the bombardment of vicksburg and atlanta produced few civilian casualties. many of us could name the lone civilians deaths that occurred during the battle of gettysburg. we also know the one woman who died in the battle of the first manassas. so, that is how rare those occasions are. so he is being disingenuous when he says this. by contrast, the success of the western village attacks depended on native americans not knowing the enemy's approach. and they smirk and atlanta were incidental to operations against the confederate armies defending those cities. the presence was of central importance. because the greatest opportunities for victory would occur when warriors were forced into the position of having to protect the elderly, women, and children. and finally, while the union army could readily discriminate between military and civilian targets in vicksburg and atlanta during a village attack, , combatants and noncombatants were hopelessly intermingle. the result, predictably, was a level of noncombatant casualties far higher than anything seen during civ

the next day vicksburg, the last stronghold on the mississippi river and the confederacy surrenders to union forces. the rest of 1863, it appears that union military momentum is building on that. by the end of that year, tennessee has been completely rid of confederate forces. union armies are now in georgia, union armies are threatening within 30 miles or so. everything is pointing toward a regain of union momentum and a likelihood the war will end by that following spring. one of the things that adds to that perception, victory is now likely, lincoln has identified a new general. if you know anything about the military history of the civil war, you know that lincoln has a difficult time identifying a successful commander in the eastern theater of the war. lincolnnd of 1863, brings this man, ulysses grant, from the western theater to the east. he had been very successful fighting in mississippi. and in tennessee. now he is brought to command all union armies in all theaters of war. lincoln and grant talk a lot. 1863-1864,winter of lincoln is convinced grant has the plan to end the war

the next day vicksburg, the last stronghold on the mississippi river and the confederacy surrenders to union forces. by the end of that year, tennessee has been completely rid of confederate forces. georgia,ies are now in threatening within 30 miles or so. toward ag is pointing regain of union momentum and a likelihood the war will end by the following spring. one of the things that adds to , victory is now likely, lincoln has identified a new general. timeln has a difficult identifying a successful commander in the eastern theater of the war. man, ulyssess this grant from the western theater to the east. successful very fighting in mississippi. command allt to union armies in all theaters of war. lot.ln and grant talk a lincoln is convinced grant has the plan to end the war as soon as the weather improves enough to resume campaigning in the of that year. the story of 1864 in terms of the civil war is the story of the way in which that expectation ultimately com crashing down. isthe spring of 1864 there significant fighting into areas. i don't care that you remember the specific detail

it is bogged down in a costly siege in vicksburg. there is a very expensive, bloody battle in central tennessee that accomplishes nothing. there are major confederate victories in the eastern theater in virginia in 1862. one string of successive confederate victories with staggering human costs. this is interrupted temporarily, july of 1863. in the span of 24 hours there is major union victory at gettysburg. gettysburg was at the top of the map. the next day vicksburg, the last stronghold on the mississippi river and the confederacy surrenders to union forces. by the end of that year, tennessee has been completely rid of confederate forces. union armies are now in georgia, threatening within 30 miles or so. everything is pointing toward a regain of union momentum and a likelihood the war will end by the following spring. one of the things that adds to that perception, victory is now likely, lincoln has identified a new general. lincoln has a difficult time identifying a successful commander in the eastern theater of the war. lincoln

they capture vicksburg, the most important campaign in the civil war. he was brought in to save chattanooga within a month. the union army was trapped to there. it was because of this was promoted to general in chief and three stars and asked to win the war, which he did in 11 months. the record is pretty clear about grant's success. ,et me till with the casualties which i have studied 28 fairly -- fairly well. grant's casualties, and i don't know if we have a total. no. ok, we do. up the top of the right-hand side. here is the story on casualties. comparing grant and lee. not just against each other but against all of their foes in the course of the war. it is my favorite synopsis. grant commanded five armies, three theaters, was the winner everywhere he went, and did all that he did, including capturing three enemy armies, at a cost of one of 54,000 casualties. he imposed -- 154,000 casualties. killed, wounded, missing, captured. grant did all of you did in three theaters with a total of 154,000 casualties. lee commanded one army and one theater, whic

. >> about 4 hours north in vicksburg mississippi, the army corp of engineers scientists are studying the exact impact coastal vegetation has on storm surge. jane mckee smith is a civil engineer. she's been studying the louisiana coastline since katrina. >> there's a lot of effort ongoing now to restore wetlands because that will help to dissipate not only the waves but it will also attenuate the surge but if we're going to include that into our designs we have to know how much. >> now as the waves are coming in explain to me what's happening? >> what we're seeing in this case is the waves coming in we see it traveling through...and it travels through the vegetation it's mobile ...so what we want to show is not only how the waves change as they go through but we want to have the dissipation as a function of distance, the height of the vegetation the width of the vegetation and also the density of the vegetation. >> since katrina the high security coastal and hydraulics lab has faced an added sense of urgency... says ty wamsley, the chief of flood storm protection. >> we really advance

they also talked about the fact that white southerners in atlanta and vicksburg celebrated july 4th forhe first time since the war. for t they saw this war as much as liberating cubans as an opportunity to bind the nation back together. but for white southerners, this was an opportunity to do more than just relish reconciliation. in fact, it also vindicated the things they had been saying about the confederate cause, their lost cause, for years now. now say said, look, the words traitor and rebel no longer apply to us. former confederate general stephen lee. it is a source of no small pride that the country has last learned its true value, the depth and fervor of southern patriotism. indeed the lost cause was in itself in many ways a justification for fighting. white southerners reminded those from other regions that their motivation was the same motivation that had motivated them in every other war in american history. the same patriotism that prompted them to fight in 1776, in 1812, in the mexican-american war, and even in the great struggle between the states had motivated them. in e

winning the war and saving the unit was evident in a letter he wrote to general grant after the vicksburg campaign. mostding to general thomas' recent effort to raise troops in the mississippi valley, lincoln encouraged grant to do the same. it --eve, he wrote, meaning black soldiers -- is a resource if vigorously applied now will soon close this contest. while friends and adversaries criticized his emancipation policies, when they criticized his emancipation policies, lincoln pointed to the indispensable services these black men rendered in defense of the union. on one of those occasions, he penned a letter to his good friend james conklin which he attended to be read in the assemblage of fellow republicans in springfield. some of the men who would hear his letter suggested the proclamation was a mistake and should be rescinded. lincoln assured his critics his policies as concerned the black population had been in the interest of preserving the union. some of the commanders of our armies in the field who have given us our most important successes believe the emancipation proclamation and

grant wins the battle at the siege of vicksburg. lincoln writes to him, the father of waters runs again unvexed to the sea. i wonder if he thought about his boat, his patent. the point of america was to have this element of opportunity and openness and to the river should run free. i go back to the landscape. the notion that the south couldn't be allowed to leave the union. because it was part of the sacred ground of the union. lincoln's so-called homeliness. he was famously ugly. i've spent a lot of time with lincoln and perhaps it is the stockholm syndrome. he seems more and more attractive to me. the thing i was struck by is the tousled romantic hair. almost ironic. very 1840's and 50's. the sense of style. what i noticed was that hooded eyes. his sense of inward this. lincoln is kind of saturnine and inward looking. your get people smiling a 19th-century photographs because they had to hold still. lincoln is picturing himself. he is still a bad dresser. he has this incredible tie. they are of course black and white photographs.

they had a series of campaigns that ends up in vicksburg. the confederacy and half. many of you may be familiar with the anaconda plan. the first strategy of the civil war. the idea was to close all of the ports in the confederacy. because they were so dependent on cotton they would starve and give up. i did not realize there was an and the condo -- there was an anaconda b plan to move down the river and cut the confederacy and half. that is what they do. the south was not buying it. they were still in the war. grant leaves for the east. the bloody east. , theseright here campaigns were fought right here in the so-called overland campaign. it is an oxymoron. .he troops did not move he left sherman in charge of the west. it was perfect because he would ask grant for permission. grant, like his name, would grant them. they worked perfectly together. we cannotcides, if beat them by cutting them in starve themwe can with weapons. if the south had a military complex, it was atlanta. he burns it. the south still does not give up . he starts waging war on the mind of the so

. >> reporter: in 2014, 10,000 acres of farm land was bought next to the colorado river in vicksburg, arizona. that property runs next to wayne wade. >> last june my well went dry. >> reporter: he's not alone. after carol miles church has been forced to live off a mobile water tank after its well dried up. >> saudi arabia has no water. so they got to come here to get water for feed to feed their livestock. >> there is no restrictions. they can just keep pumping and pumping and pumping until it's all gone. >> reporter: according to the state water levels on the saudi owned farms, actually rose the year they purchased the land. they have since invested $180 million into their operations. >> they're employing 140 people, residents of arizona or some californians right now and they have 600 indirect jobs. >> reporter: economists say the real issue is antiquated water regulations. >> it's almost glad because it's making people wake up to an existing problem. >> reporter: a problem that's threatening wade, his community, and their already minimal resources. >> i believe that the county shou

country's largest dairy producer bought more than 10,000 acres of farmland next to the colorado river in vicksburg arizona. thatproperty runs next to wayne way . >> last june, wet my wells went dry b6 is not alone. carol has been forced to live off a local water tank after its well dried up. >> saudi arabia has no water so they got to come here to get water for feed to feed their livestock. >> there is no restriction. they can keep pumping and pumping until it's all gone. reporter: according to the state water levels of the saudi owned fondomonte farm, they actually rose the year they purchased the farm. they've since invested $140 million into their operation. >> they're employing 140 people, residents of arizona or some californians right now and they have 600 in direct jobs . >> some economists saythe real issue is antiquated water regulations. >> i'm almost glad to hear about the saudi arabian situation because it's making people wake up to an already existing enormous problem . reporter: a problem that is affecting waiting, his community and their already minimal resources >> i believe the co

the limestone comes from the vicksburg area.he clips were the limestone came from, one section is this catf a mural with monster or underwater have their. it's interesting -- underwater panther. on the mississippi river below are these were painted on the cliff there are whirlpools. museumere designing the we wanted to come up with a how these explained artifacts from different regional areas would have ended up in moundville. although there was a large trade network, there are also alliances that were made through different chiefs. we think of major alliance was made with a chiefdom around the memphis area, perhaps and arkansas. archaeologists designate this the middle south. this scene we have behind us is of a bride coming from around the memphis area. she is about to meet and marry the next ruler for the moundville chiefdom. she does not speak the language and has never met the people. it's very likely she brought an entourage of people with her. she would have had servants, perhaps musicians in different artists. one of the