james shells, professor of france politics of the university of warwick. welcome to the program, james. there is a prevailing sentiment that my cron was more can been sing during the debate, but is this on its own enough for him to win the election? i think that is indeed the prevailing sentiment le pen marin pen needed to do 2 things. in this did beat. she needed to do much better than in 2017 when she had a disastrous to be appealing, ill prepared. and i was of a bit and simply unfit for the highest office. this she did achieve coming across as much calmer, more on top of her brief, more serene, less excitable, less aggressive. however, she did not achieve her 2nd objective. she needed to learn some real blows on macro to close the gap and the polls. and she didn't manage it. draw was all was going to be good enough for micro butler pen needed a win on what we got, i think was a droll or maybe even a win on points for macro. ok, i don't think the debate in that sense shifts the picture much. jack, anyone would be looking for a moment that would be widely

have been examined and and and and studied by my colleague jonathan schroeder who's at the university of warwick and england. he says that 70% of the of the slave narratives published in the second half of the 19th century. tell stories of escape by by water and so that's a very high percentage and and it's extraordinary that this subject is not getting not received much much scholarly attention in the 20th century. so this is thomas jones very well known story. he's fleeing in 1849 aboard the brigged bell when he arrives in new york. he's concerned that the captain of the bell is going to re-enslave him. and so he escapes on a raft he's being pursued by the first maid and members of the crew, but two passing abolition-minded mariners help him out and he makes his escape and ends up in new bedford and then boston where his where his narrative is published in 1862, once the civil warheads begun. this is the story of a young woman elizabeth blakely who was a teenager when she escaped from wilmington, north carolina goes to boston. her story is not published until the 1920s, but she spent almost tw