zinn wrote in the afterword of a people's history of the united states, it was not until i joined the facultyl, nowhere in my history education had i learned about the massacres of black people that took place again and again amidst the silence of a national government pledged by the constitution to protect equal rights for all. so when howard died, the next morning we called two people to be on democracy now from their homes, noam chomsky -- his long-time friend and ally, and the pulitzer prize-winning author alice walker. [cheers and applause] alice was a student of howard's at spelman, and she was speaking to us from mexico. she said, he was thrown out because he loved us, and he showed that love by just being with us. he loved his students. he didn't see why we should be second-class citizens. well, 42 years after howard zinn was thrown out of spelman, he was invited back. it was in 2005. he was invited back to give the commencement address and receive an honorary degree. yes, times do change. [applause] noam chomsky, a long-time friend of howard and roz's, noam also just lost his wife, c