that's during the vicksburg campaign. after he retreats from jackson he sends orders to pemberton to come out from vicksburg and perform a sandwich routine on grant. >> right. >> johnston coming from the east, pemberton from the west. but johnston has apparently no intention whatsoever to act on those orders and pemberton comes out and gets beaten at champion hill. can you explain what was going through johnston's mind. >> i can explain it the way joe johnston would have explained it. it's hard to know at this remove exactly what intentions anybody had. it looks from the way johnston positioned his army that he was not on the cusp of launching an assault to relieve pemberton, but i think, if you back that up a few weeks, maybe a couple months, the problem is that johnston has command authority over two armies in the western theater. braxton brags army, the tennessee and pemberton's in the mississippi. he is supposed to coordinate the movements of these two. it's a command that he can't really understand because, for a 19t

now this is long before the vicksburg that is, you know, besieged. he's still got -- and pemberton calls a council of war. what else would you do? he says, i've got orders to evacuate to join with johnston, so we as an army can attack, and this was before the battle of raymond. it would have been possible perhaps, but he says, i don't want to do it because i know jefferson davis wants me to hold vicksburg at all costs. vicksburg is the key. we've got to hold it and we can't let it go. so he says no. i won't do it. but he's, like, i can't just stay here because that's, you know, that's too passive. so what i'll do is i'll go out and i'll fight sherman at the big black river. so pemberton was doing what he knew davis wanted him to do. johnston was trying to do what according to the theories he had been taught at west point told to do, and that is concentrate your forces in the face of the enemy. don't let the enemy pick you off one by one and get in between, and that's what grant did. when you say johnston had no intention of attacking. he did not inte

vicksburg is the key! we have to hold vicksburg, we can let it go. so he says, no! i won't do it. but he says, i can't just stay here because that's, you know, that's too passive. so what i'll do is all go out and fight sherman at the big black river. so pemberton was doing what he knew davis wanted him to do. johnston was trying to do what's according to the theories he'd been taught at west point told to do and that is concentrate your forces in the face of the enemy, don't let the enemy pick you off one by one in ghana between. and that's exactly what granted. now, when you say johnston had no intention of attacking, he did not intend to attack after it was besieged from the outside. the moment was before it was besieged when pemberton could've come out into the field, join with johnson and collectively, i don't know what if again, collectively had an opportunity perhaps to turn back grant who would have been in pretty difficult position, in the south of vicksburg without a secure line of supply. so that's the way johnston would have explained it. and once pemberton refused to

vicksburg during the battle, the men on both sides, the confederate army and the remaining army starved, because the city was surrounded by embargo. so why am i talking to about the civil war in the suffragists exhibition. that's a good question. what i wanted to do was demonstrate the divide between the north of the south as well as african american and white. this plays a big part in shaping the suffrage movement. especially with the 14th amendment was passed and ratified in 1869 it included the world out mail. this is the first time in history of the constitution that gender was specified. and it delivered a very severe blow to the suffrage movement. when women were advocating for the right to vote, we the 14th amendment does, that it grants citizenship to anyone born in the united states, it franchised american citizens, it only enfranchised half of the population. this is a huge divide. the separatist movement disagreed on how to handle it, that's when they split between each other. so susan anthony wanted to advocate for suffrage by excluding black women. we are as lucy was trying

, mississippi, directly and then capturing it. >> once the union army captures vicksburg, that wholetch of plantation land now from memphis all waitthe way down to new orl, that's hundreds of thousands of slaves that were recruited into the army. >> after vicksburg, grant becomes a national hero. so in april 1864, lincoln calls grant to washington and hosts him at a white house reception, which is so crowded with grant's admirers, that the little general has to be hoisted onto a sofa to stand next to lincoln so he can be seen in the crowd. >> and lincoln says grant has achieved the biggest, greatest military event in history, and he is now my man. >> and offers grant full command of all union forces east and west. unlike mead, who waited. unlike mcclellan, who left the peninsula. he moves forward, churning battle after battle. and lincoln loves it, says keep your bulldog grip and chew and choke until you win. >> grant had some magnificent victories, but still the south had major victories, especially in the whole area of virginia and the border states. and the war was just dragging o

as the shermans left vicksburg it became clear that their youngest son willie was not well. almost as soon as their boat arrived in memphis, the young boy died, probably of typhoid. that was the last time that ellen traveled to be with cump during the war. she went back to lancaster and buried her son and soon her mother too while cump fought from chattanooga south. in june of 1864, ellen who had become pregnant while at vicksburg bore another son, her seventh child before atlanta fell and sherman began his march. cut off from communication along the way, he didn't learn that baby charles sherman died on december 4th until he arrived at savannah and read about it in the newspapers. for the rest of the war ellen and her children divided their time between lancaster and notre dame where they were in school, except for a trip to chicago to take part in the catholic church's fund-raising for soldier's medical needs. ellen was a devout catholic her whole life, and has often been accused of putting her faith ahead of her country and her husband. that's not true. let me read a bit

move to vicksburg, mississippi, with her sister. she flew, once again to st. louis to work with her brothers who were barbers. many worked on farms, many were sharecroppers but most were not able to get an education and were not able to have the job of their dreams because of this termination and segregation laws. these were laws as opposed to biases and feelings. these were hard codified laws that prohibited women in general from living and working where they wanted, particularly african-american women. she went to vicksburg and decided it was not a strong enough base for her, so she came to indianapolis. it was the crossroads for railroads, distribution into the south, and to the east, into the midwest. and the far west. she thought this was a great place to start and grow her business. it has a decent sized population of african-americans. the growth for her business was not just because she empowered herself but her employees and agents. she sold her ware by way of agents and she also had beauty culturist. she chained -- trained her agents to go out and se

unfortunately, he was a rather big target and he was killed by sharpshooters at vicksburg. the men felt terrible about it. they buried him with full military honors and there is still a monument to doug. perhaps the most famous mascot was old a, -- old abe, an american bald eagle. you can't get much more american than that. he was renowned for his courage. he was named after president lincoln as a token of esteem for president lincoln, and he followed the unit everywhere, including into battle. he was known for, while the battle was raging, flying up above and giving out a war like scream that would inspire the men. old abe was shot during the war. but he returned to wisconsin as a hero. not only wisconsin, but throughout the north. he was given the honor of living out his days at the wisconsin state capitol. when they decided to create an airborne division, they took the likeness of a and used that -- the likeness of abe, and they used that for the 101st airborne division, which now is known as the screaming eagles in honor of old abe. i would like to conclude with one tha

national archives because the same plantation was where grant, general grant stage the siege of vicksburg. but she was orphaned at seven, married at 14 to get a home of her own to escape an abusive situation with a brother-in-law. moved from there to st. louis, where her brothers were barbers. and joint st. paul church and the women of the church began to give her a vision of herself. so by the time you, you see a picture of her in a model tea in indiana. this journey that went from being a washer woman, earning a dollar 50 cents a day, founding her company, making moving to denver, moving to pittsburgh and then ultimately ending up where you see her in indianapolis driving her car. then this is her daughter, amelia walker who was really the apple of her eye and the motivation for her success. she was running the pittsburgh office while madam walker was indianapolis and persuaded her mother where they needed to have a presence in harlem. so they bought a building in harlem in 1913, just as harlem was becoming the center for culture and politics for african americans. and then you'll see i

it was a rather big target and he was killed by union sharpshooters at vicksburg. the moment felt terrible about it they buried him. military honors and they're still remains a monument in honor of doug and the services he provided to that unit. perhaps the most famous mascot of all was old a american by bald eagle. can't get much more american than that. he was bought from an indian tribe by the wisconsin eighth infantry and he was renowned for his courage. he was named after president lincoln as a token of esteem for president lincoln and he followed the unit everywhere including into battle and he was known for when battle was raging flying up above and giving out war like scream they would inspire the man. now old a was shot twice during the war but survived and returned to wisconsin as a hero not only in wisconsin, but throughout the north and he was given the honor of living out the rest of his days. wisconsin state capitol he died in the 1880s was legacy lived far beyond that because in the 20th century when the us army decided to create an airborne division

unfortunately, he was a rather big target and he was killed by union sharpshooters at vicksburg. the man felt terrible about it, they buried him with full military honors and there still remains a monument in honor of dug and the services he provided to the unit. perhaps the most famous mascot of all was hold abe. an american bald eagle, can't get much more american than that. he was bought from an indian tribe by the wisconsin eighth infantry and he was a renowned for his courage. he was named after president lincoln as a token of esteem for president lincoln. and he followed the unit everywhere, including into battle. and he was known for when a battle was raging, flying up above and giving out he warlike scream that would inspire the men. now, old abe was shot twice during the war but surprised -- survived and return to response and as a hero. not only wisconsin, but throughout the north. and he was given the honor of living out the rest of his days in the wisconsin state capital. and he died in the 18 eighties but his life because he lived far beyond that because in the 20th

for example, which happened routinely especially during the vicksburg campaign of the summer of 1863. that left the camps and their residents vulnerable to confederate attack. and there are dozens if not hundreds of stories of such camps having been broken up by confederates. with many people killed others re enslaved and hauled back to the place where they thought they had gotten away from and so this next slide depicts that so this is called the stampede of slaves from hampton to fortress monroe and it depicts a time during the summer of 1861. where federal forces had to pull back from hampton. which they had first occupied as an outpost to their fortress at monroe and then had to abandon in the aftermath of the battle of bull run. and several thousand african americans who had taken refutes there in hampton under the protection of the united states army then found that protection disappeared so they left quickly overnight and made their way in what this artist depicted as a stampede. to go to fortress monroe for for protection there. so what i'm suggesting here is contrary to what

he also photographed ccc men restoring the battlefield at vicksburg.he traveled to the big bend of texas in 1936, became a national park in 1944, and then to the north cascades of washington state in 1937 did not become a national park until 1968. so he's laying a lot of visual groundwork for the future. another project that he was involved with was in 1934, president roosevelt declared that the national parks year. if you know much about president roosevelt, he was a stamp collector. he asked that the sector of the interior and the postmaster general get together to issue a series of postage stamps depicting scenes from the national parks that would be adapted from photographs. another way to promote visitation of the national parks by everyday americans. and so of those ten images, two were images taken by ansel adams, five of them were by george grant. this is one example. you see here on the right is george grant's photograph from zion national park in utah in 1929. there to the left you see the 8-cent stamp that was adapted from that photograph fo

plantation on the mississippi near louisiana, mississippi boundary has to get to to well first of vicksburg then jackson. from jackson to montgomery is not very far but to do that he can't do it because there's no train that goes between those two so he's got to go in this wild roundabout route. up to memphis, which is still in tennessee, which is still in the united states of america across, tennessee and then down into georgia and it's slow and uncomfortable and it just to me brought out the the great difficulty the confederacy would have and actually working out a government and an economy that served its people in any any way so he lincoln knows where davis's is and and so to answer your question. yes. northerners are aware, but davis's words are i mean there are there as difficult for northern readers then to get as they are now and when i was talking about lincoln retelling american history davis had a better. point of purchase onto america is his family and his wife's family had served in the american revolution with much more distinction than lincoln's but somehow lincoln out foxed

for example, one union veteran, a guy named perry browser became addicted to morphine in a vicksburgarmy hospital in 1864 and he described the circumstances that led him to addiction to the u.s. pension bureau when he was trying to reply for pension which ultimately never got. fast forward to 1915, so about 50 years after the civil war, perry browser died of chronic more fun-ism in a soldiers home in indiana. so that means that this guy, perry, ultimately live two thirds of his life addicted to morphine. that is a long time. for veterans like the houser and john, opioid addiction was a lifelong disability. something that never went away. and for what it's worth, i was surprised when i began doing this research on veterans opioid addiction after the civil war. i was surprised at how long addiction could last. it was a really long term health consequence of the civil war. and for me, as a medical historian, and that's one of the key payoffs of looking into this topic. it shows that a civil war's health crisis wasn't just contained or compartmentalized into the 18 sixties. the civil war

we could get details when he goes to vicksburg -- goes to pittsburgh next week.oving day. and while her friends are doing the heavy lifting, jess is busy moving her xfinity internet and tv services. it only takes about a minute. wait, a minute? but what have you been doing for the last two hours? ...delegating? oh, good one. move your xfinity services without breaking a sweat. xfinity makes moving easy. go online to transfer your services in about a minute. get started today. president biden: it is the place where we will be significantly able to increase american productivity, at the same time providing good jobs for people. taylor: that was president biden on his infrastructure proposal at yesterday's news conference. we were sitting that conference for over an hour. that being his first press conference. very eager. let's talk about that in the infrastructure plan with laura tyson, university of california berkeley business professor and former council of economic advisors chair during the clinton administration. we joked that whether it be $1 trillion, $3 tri

said this, quote -- there are more dead voters than buried in the battlefielding of gettysburg or vicksburg or normandy. of course, that is not true, but his brother in a phone call during a deadly insurrection raised a question of optics? the optics in the other direction are atrocious. if you're worried about optics, there's no way as the brother of a felon, who is advocating not just for stopping the steal, but advocating the imposition of martial law, as to redo the vote to the public all the way up to inauguration day. there's no way i go anywhere near this deliberation and decision point. it's also important to remember when dod first made a comment they did not know that general charles flynn was on the call. they only mentioned later, and they didn't recall whether he said anything. there's nobody somewhere that close to essentially an ex-three-star general calling for martial law should be anywhere near the decision about whether or not to apply military forces onto the nation's capitol. >> should general flynn's brother charles flynn have recused himself from the chain of command