so if you were a private soldier in the union army, you had to be exchanged for a private soldier in the confederate army. and then once that exchange was made legal, you would receive notification to report to your unit within a period of time or else you would be found awol. and there was an elaborate system both sides had to agree to, to make these exchanges. so if you wanted to exchange a captain, you had to have six privates on the other side to make that exchange, or any sort of permutation. generals ran in the vicinity of about 40 privates. colonels, 15. lieutenant colonels, 10. majors, 8. captains, 6. then on down to one noncommissioned officer equals two privates. and making all this work because each side has a different number of prisoners in their possession early in the war, makes it difficult. so if you were captured in battle and you signed one of these paroles, probably you could expect to sit on your bottom for a long period of time until the government actually got around to exchanging you. because the negotiations could run for weeks, even months. so we discussed th

now this phase occurs during one of the darkest times for the union army. when in 1863, consider you're a union prisoner and you have been taken at chancellorville you're taking to annapolis and you learn that the confederate army is invading pennsylvania. things look really dire. you can go to the guard and say, hey, i want to rejoin my unit, let me out of here. is that guard going to say no? if he's sympathetic to the union cause he's probably not. he's going to let you slip out. so the guards themselves violate this second phase. the cartel phase. generals as well also violate it. one of the biggest abusers was robert e. lee. lee hated taking care of union prisoners. this was especially clear during the gettysburg campaign. when his army invaded pennsylvania, he was defeated and then he had to retreat back to virginia with nearly 5,000 prisoners. and what did lee think of the 5,000 prisoners? did he want them as part of his army? not if he is trying to get back to virginia. they are a detriment to his campaign. and immediately after he takes them prisoner

he becomes a soldier with the union army. when the war's over, he goes back home as a war hero, gets elected and eventually to the united states congress, as a congressman. so those people with a myth about african-americans joining the confederate army, they weren't about to arm them because they know what happened to robert smalls, right? robert smalls not only shows up at the union army, he shows up with his own weapon. and he becomes -- he shows up with his own weapon. he brought his own weapon to the fight. not only did he bring his knowledge, but he brought his weapon to the fight. so not only does president lincoln need these african-americans to help him win this war -- and by the way, by the time they put richmond under siege in virginia during the civil war, the united states general grant assembles the 25th army corps, which is 25,000 african-american soldiers. they're part of the siege of richmond and that's the 25th army corps is chasing robert e. lee on his way to appomattox. they flank him on the southwest side

he never surrendered to a union army. he said, men i'm going home and broke up and went back to the south. in the reconstruction, the myth making of the lost opportunity fed into nathan forest, where the slave owni much of it had been disseminated there was one man who embodied the average working who never lost and wascame a po. and uring the difficult period of c it in 1866 and 1867 there was a suspension of habeas corpus in tenne,peple rousing out republicans an freed blacks and nobody embodied this better than forest, the undefeated man almost single handily on a horse kept the southern cause alive. look what he said. this is in 1867 with the foundation of the clue clucks clan. -- clue clucks clan. there were a bunch of southern groups trying to recapture southern -- ku klux klan. there were a bunch of southern groups trying to recapture southern pride. but there was one, people rumored they offered it to robert e. l sub stain ated. -- sub stain there was one man the southern poor, this particular group were poor who

those individuals who have taken money in order to join the union army. they're induced by a pecuniary interest, not so much an attachment to the cause. and what do these bounty jumpers most want in their army service? what do you think they want to do? >> safety. >> they want safety. they want out of the union army. and they find they have some brethren in the confederate inmates because they want out of point lookout. so the bounty jumpers in and the confederate inmates start to conspire. the union guards actually start giving them weapons and ammunition. they let them build boats. and there are all sorts of attempts at escaping point lookout. of course, you're probably wondering how in the world did they try to escape point lookout? well, you had to swim for it, right? because you have to basically build a boat on the chesapeake side of the point, sail around the lighthouse and across the potomac river. the river is very wide at that point. but nevertheless, many confederate inmates attempted it, and some succeeded. one of the most humorous incidents oc

that's one really kind of hated group of officers in the union army. does anyone know the other hated group? >> border state officers. if you were a union officer from maryland or kentucky or even occupied tennessee, you were set aside from the others, drawn out to this prison camp, which was really just a building in the middle of columbia, south carolina, and that was where you would stay. again, it was very poorly sanitized, filled with cockroaches, poor food and cruel citizens who came by outside to mock the prisoners in their cells. one of the kind of shocking things for the union officers who were kept there is that it was right across the street from city hall. and every day they could see the city politicians out there eating fanciful meals out on the front lawn of the city building while they themselves were starving. one of those who was incarcerated was a lieutenant named freeman boley. we've discussed this man earlier this class. he was the white union officers who surrendered at the battle of the crater. he was nearly lynched by the citizen

and unlike the rest of the southerners he never surrendered to a union army. he said i'm going in the -- after the war the slave owning class had lost there was one man, a pop ewe list who embodied the average working southerner who never lost and was defiant and became. and during the period of reconstruction in 1866 and 1867 there was a suspension of habeas corpus. and no one defined this better than forrest. the man who almost single handedly on a horse kept the southern cause alive. look what he said. this is in 1867 with a foundation of the ku klux klan. they would have been like any other failed white group. the order of the white camellia. there is a bunch of southern groups trying to recapture southern pride through racial solidarity and resentment at freed blacks. they were all pretty much a failure. but one of them the ku klux, this clan people rumored they offered it to robert e. lee and lee said ask forrest. but there was one man that everybody thought embodied the bitterness and the grievances of the southern poor. these were poor white people who

he becomes a soldier in the union army. he goes back home, ee electriced to state legislature and eventually to the united states congress. as a comeman. so, those people who had this myth about african-americans joining the con fet rat army. they weren't about to arm them because they know what happened to robert smalls, right? he not only shows up at union army, he showsed up with his own weapon, his ship. >> that's right. >> and he becames -- he shows up with his own weapon. he brought his own weapon to the fight. not only did he bring his knowledge but he brought his weapon to the fight. robert small showed it all. they weren't about to arm these people. not only does president lincoln need these african-americans to help him win this war -- by the way, by the time they put richmond under siege during the civil war, the united states general grant assembles the 25th army corps, which is 25,000 african-american soldiers. their part of the siege of richmond. and they are chasing robert e. lee when he leaves richmond on his

they want out of the union army. and they find they have some brethren in the confederate inmates because they want out of point lookout. so the bounty jumpers and the confederate inmates start to conspire. the union guards actually start to give them weapons and ammunition. they let them build boats and they're all sorts of attempts at escaping point lookout. you're probably wondering how in the world did they try to escape point lookout? well, you had to swim for it. because you have to basically build a boat on the chesapeake side of the point, sail around the light house and then across the potomac river. nevertheless, many confederate inmates attempted it and some succeeded. one of the most humorous incidents occurs where a confed rat inmate fakes his own death. when they line up the dead at the dead house, you know, they just kind of pile them outside the stockade. one confederate soldier, he just put himself prone, remained still for the entire evening and then grabbed a coffin. used the coffin as a boat to tr

two months later, what happens but the union army marches into that city. now, she is a paroled prisoner of war. and she is basically obligated to kind of stay out of the action. but yet there are union soldiers in her hometown milling about. how do you think they treat her? >> badly. i an, these union soldiers should treat this prisoner with respect. but they know what she's going to do. when she's finally exchanged, she's going to go back and join stonewall jackson's army. so is she just going to sit there and endure these union soldiers jeering at her, probably stealing all of her personal possessions and her chickens and cows and what have you? no. she's not going to sit there and take it. she's going to be probably eagerly awaiting the opportunity to rejoin her army, and she'll do it. and since the union army can do nothing to check to see if she's adhering to her parole, she'll do it. so think about this. if she violates her parole and she's captured a few weeks later at one of the other battles in the shenandoah valley and a union soldier captures her

and they attacked at dawned they almost broke the right side of the union army. what i would like to do at this point not talk about the tactics, but talk about how this battle affected four people who were there in a way that i think affects all of us in this room right now. i should say before we start, there was a lot of famous people here, two future presidents, who i'm not going to talk about, grant and garfield, two great explorers, stanley, the african explorer, and john wesley powell who recorded the colorado river exploration, so there was a lot of people here. one was william sherman. when the battle started at 5:30 in the morning, william sherman was all through. he was probably the most brilliant military man in the history of american military operations, but not at shilo that morning because he had a checkered career, he retind a few -- resign a few years earlier, everything he did revealed his natural brill yens and he failed. -- brilliance. and he failed. he failed at everything. he failed as a banker, a farmer, a shopkeeper, he went down to louis

and among other things, asked douglass to become the leader of an effort in cooperation with the union army and the war department to funnel as many slaves as possible out of th out of the upper south and behind union lines and into the north. a gradiose plan. to get as many slaves out of the upper south as much as possible before election day in november, because if he losies the election, they will turn around the emancipation and the war would be lost. douglass was stunned. here was abraham lincoln. he attacked lincoln for two and a half years or three years. although not in the past year. here was abraham lincoln looking eye-to-eye saying will you funnel the slaves out of tme. douglass said, sure, thank you very much. he went back up north. he sent telegrams and letters across the north. he was trying to put together a team of people. he did for a week or two that would be the agents of the system. and then came the fall of atlanta. and that whole plan was just completely ignored. and sheridan's successes in the shenandoah valley. that plan was never put in place. the idea that lincoln

union. so in a place like harpers ferry, virginia. it is the town that changed hands most often during the civil war. something like 30 times. every time another army took a town, the soldiers would go do two things. have a lot of liquor and burn down the newspaper. the union troops burned down pro-southern newspapers in kentucky, mississippi, georgia, and confederate troops burned down newspapers in pennsylvania and maryland. >> how much do you think control of the press affected the outcome of the war? and this is a question of steven kay's daughter. she gave me this as i sat next to her. >> that's a very, very good question. i'm so sorry she asked it because it's a hard one. i think the original suppression and i did it out of order chronologically, i decided on my own dramatic arc tonight. but the first acts encouraged the administration to conduct more such acts. lincoln suspended the writ because union soldiers on the march to washington were attacked on the streets of baltimore. where he himself had been threatened and decided not to go publicly through baltimore. people died. massachusetts volunteers, on the very train crossing that he was

the reality is that blacks served in both armies, that of the union and that of the confederate army. about 186 thors blacks -- 186,000 blacks served in the union army. and i tell of accounts of extreme valor performed by these black union soldiers. what about on the confederate side? we do not have good data to give you a firm number. you see estimates as low as 10,000 in the confederate army of blacks and as high as 930,000. i don't know what the correct number is. probably somewhere between those two. even if blacks served in the confederate army, they only served in nonmilitary roles. myth or reality? another myth. i learned early on, by researching the official records of the rebellion, those volumes, those 128 volumes published by the united states government following the war that it contains the official records of the war. battle reports. you don't have to do a whole lot of research when you get in those and you'll find battle reports where a federal officer will report that his troops were fired on by black confederates. it's in the official records. so, it's surprising to m

other things, asked dougl dougl douglass to boecome the leader after effort in cooperation with the union army and the war department toy funnel as many slaves as possible out of the border states, out of the upper south behind union lines and into the north if possible. a grandiose plan that god knows how this would ever work but to get as many slaves out of the upper south as possible before election day in november because if he loses the election, he fears that mcclellan and the democrats will turn around the policy of emancipation and the war will be lost. douglas was stunned. i don't know another way to put it. here was abraham lincoln. he had attacked lincoln for the past 2 naf years, three years. here was lincoln looking eye to eye with him and said will you funnel as many slaves out of the south as possible, be a new sort of john brown for me? douglass said sure. thank you very much. he went back up north. he sent telegrams, letters all across the north. he was trying to put together a team of people and he did for a week or two that would sort of be the agents of this system. and the

army. which meant that if you're a union soldier and you did not want to spend time in a prisoner of war camp, it might be better to run from the enemy than to fight and perhaps face captivity. and one of the reasons we were kind of talking about for the struggle the union army had during the overland campaign made the argument that by the end of it, these armies were kind of in a really poor shape. one of the things the union soldiers were understanding was that if they surrendered, they would go to andersonville which is something they did not want to do. it was probably in their best interests if they wanted to survive to run if the battle did not look like it was going their way. now, for african-american soldiers, the fort pillow massacre gives them a justifiable reason to retaliate. and when african-american troops go into battle, oftentimes they go in under this desire no the to take confederate prisoners for retaliation of what had been done to their race back in april 1864. so many african-american

if there are standards, they are, number one, endangering union armies either on the march to washington or in hostile territory. >> there was a concern about the effect of speech on recruiting and desertion. >> yes. there was a concern that the expressions of -- >> was it an excuse they used? >> would have limited volunteerism and created more objections to the draft, such as we saw flame into violence in new york and some upstate cities in connecticut in riots that took place when the draft was first instituted. >> but what was the legal standard? what was the articulated standard? >> the legal standard -- i shouldn't have said let there be no noise and light, whatever that anecdote was. i'm paying the price. the legal standard was the law of war, as lincoln put it. he was the commander in chief in the time of a rebellion. that gave him leave since the ability to suspend the writs ambiguously written, it's in the congressional section, no one knows why it's in the congressional section. it doesn't mention congress. so he had the right to suspend the writ in an absolute emergency. he co

army. but as bob crick reminded us, it was not really a good dayall day for stonewall jackson who had a part to play and decided not to. the union general, mcclellan, after glendale, sent this message to the war department. notice the tone. i shall do my best to save the army. but we know that well before the battles of glendale and malverne hill, george mcclellan's conception of how victory could be won was badly shaken. this ld historian once again provides his insights into the character of this general who was actually just too closely wedded to his preconceived notions of how war should be fought. in a chapter with a marvelous title "billy yanks chickahogany blues" the historian writes, the failure of mcclellan's peninsula campaign was not alone a military failure. it represented also the downfall of the limited war for limited ends that mcclellan favored. from now on the north would fight not to preserve the old union but to destroy it and build a new one on its ashes. a concept so dear to men like mcclellan when eventually reconciliation some sort of gentleman's agreement was being washed away by increasing tides of blood

argue today and for years to come about this thing called self-emancipation versus lincoln and the union army as emancipators, but in the end going back to jim mcpherson, the question that appears as the subtitle of his book, how american negroes felt and acted during the war for the union remains as urgent as it was nearly 50 years ago when he wrote that book. perhaps more importantly, it is a part of mcpherson's life in american history. it's a part of his rearchiving of american history itself. i recall finally, and to close the memorable and all sided description of the formal surrender of lee's army that appears in battle cry of freedom. whether northern general joshua chamberlain orders his men to shift to carry arms as a salute of honor, while the confederate general gorton leads his men to this formal surrender, mcpherson writes, quote, these enemies in many a bloody battle ended the war with shame on one's side and exultation on the other but with the soldiers salutation and fairwell. it's that kind of salutation and fairwell, with no shame, that i think mcpherson walking the battle

they almost broke immediately the right side of the union army. what i'd like to do at this point is not talk about the tactics but how this battle affected four people who were there in a way that i think affects all of us in this room right now. i should say before we start, there was a lot of famous people here. two future presidents, ulysses s. grant and james garfield fought there. henry morton stanley, the african explorer and john wesley powell who found or recorded the colorado river exploration. but one of them was william sherman. when the battle started at 5:30 in the morning sherman was all through. he was one of the most brilliant military mind in the history of american military operations but not at shiloh that morning because he'd had a checkered career. he had resigned a few years earlier from the military. he had gone out to california in the gold rush. it revealed his natural brilliance and he failed at everything. he failed as a banker and as farmer and a shopkeeper. he went down to the louisiana and had an academy the future l

there are fewer than we think bus over 90% of the union army and # 0% of the confederate army could read and write. so literacy is such a small thing as we might thing but there are illiterate soldiers in both. so they're harder to get at. there are now people in regiments who write for illiterate soldiers. the people who are least likely to be literal are black soldiers so those are the voices that are hardest to get at that needed the most digging, and there are a couple of ways to get those. one is the family-somebody in the regiment could write for others. the other is that black soldiers who could write, often wrote into northern black newspapers so columns and columns of black soldiers' letters in northern free black newspapers. i got it that way. sometimes black soldiers will hold public meetings, and together they will come if with a series of resolutions, things we agree on, and somebody will wrote those down and record a vote or a reaction, and so it's not the same as writing to your sister, but it's there. so those are the soldiers that are there, purposely there because they'

that led to the battle of gettysburg, by reading the philadelphia newspapers, to know where the union army was moving. in short, lincoln circumvented the constitution to save it. but he always did believe that once saved, it would again reign, as he put it, lest there be some uncertainties, after the rebellion is suppressed, the executive deems it proper to say it will be his purpose then as ever to be guided by the constitution and the laws. because as he said it in a joking way, no sick patient ever developed so strong an appetite for medics during a temporary illness as to persist in feeding upon them through the remainder of his healthful life. and raymond of the times who cheered the closing of newspapers agreed. the temporary surrender of these rights is a small price the pay for their permanent and perpetual enjoyment. in any future great national trial, lincoln predicted, compared to the men of this, we shall have as weak and as strong, as silly and as wise, as bad and as good. let us therefore study the incidents of this as philosophy to learn wisdom from, and none of them as wron

one is a letter of soldiers so there are few of those they we think because they were 90% of the union army and over 80% of the confederate army can read or write and so literacy is not such a small thing as we might think that there are aliterate soldiers in both, so they are harder to get at. there are people in the regiments that right for a literate soldiers and i did read those kind of letters. the group who is most were least likely to be with it are the black soldiers and those are the voices that are the hardest to get at. those are the ones that needed the most digging and there's a couple of ways to get at those. one is the same way there's somebody in the regimen could broke for others. the other is soldiers that could write often wrote into the northern and so there are columns of black soldiers letters in the newspapers i got them in that way. sometimes black soldiers will hold public meetings and together they will or all soldiers come up a series of revolutions, things we believe together and we agree on and everybody will write the astana had record a vote for a reaction. so

it was even so specific as to mention each parish in louisiana where the union army was in charge at the time of the emancipation proclamation, and so it didn't apply to what was called rebel territory. and so it literally didn't have the ability to free anybody, and besides that, the president at the time didn't have the ability to end slavery. that would have had to have been a constitutional amendment, which is what happened eventually. but that's one of the great myths of american history, i think. >> put professor dilorenzo into context? >> he's right, the emancipation did not end slavery, but it did call for the freeing of various enslaved people in the areas still under confederate control. he is right that a number of african-americans, a great number of african-americans freed themselves long before the emancipation proclamation was issued by going to the union lines, yes, the emancipation proclamation is not the first effort to make black people free. the first consultation act helps with that, the second consultation act helps with that as well. but what the emancipation p

areas loyal to the confederacy teetering between southern or northern control or occupied by the union army or supervised by war governors or military governors, we can add the following to the litany. participating in or failing to prevent mob attacks against newspaper offices. official censorship, the of battlefield reports, the banishment of some, the humiliating punishment of others. if anything, i think historians have not made a full audit. they focused on two or three landmark cases which are often viewed as mistakes later corrected. most scholars have assessed the curtailment of press liberty during the civil war as surprisingly infrequent and usually justified. i'm going to suggest tonight the effort was actually far more widespread than we've understood, though it did remain always supremely disorganized and ad hoc. and you'll decide on the justification yourself. i'm going to propose the repression was actually supported not only by most of the union public, the loyal union public, although in a constitutional issue, that doesn't matter so much. but also by many newspaper editors

how many times would you have heard that from union army commanders at this stage of the war? maybe from one other whose name last name has five letters starting with g. but not from most of the others. but it was becoming a slogan of the navy and especially of ferigate. at 2:00 a.m. on april 24, 17 of his ships carrying guns began moving upriver. with the flagship, the uss hartford in the middle of fleet. the mortar fleet and the five gun boats that towed them stayed behind to keep down the fire of the forts while the ships of the three divisions also opened fire as they approached the forts. these forts began firing on the ships as they approached. as the first ships got through the confederate gun boats also engaged. in this melee scores of shells were in the air and exploding at the same time in what was surely the most spectacular fireworks display in american history to that time. the captain of the gun boat that first passed the forts described his experience in his official report. we were struck from stem to stern. at length we were up close with st. phillipe when we

this time joe johnston has begun a withdrawal up the peninsula and there's a not a dry sock in the union army. that's the way they describe the effect of the weather on troop movement. lee by this time has adopted, and actually jefferson strateg offensive defense, that is, allow the enemy to penetrate your soil. initially jefferson davis said we'll not give up a single inch of our soil. well, that's impractical. and it didn't work out that way either. so, you allow the enemy to penetrate, but then you -- in circumstance of your choosing when the enemy is lost or has made a mistake or can be numbered or you can attack the enemy's fractions with your mast, you attack, the offense. go on the offense.

this time joe johnston has begun a withdrawal up the peninsula and there's a not a dry sock in the union army. that's the way they describe the effect of the weather on troop movement. lee by this time has adopted, and actually jefferson davis as well, the strategy of the offensive defense, that is, allow the enemy to penetrate your soil. initially jefferson davis said we'll not give up a single inch of our soil. well, that's impractical. and it didn't work out that way either. so, you allow the enemy to penetrate, but then you -- in circumstance of your choosing when the enemy is lost or has made a mistake or can be numbered or you can attack the enemy's fractions with your mast, you attack, the offense. go on the offense. davis believed in that strategy i think, and this is gravely oversimplified, davis said we will outwill the united states. we will exist. every day we exist we're winning. the united states is losing every day we survive. and the longer we exist, the more regular we will seem to the rest of the world and even to our enemies. and if all else fails, we will just abandon conv

when general lee turned down the command of the union army in the spring of 1861, did he have inkling that he would take over command of the southern army? >> i don't think so. i think he turned it down because there was some irony here because he really just did not like conflict. he doesn't respond well to conflict and he does so because he can't handle conflict, what kind of conflict, you ask. he would have had war on his neighbors and relatives and he's going to do that. he would have spent the rest of his life explaining to the people he cared about and loved why he had turned on them and so i think he really thought he was fighting and offering himself his professional experience and capacity for his friends and neighbors. >> we're going to take calls. archibald is in jackson, mississippi. archibald, go ahead with your comments or question? >> is born and bred in virginia right down the road where jeff stewart was born. by the grace of god i'm a virginian. my father came down and never went back. he came back and married a southern bell from virginia and it was concerned by this

faragate's reference here was to ironclad boats and supported by the timber clads which worked with union army in the capture and moved into mississippi where they helped capture island number ten and destroyed the confederate river defense fleet at memphis and captured that city in early june, 1862. foot had been wounded in the angle at ft. donaldson and by may, 1862, his wound was giving him so much trouble he took a leave and was replaced by charles davis. at the end of june and beginning of july, 1862, the two union fleets rendezvous at vicksburg. they tried to capture that river fortress which had by then become the confederates principle on mississippi. deciding to test vicksburg defenses, faragate steamed upriver with broad sides blazing while the scooners stayed behind to pound the positions. the river was now dropping so they had to begin this maneuver at dawn on june 28th. all but three of the ships made it past the batteries at the cost of ten men killed in the fleet. faragate was again lucky not to be one of them for the hartford was riddled from stem to stern. fairgate just climbe

author gary joiner on the union army failure in louisiana from one damn blunder from beginning to end, the red river campaign of 1864. then a look at 200,000 books from a book collection at the lsu shreveport archives. a walking tour of shreveport and bulger city. and american history tv, sunday, 5:00 p.m. eastern, from barksdale air force base, a look at the base's role on 9/11 and a history of the b-52 bomber. physical it the founding father's autograph collection at the louisiana state museum. and from pioneer heritage center, medical treatment and medicine during the civil war. shreveport, louisiana, next weekend on cspan2 and 3. next is a film produced in 1974 by the u.s. army. portions of the film were reported in the pentagon in the hall of heroes. the hall of heroes was dedicated in 1968 by president lyndon johnson and contains the names of the recipients of the medal of honor. the film aired as part of the big picture series on abc television from 1951 through 1975. the series focused on historic battles, figures and traditions in u.s. military history. >>> the long years str

saturday starting at noon eastern on book tv on c-span2, author gary joiner on the union army's failurelouisiana from one damn blunder from beginning to end, the red river campaign

during the civil war she became the first african-american nurse for the union army. taylor was the only black woman to publish a memoir of her experiences during the war. this book still provides important insight into the african-american union regiment today. log on to wusa9.com for moments in black history and to find black history month events. >>> welcome back. it's 4:55. it's a cold, frosty morning. by noon we'll warm up in the upper 40s. high around 55. the 3:00 p.m. temperature of 53 degrees. pretty quiet still on the roads this morning. let's go to monika samtani for more. >>> it is quiet. here's the roosevelt bridge basically between the beltway and the river. very nice and light. no problems to report on the beltway between annandale and tysons corner. more at 5:01. >>> after more than a decade of talking about it, plans are now in the works to revitalize the city of college park. the plans call for new development for the university of maryland's east campus. they include a four-star hotel, graduate student housing complexes and some upscale restaurants. t

author gary joiner on the union army failure in louisiana. the red river campaign of 1864. then a look at the over 200,000 books housed at the lsu archives. then a walking tour of shreveport with neil johnson. then sunday at 5:00 p.m., from barksdale air force base. a history. then visit the founding fathers autograph collection. then from the pioneer heritage center, medical treatment during the war. shreveport, louisiana. this weekend on c-span. >>> and now environmental protection agency administrator lisa jackson on the president's 2013 budget request. this hearing is a little more than three hours. >> i like to call today's hearing to order. this is a hearing on the fy 2013 budget request for epa, we only have one witness today. and that is the honorable lisa jackson, who is the administrator of epa, and ms. bennett is there to provide additional information if she is needed, which she probably won't. we are delighted to have you here as well, i'm recognize myself for three minutes for the purposes of an opening statement. this is a joint hearing of the sub committees

history and that is that virtually every state in the south had regiments that remained loyal to the union army. the state of tennessee had 36,000 soldiers who remained in uniform. they didn't commit treason and try to rebel against their union. nobody ever says anything about them. and so what we hope is that in this grand march down pennsylvania avenue elements of those regiments will march with us in the victory march down pennsylvania avenue. i want all of you all to help us in the whole states. this was a great period of american history. it made america a good place for everybody to live. let me say congresswoman norton, she'll appreciate this, i was in alabama back in march speaking to a very large integrated group talking about how i thought the civil rights movement had been the civil war and civil rights movement helped change america and make america a better place, including alabama. it's a bit of a stretch. in alabama, the civil rights movement made alabama a better place. i said if you don't believe, imagine what would happen if the university of alabama had to get rid of all of i

saturday starting at noon eastern on book tv, author gary joyner on the union army's failure of louisiana "from one damn blunder from beginning to end." and then a look at the over 200,000 books of john smith nobel collection housed at the lsu shreveport archives. and walking tour of shreveport with neil johnson and on america history tv on c-span 3 sunday at 5:00 p.m. eastern from barksdale air force base and a history of the b-52 bomber and visit the founding father's autograph collection at louisiana state exhibit museum. from the pioneer heritage center, medical treatment and medicine during the civil war. shreveport, louisiana, this weekend on c-span2 and 3. >>> there are millions of these americans who are willing to sacrifice for change, but they want to do it without being threatened. and they want to do it peacefully. they are the non-violent majority, black and white, who are for change without violence. these are the people whose voice i want to be. >> as candidates campaign for president this year, we look back at 14 men who ran for the office and lost. go to our website c-spa