that's his union. his union is a union -- prof. onuf: well, the idea to take consent to its logical extreme. what does it mean? in some ways, enlightened people spontaneously form unions. maybe to better understand it, we have to think about the scottish enlightenment moral philosophy. we have to think about moral sense. about the new account of human nature that comes out of the scottish enlightenment which is , remarkably democratic in its implications. that is, all of us have that kind of moral sense. that's crucial for politics, for understanding society itself because what it means is that we do not have to be ordered, governed, and constrained to do the right thing. maybe the epitome of this enlightenment hope for mankind -- kind of a joke now -- but the academy of it is the very idea of a market. of transactions among equals to which all consent that are recently -- reciprocratally beneficial. when you think about the purity and the economists can't get over the purity of their account of the market, it's a beautiful thing t

the more they demand those unions, the more the union people make so they're looking out for their union members for sure but this $15, that's a trojan horse to get more pay for the unions. >> emily, you support this campaign why? >> what the unions were doing in organizing i'd like to point out the reason that these protests look diverse is because they were diverse. they were not paid to be there, there were students community, out there on their own, fast food workers out there striking because this impacts them, they need it but the reason this took such, the reason this blew up in so many ways and brought so many people out together is because people are really saying that the minimum wage is not enough for them. they understand there's a recovery they're not feeling it. >> and jonas, there has been some growing consensus we've seen seattle we've seen oakland, different cities raising the minimum wage and also some major employers walmart, target mcdonald's. so this has had, the pressure has had some effect. >> definitely and i kind of side with emily. i don't think it's such a clev

unions led that battle. public-sector unions. what happened, and there are studies in the bay area, because there is a major pay equity to . when you raise the wages of secretaries and clerical and nurses in the public sector, that raises the wages of everybody else in the private sector as well. that is what we call markets. it has those ripple kinds of effects. it is not purely consequential that the wages of women in the 1960's on average were only 59 cents to every dollar that men made. there were a variety of zones, reasons, but that that had a significant part, but that gap closes from 59 cents to 77 cents per dollar. sometimes these effects are local, and if you do it in lots of places, you get lots of ripples. fighting the causes like minimum wage, it is something that is aimed at raising the wages at everybody. ross reynolds: a couple more questions. >> my name is john stafford. my question is for michael. my question might imply that i am unsympathetic to public unions, but in fact i am in support of them. my question d

what would the union do? printers' union chief bertram powers.mputerized typesetting and film a complete revolution in composury. we understood we'd have to handle it and work with them. we wanted to. we got into a dispute with the publishers about the introduction and about job protection. there never was a refusal to automate, but there was an inability to agree on how to handle the impact that would result from automation. but a.h. raskin, the new york times' labor reporter saw it differently. the new york newspapers didn't join the automation trend because the unions wouldn't let them. and in 1965, after many efforts to break through the publishers, for reasons that remain incomprehensible gave bert powers of big 6, the typographical union here in new york an absolute veto power which he wanted. so that he then had the whip over automation in the composing. you could not move toward improved technology except with a green light from the union. this new contract aimed at preserving jobs by making automation possible, but difficult and expensiv

-- argued for union. what particularly would unionist have said, this is important and why we cannot let secession go unchallenged? so what if south carolina secedes? john: it is constitutional. the political constitution system. it is very unlikely that many northerners come daily into contact with the federal government. almost none. maybe a trip to the post office and there is a flag. on less you are importing or exporting, you will not have much contact. there are no taxes in the sense that we know them. they are excise taxes. your connection to the nation's political. political participation. i think of bellows, who was responding and saying, of course we are obsessed with politics. every man in the united states feels himself to be a part of the government. gary: which set them aside from every other society in the western world. joan: the last best hope on earth. if we don't preserve democracy now, it is lost. gary: europe was going the other way in the wake of the revolution of the 1840's. they di

and on union navy ships. for a lot of the men who live near working railroads or who can get home by ship, the union military will transport them and so, for example, a lot of men who lived in the deep south went to norfolk, got on ship, went around the gulf coast and got home that way. the parole passes will be very important for those reasons. they also allowed the soldiers to get food. they can stop at any union supply base and draw rations. they provide protection, rations and transportation if there's transportation where you're going to help them get home. like i said over the next three days the surrender will be put into motion. the first branch that's going to surrender is the cavalry on april 10th. if you're wondering why the cavalry goes first think about how much food a horse eats every day. think about the state of the these confederate horses and think about appomattox is a small county and doesn't have a lot of resources. these horses are in bad shape and need to get out of there. the next day

unions led that battle. public-sector unions. what happened, and there are studies in the bay area, because there is a major pay equity to become when you raise the wages of secretaries and clerical and nurses in the public sector, that raises the wages of everybody else in the private sector as well. that is what we call markets. it has those ripple kinds of effects. it is not truly consequential that the wages of women in the 1960's on average were only 59 cents to every dollar that men made. there were a variety of zones, but that that had a significant part, but that gap closes from 59 cents to 77 cents per dollar. sometimes these effects are local, and if you do it in lots of places, you get lots of ripples. for fighting the cause of minimum wage, it is something that is aimed at raising the wages at everybody. ross reynolds: a couple more questions. >> my name is john stafford. my question is for michael. my question might imply that i am unsympathetic to public unions, but in fact i am in support of them. my question deals

he finds 450 thousand men from slave states were union blue. -- warore union blue. this is a new framework for thinking about the war. let's talk a little bit about men in the ranks and give some examples to the audience of some of these troops and their stories. prof. gannon: there are so many. one of the things people have no idea is how many medal of honor winners there were among colored troops, there were 14 in one battle. the battle of newmarket heights. christian fleetwood was one of those medal of honor winners. robert penn, there are so many others. there were also the african americans in the navy who were also awarded the medal of honor. they were so much more. so many stories. it's incredible about their sacrifice. most people don't realize the men who fought at port hudson were officers, black officers among them. the 54th massachusetts had black officers at the end. one of the better known people was joseph wilson, who became historian and he was the one who wrote one of the seminal books in 1890 about african-american military service. a very well tho

as they come to road intersections union cavalry and union infantry will move uponly's wagon trains and his battle lines and there will be a hit-and-run tactics by federal cavalry which is now under general philip sheridan. that is what brings us to what happens on the evening of april 6 at sailor's creek. previous to the fighting at sailor's creek, the evening of the 6th there was another small engagement just between sailor's creek and farmville. that engagement was for high bridge. union troops stationed in burkeville realized that the confederate army is moving upon farmville at this time so general eoc ord sends a group of union infantry about 900 men of the 123rd ohio and 54th pennsylvania and along with three companies of the 4th massachusetts cavalry and their goal is to ride in front of the confederate army, move upon high bridge which is about four miles from here and destroy it so that lee's army would not be able to use it to cross over the valley of the appomattox river. high bridge was 125 feet high. it was on 21 brick piers most of which are still there today and part of

as it was, the union as it might be the union with slavery the union without slavery. it is complicated. matt: i would say at a base level, the actual expectation is really much lower than we might think. to be a loyal citizen in the union is to support the war. when a friend says, if you are in favor of the war, you say yeah. be honest. don't cheat. there are multiple ways where you can be dishonest and keep this -- cheat the system. you can't do that. the last thing, the second half of the war don't whine. a loyal citizen doesn't whine. that is articulated over and over in all sorts of ways. you don't have to do anything, but follow the rules and don't whine. gary: that would mean, don't sell shoddy goods to the government for use in the war effort. is that something you could do to break the rules? matt: it is fine to profit off the war and sell stuff. it is built upon capitalism. it is not fine to cheat by selling goods that fall apart. it is not fine to sell materials that don'

infantry behind them, union infantry in front of them and shortly thereafter union infantry on the side. basically, lee is trapped in a pincer movement at appomattox courthouse. of course the rest is history. , tomorrow a couple of us will go into further detail. you can see how the military maneuvers of the union and the confederate army brought the armies to appomattox. that was not where he planned to go. he was still planning on going to north carolina. even when he got to appomattox courthouse he had been able to , break through this union surrounding maneuver, his next movement was not to lynchburg but to campbell courthouse. campbell courthouse is present-day rustburg, virginia. trying to reach danville once again. after the attack on the night of april 8, after three night marches in a row, lee's army goes into bivouac. there is the battle of appomattox. when i used to work at appomattox people would always say, i guess general lee got here to this pretty village and decided to surrender. that is not the case. because of the battle of appomattox on the morning of april 9, lee wa

these are union-backed protests. are unions trying to supersize their membership, not workers' pay? i'm brenda buckner, this is "bulls and bears." gary b. smith joe mass max ferris, john layfield along with ashley pratt and emily tish-sussman. ashley, the union backed protests, just a way to bump up their membership, not people's pay? >> the unions do not care at all about increasing the minimum wage for workers. they tried to make this look like an organic effort when really over the past two years the seiu funneled over $50 million into nonprofit groups to make it look like it's organic done by the workers. if you saw some of the protests, y paid money by the unions to stand out there. they weren't actual fast food workers and that's the real issue that you wachbt tont to debate. why this issue is going on when workers aren't the ones really advocating for it. >> gary, why do you think this is? tens of millions of dollars a huge campaign and most union workers don't make minimum wage. >> exactly, brenda. it's very clever actually on the part of unions. they're looking altruistic b

so 15000 union soldiers will descend upon petersburg. petersburg is waiting for union attack. they have been for two years. they built a system of entrenchments, horseshoe in shape all the way around the city. but unfortunately on june 15th for those confederates very few men to man the entrenchments. less than 2500 men. so the soldiers literally rub r rush throughout walls around petersburg and the city's defenses crumble in front of them. the temperatures are in the 100 degree range. it's hot, dry, dusty. having been waiting all day for this battle to begin most of the soldiers are so tired and worn out that commanding officer decides to simply go into camp right there. right inside the entrenchments. it's better to rally and then dig another set of entrenchments. on the second day of fighting that line holds. for four days grant will pour the army of the potomac across the james river to assault petersburg. 7 70,000 un john soldiers will be knocking on the eastern door to petersburg itself. they have 15,000 men now dug in closer to the city to protect it. and after four day

union. eventually, butler agreed with the argument and changed the course of the war. initially, it was just a small trickle then it became a flood and then a tidal wave. butler's actions was not just a humanitarian gesture. he planned to employ in exchange for food and supplies to help the union troops. butler's goal did not matter. he had plan. word quickly spread and thousands of these freedom seekers fled to fort monroe and to all places where the union army was in the south. those men often didn't come alone. some arrived with their entire families necessitating a system of organize that would employ all of these individuals. although they were compensated for their work the $10 wage was not paid to the worker but placed in a general fund to be used for rationing provisions and for the worker and his family making the system rife for abuse. some may say these contrabands should have been happy to be paid at all. this was a whole new ball game. african-american slaved were determined to

with that, the union sixth corps turns south, leaving a gap for the union 24th core that has now been brought to petersburg to go through and head toward petersburg. at that point, lee is going to send a message to the confederate secretary of war john breckenridge, and breckenridge is going to have that message forwarded to the president of the confederate states, who is in church service on the morning of april 2. that telegraph said "i see no prospect of doing more than holding our position here until night. i am not certain i can do that. i advised that all operations be made for leaving richmond tonight." shortly after, the union's second corps engages the confederate army west of petersburg. they will end up severing the south side railroad, and now lee has no reason to stay. he simply wishes to stay long enough to gather up his army without having to fight street by street for their retreat. he is only allowed to do that because of the confederate resistance there, to the south and west of town, at two little, uncompleted forts, fort greg and fort woodward, which managed to hol

as it was, the union as it might be the union with slavery the union without slavery. it is complicated. matt: i would say at a base level, the actual expectation is really much lower than we might think. to be a loyal citizen in the union is to support the war. when a friend says, if you are in favor of the war, you say yeah. be honest. don't cheat. there are multiple ways where you can be dishonest and keep this -- cheat the system. you can't do that. the last thing, the second half of the war don't whine. a loyal citizen doesn't whine. that is articulated over and over in all sorts of ways. you don't have to do anything, but follow the rules and don't whine. gary: that would mean, don't sell shoddy goods to the government for use in the war effort. is that something you could do to break the rules? matt: it is fine to profit off the war and sell stuff. it is built upon capitalism. it is not fine to cheat by selling goods that fall apart. it is not fine to sell materials that don't match the contract. it is fine to get filthy rich off the rules. gary: is it fine not

them favoring union. matt: we can picture them favoring emancipation as well as union. in 1868, reconstruction is we can of it as foreign policy. do we really want to be spending our money on alabama? especially free blacks in alabama. it's no longer a union question it's a very different kind of ideological question for these folks. gary: i want to move to something else here. and that is how did proponents of what we will call the union memory of the war, the war that did this and did that, how did that play out the rest of the 19th century? while the wartime generation lived? everyone knows about lost cause monuments in the former confederacy. we have four of them in silence filled -- in charlottesville. we have a confederate statue in the university library in the university cemetery -- not in the library. joan: just in your office. [laughter] gary: i will be sending my resume around beginning on monday. [laughter] gary: in the cemetery. john: i think you succeeded more jokes. gary: they talked about the decoration day, confederate memorial day and so forth. what is

before lee can move his self union cavalry and union in tree -- union infantry moved to the south of -- they cut off the avenue to lee's army. what lee does is he decides that he will cross to the north side of the appomattox river here. he will burn all the bridges behind him. those are burned successfully. by leaving that smaller wagon bridge under it, union forces will use that and crossover to the north side of the river. what is happening then strategically is that lee's next point of destination is over here at appomattox station. there are more foods and supplies located there. his next point is to march through the town of appomattox which appomattox station is currently the town of appomattox. that is where the next point of contact or supplies could be had. while heading in this direction on the north side of the appomattox river, two union corps army follow him. as that is 38 miles from here to here with this line of march from here to here, it is only 30 miles. with lee making this move to the north river he has left a short road open to the union army. the infantry are m

gannon: when you look at the union cause, to preserve the union, they saw under arms together, who were reluctant to embrace blue and gray. they saw the as the capstone of their victory that demonstrated they had been right, they had achieved what had to be achieved. they had created a united nation. they were clear on this. freeman who would be able to serve together and go on, a shining model and bring democracy to the world. it was through their service and sacrifice this had been accomplished. >> they trotted out former confederates and made them generals during the war. prof glymph: lee was the council to cuba before the war and was active in reconciliation efforts. it was a huge moment, a huge benchmark. prof. gallagher: and a huge man. he was an actually very active in moving around very much. prof. waugh: he moved quickly when the maine exploded. prof varon: are there east-west differences? prof glymph: clearly. we tend to forget californians fought in the war. we tend to forget in 1862 joseph was getting ready to issue you a preliminary proclamation. he was signing and ordered.

the union army got away and a way that he felt he had to destroy the union army. time was not necessarily on his side. >> i came across an interesting comment. making dictator. >> it was published in newspapers at the time. they openly said basically george washington was essentially a dictator at the end of the revolutionary war. lee was never interested in that. he thought that he could barely do what he had to do to oversee the army in virginia. how could he possibly take responsibility for anything else? that said he does enough accepting the title of general in chief of all the confederate forces which makes his job all the much harder. you might think again for such a great honor but he doesn't see it that way. this year is not something to celebrate. the social order before the southern secession. rebelling. he wanted the social order maintained. >> you can make the argument that he had a more gradual view. for example, it wasn't that he was opposed to emancipation but he was in favor of it gradual emancipation. part of the key is understanding that he was

gannon: the blue union boys were all heroes. people said things like there were not any african-americans there and there was a tale of what the 1913 reunion was like. the newspaper covers it that way. they're all american heroes. they were all americans because that is the way americans are. they are heroes. they were trying to merge the confederates and u.s. military tradition together to prove that we are all americans, all heroes, and sort of embrace it. they were americans. that is the way we are. that was the thought process. they had this reunion. there is sort of this party line . i read a lot of newspapers that covered it. the great heroes of this union were pickett's charge. not broke americans -- heroic americans in central pennsylvania. the new york age tried the central reunion to the current situation of african-americans jim crow and disenfranchisement. their view was about the national syndicate. they were talking about newspapers and business. they wanted business between the sections. that is why they wanted re

unions saying it's all bs. that the layoffs are payback for those workers protesting wages. >> i like that song that was pretty cool. i was starting to lean towards that. now i know how adam feels. yeah. >> the whole labor movement there. >> they're not going to be happy until they own walmart. the majority shareholders. until they socialize the entire company and they make it not shareholders but quote/unquote stakeholders beginning with the workers. i understand the long-term goals. they won't ever be satisfied. >> my view on this is no matter what walmart does until its a union shop it's going to be dealing with -- >> period. >> this is a feel good story i believe about unions. this is what they're paid to do. go out there and unionize. >> the gospel songs are a little different -- >> i didn't like that touch, i wanted opera, to be honest with you. >> i'm talking about the old school touch though you know what i mean? back in the day, with the construction union. >> they didn't sing much they just used baseb

he represents southern unionism. it was a profound cherished hope of the republican administration administration, article faith again i eluded to this, there was a mass of white southerners who had a latened hostility and might be brought on board with the free labor agenda, and belief in a late and southern unionism, and johnson is the preeminent symbol of southern unionism, it was a good representative of that appeal lincoln wanted to make. lincoln also initiated an experiment in wartime reconstruction. very lenient sort of wartime reconstruction, lincoln's philosophy was capslated towards non-charity, towards all phrase in the second inaugural address. republicans in congress had rejected aspects of lincoln's wartime reconstruction plan. tennessee was one of the model states where the experiment was unholding. if johnson was on his ticket, republicans would have to accept the tennessee experiment rather than casting it aside. he had a lot of reasons. hamlin represented an anti-slavery constituency that had nowher

the union army of until this 1863. time was suffering a string of defeat, mead was the commander of the army, brings about 90,000 forces into pennsylvania and in three days defeats the seemingly invincible robert e. lee and his army of north virginia. after three days, the union army claimed victory. v headlines already defining gettysburg as a monumental event in the civil war. the tide is turned. after 1865, union and confederate veterans alike come back to gettysburg and they commemorate a memorial, making it permanently set in american history and our narrative. as where the american civil war was one and where the -- won and where the union was preserved. that is the direction we will take in our presentation today. we will move forward on how veterans remember the civil war. let's start with the north. mystic chords memories. mystic chords of memory is a line from lincoln's first encouraging americans to remember a common past. memories are created, we create memories in our own lives. we choose to remember thing

union. eventually, butler agreed with the argument and changed the course of the war. initially, it was just a small trickle then it became a flood and then a tidal wave. butler's actions was not just a humanitarian gesture. he planned to employ in exchange for food and supplies to help the union troops. butler's goal did not matter. he had plan. word quickly spread and thousands of these freedom seekers fled to fort monroe and to all places where the union army was in the south. those men often didn't come alone. some arrived with their entire families necessitating a system of organize that would employ all of these individuals. although they were compensated for their work the $10 wage was not paid to the worker but placed in a general fund to be used for rationing provisions and for the worker and his family making the system rife for abuse. some may say these contrabands should have been happy to be paid at all. this was a whole new ball game. african-american slaved were determined to

for them the union victory vindicated black freedom and racial justice. at appomattox blacks were among the liberators and the liberated. in the last clash of grant and lee at the end of the desperate chase across the countryside that we heard about from many angles. lee's army tried to break free of the federal trap to find the last escape route was blocked by black soldiers in blue. six regiments of the united states color troops with one other waiting in the wings. when they heard confirmation of lee's capitulation, the ex aultation knew no bounds and they sang and their jubilation knew no joy. and this was black life in america. they included southerners ex slaves trained at kentucky's camp nelson, a training ground for troops recruited in the south and included northern free blacks trained at philadelphia camp william penn and men would become race leaders in the post war era and george washington williams and baptist editor william j. simons a mentor to ida wells and included the reg meants, a man george edmondson a decentent of the monticello famil

the term applies to union soldiers. and its example october 30th 1864 in relation to lincoln's re-election with us far from being a subject of fear it is our glory and pride that the wharf of the union has been upheld by a million of thinking bayonets. when people talk about union soldiers, they are often luched together. one of my mishsions is to change that. and to point out that the real rebels of the civil war with union soldiers. this was truly the people's army. the demographics of the union armies were citizen soldiers. of the white soldiers, approximately one quarter were foreign-born. the predominance being from germany, ireland and france. their back grounds were interesting. about 50% of them had agricultural backgrounds. only about 2% were professionals. but abraham lincoln made a distinction in his message to congress on july 4, 1861. and he pointed out that within any resonance, he of course, is actually right. they went into congress, they joined the professions, lawyers other professionals, engineers. th

to unionize. that is cronyism on the highest level. >> wayne union membership in this country has been nose diving. they're trying to self-preserve themselves so they go outside the borders and see if they can bring some illegals in. >> that's true, eric, but the problem here is this is another example of the government falling all over itself it done know what it's doing. one arm of the government is saying one thing and the jurisdiction of another arm is saying something else. first of all, if a person is illegal under the present law and you discover that he is illegal that worker has to be fired. that's what the law says. now, whether you want to hire him or not, that's what the law says, you can't have the national labor relations board going around encouraging illegals to come into the country and unionize when the law already says you've got to fire him if you hire him. it's dumb. it's the federal government getting in front of itself and stepping on its own foot all over again. they ought

for the north, the union is not abstract, it is concrete. so, if you sit down in alabama virginia, how will you take to this rhetoric coming from the yankees up north? what will you respond? >> it was not treason. jennifer murray: right. so what is the south going to do? we are switching gears. the south will create their own constellation of civil war memories. and the south will create and perpetuate the very same notion of the lost cause. so reconciliation is the dominant theme of post-civil war america, but it is not monolithic. it is changing. and when you take union veterans and confederate veterans and you stack their memories together, you get a complicated and colorful tapestry of civil war memories. everyone remembers things differently, particularly in the northern and southern divide. this is relative to what we talked about last time when you read out of james foster possible -- foster's book. so the southerners will not passively accept the allegations of treason that the northerners are placing on them. they will be proactive

united states and the union of the states there under. >>> jesse is a prisoner of war under the unionlag and must surrender before his wounds are treated. but he has no intention of giving up. even if the confederacy is defeated. >> for jesse james this is not an end of his conflict. this is the end of someone else's conflict not jesse james' conflict not frank james' conflict. their conflict isn't over. it's still going on. >> with northern interests in power across missouri frank and jesse join forces with a group of brothers who share their fierce hatred for the yankees. the youngers lost their father and family home to the union and served under bloody bill anderson in his brutal campaign of terror. >> they honed that relationship. they realize the potential they had as a fighting force. >> well, just taking the place. >> taking the place? >> the head again federal authority and everything they saw as being oppressors in their lives. >> everyone on the ground now. >> get down! >> it makes sense, then, to express your outrage by robbing banks. put the money in the bag now! >> we ro

that's the union army. on the other hand the confederate army ran between 55 and 58,000 affect i was. general lee will surrender about 30,000 of his men at appomattox and casualties will number 48,000, most will be prisoners as we'll talk about tomorrow at sailor's creek. when lee pulled his army from richmond and petersburg they were all to consolidate and move on here amelia courthouse. runs along richmond and danville railroad and goes on through here and crosses the south side railroad right here at burkville. remember that is what lee had hoped to have supplies waiting for him at burk vim as early as february. when lee gets to amelia courthouse while army reconcentrating expects to find ration trains waiting for him there. through some mix-up they aren't there, so lee decides to spend a day in that area asking his troops to go out and asking local people if they have any surplus food items they could provide for the confederate army. consequently because he spends the day here he loses the one day's le

and he's forced to take an oath pledging loyalty to the union.upport and defend the constitution and the union of the united states there under. jesse is a prisoner of war and must surrender before his wounds are treated. but he has no intention of giving up. even if the confederacy is defeated. >> for jesse james, this is not the end of his conflict. it is the end of someone else's conflict and not jesse and frank james conflict. it is not over. it is still going on. with northern interest in power across missouri, frank and jesse join forces with a group of brothers that share hatred for the yankees. the ungers lost their home and family to the union and served under bloody bill anderson. >> the jams and unger ares knew each other well before that civil war and they realized the potential for a fighting force. >> are you ready? >> well, it is just matter of picking the place. >> picking the place. >> they had to do something to strike back against the federal authorities and everything that they saw as being oppressors in their lives. >> everyo