stories and research by alexander solzhenitsyn, steep route by evgenia ginsburg, kolyma prose by varlam shalamov of mass liberation took place; in just 3 months after stalin’s death, almost half of the 2.5 million camp prisoners were released. the further existence of this organization was considered inappropriate by the new leadership of the country. the remaining camps were reorganized into vtk, correctional labor colonies. and the word gulak remained in history. on january 25, 1961, the first six soviet pilots, having successfully passed all exams, received the qualification of air force cosmonaut. yuri gagarin, german titov, grigory nelyubov, andriin nikolaev, pavel popovich and valery bykovsky. the criteria for multi-stage selection were invented by scientists from. institute of aviation medicine. it is the doctors, as well as the chief designer spacecraft sergei korolev, came to the conclusion that the best candidates for cosmonauts would be military pilots. they were allowed to undergo a medical examination. hero of the soviet union, test pilot mark galai, the signal to start the training