the teacher and you see the students. and what do you notice about the students if you look at their faces, right? . they tend to be children of color, right? a lot of african american boys and girls and some mexicans sprinkled throughout. my father, that's a why i show the picture. is the boy on the top w

the ufw through the nonviolent strategy was not passive at all. they wanted to engage the public, engage the media to get people to cover this story. i mean this is why internationally and nationally people today are studying deleino historically, right because it was the special moment of activism for the sleeping giant that we talked about. but let me also complicate that by talking about fear again. and i got this from a lot of oral histories, is you know for some families, right, who were undocumented, or for some families who were not part of the union, fear was a real driver of them during this era. where they did not want to go join the union because there was a fear of being punished by your employer, right? in some cases some people talked about the fear of being assaulted or accosted physically. but it tended to work at least with the oral histories i red from my students over the years where again they feared being fired, or deported. for joining the union. those are some of the big fears that people who were my students who lived the h

damian: i know that ufw has been strong in fighting methyl bromide, which they use on strawberries allle and whatnot. i mean, is this--i know that the national labor relations board has been implementing some--also some restrictions on what kind of pesticides are used, but the growers are a strong lobby and the growers want their pesticides so they can make their crops grow. victoria: exactly, like for example in bakersfield on cinco de mayo of all days, there were some farmworkers who got--who were sick and they were hospitalized. and this chemical was supposed to be banned during the obama administration in march, but this administration canceled the ban. so, you know, there has to be--there's some--i mean, they said because there wasn't enough evidence. and it was that pesticide that it's called chlorpyrifos. i don't know if you've heard of that, but it's really toxic, nausea. i mean, it gets you sick if you touch it. i mean-- damian: what does it tell you about this farmworker--i'm assuming it's a farmworker in san mateo county who was even reluctant to identify him or herself? wha