nobody except probably one person knew who publius valerius publicola was. otherwise it is kept a secret for some time. the one person who was told is the man whom everybody respects the most. and that is washington. >> judge, do you invoke the federalist papers today in your work at the u.s. court of appeals for the armed forces? >> i have not had much occasion. the federalist papers are a source of evidence of the original meaning of the constitution. but they are not the source where you can look up a sentence and that decides a legal issue. they are a collection of the arguments that were made by supporters of the constitution that addressed key themes such as -- when we say congress has powers and can do everything necessary to carry out those powers, what we mean by that, it is the big ideas i think in the federalist papers. whether or not you cite them in a particular case does not mean the big ideas are not still important. >> let's give you a sense of whatmeca was like in 1787. thpopulation was close to 4 million. washington became the president in