and south vietnam. there are others, most prominently andrew krapenovic and john noggle who said it was a counterinsurgency but one the united states tried to fight as a conventional war. my view, it began as a counterinsurgency but turned into a blend of counterinsurgency and conventional warfare and ended up as essentially a convention l war. i'm going to talk about how it evolved. so the clash between north and south begins in 1954 when south vietnam was divided after the war between france and the vietmen. the new south vietnamese president yem uses arm force initially to consolidate his rule over some rebellious sects. the communists initially focus on political subversion thinking the government is unable to stand. over the intervening period they are able to consolidate rule, the united states helps it develop new armed forces. this is one of the early controversies on the military side. the u.s. urges to consolidate. critics allege you didn't need a conventional force like this because you faced

i did not go to vietnam. and i ask you, how many people in this room served during vietnam during the war? i think many would probably agree with this, i did not go to vietnam with a lot of political intentions or even political experience, other than to watching our national figures. but i knew what i wanted to do, and that was, i wanted to serve my country, i wanted to lead the people i was supposed to lead, i wanted to do the job i was supposed to do, and our leaders were going to take care of the rest of it, and some day, i would come back, and tell you what i thought of overall, of the vietnam war, and we've had the time, to reflect on this, we've had the ability over the years to watch the cycle of the war and its aftermath, and i think i can say very comfortably, that the outcome of this war certainly justified the reasons that we went into this. i don't want to, i'm going to try to leave about 15 minutes for questions. i really, like ronald reagan, i don't like to answer what-if questions, i think we

when we put the vietnam war, the american war in vietnam, if we embed it deeply within the broader strategic concept of the cold war then we start talking about issues like american credibility and resolve and reputation. regional stability and regional dynamics. we have to start thinking about the alliance system and the security assurances and military interventions that underpin american grand strategy in the cold war. it starts to look more and more that the american war in vietnam could not be won, but also perhaps that it was one that we had to fight. it could be that no amount of fighting was going to make it better or was going to bring about a political victory, but that doesn't mean that the option of withdrawing or going home or staying out was a viable one either. at least not by the 1960s. if you're familiar with harry potter and the idea of time turners, if we're turning back time, we have to go far, far further back, maybe to 1963, maybe to 1954, maybe to 1945, maybe to 1919. and so when we talk then about what it might mean for the military to be sent to fight a fundamentally

south vietnam.ohnson had escalated the war, but now with the death toll soaring, with protests and riots tearing the nation apart, president johnson had staked his legacy on getting america out of vietnam. >> i told -- >> johnson is talking to nixon, basically saying i know that you're interfering with my diplomacy, and i think it's about as low as you can get, and nixon lies and denies that he is doing it. >> you just see that your people don't tell the south vietnamese that they're going to get any better deal out of the united states government. >> "your people." that's how he puts to it nixon. your people are messing things up. in other calls, johnson didn't hesitate to give nixon's people a name. >> mrs. chenault. >> miss chenault and all the rest of them from running around here. >> mrs. chenault, anna. a woman known to power brokers as the steel butterfly. >> the number one flying tiger and his chinese bride, claire chenault marries anna chan. made second world war history and legend as comma

he said it was vietnam. this period from january of march 1968 is one of the most intense and important in u.s. history. because it's going to set the country now down a different path. and that path is going to be about negotiation. negotiating our way out. and really going full circle to what cronkite said. negotiating as an honorable people. here are just some of the pictures. in the book, don't you love that picture of lucy sitting behind him? and just -- you can tell she's not in good shape. she's on the couch. they're watching on the three channels. that's all they had at the time. and the president is going to say about this, this was the most momentous decision, and the one where i do feel like i sacrificed for the country and its betterment. do you think it's as monumental as i tried to make it out to be? why? derek, your thoughts? >> -- his powers were greatly deminished because he didn't seek re-election. >> he's putting all his energy now towards vietnam. that's what you have to keep in mind. now

south vietnam. johnson had escalated the war but now with the death toll soaring, with protests and riots tearing the nation apart, presidents johnson had staked his legacy on getting america out of vietnam. >> johnson is talking to nixon. basically saying i know you're interfering with my diplomacy. and i think it's about as low as you can get. and nixon lies and denies he's doing it. >> you see that your people don't tell the south vietnamese that they're going to get a better deal out of the united states government. >> your people, that's how he puts it to nixon, your people are messing things up. in other calls, johnson didn't hesitate to give nixon's people a name. >> mrs. chennault. >> you keep mrs. chennault and all the rest of them from running around here. >> mrs. chennault, anna, a woman known to power brokers across asia and in washington, d.c. as the steel butterfly. >> the number one flying tiger and his chinese bride. general claire chennault marries anna chan. general chennault made

this is the end of south vietnam.we must quickly set about educated educating the consumer but they are stunned to realize it was the north. south vietnam because the values increasingly dominate the country as for the american americans, what was that all about? that bothers me we did not bolearn a lot. but it wasn't about invading iraq. thank you all very much. [applause] . >>. >>. >> do they really believe that? or is this just an excuse? is at a motivation for going toor war? with eisenhower and kennedy and with that conviction. that if vietnam went so did other asian countries but this isn't the tar baby business. but if we give up on south vietnam than what around the world? what message will they derive? and then the question most often asked and to be very impressed by that evidence with kennedy's economic advisor who just almost two weeks before. then to expect the americans and they did believe that dominant theory. . >> what prevented the movement from cambodia what prevented that larger communist movement.

this is not a curse unique to vietnam.and from those interventions of those places even though well-intentioned. with that propaganda advantage but most of the people most of the time. and contrasted with a foreign power. but to this day the commanders fail to understand sending their soldiers to wage wars among the people with the body armor but give them the appearance of robots impossible to love or to recognize. and then personal freedom. and then with ho chi minh. and to preside over the inhumane totalitarian regime. and then of the saigon generals and then to have much interest many were seduced and then as a southerner said to me to remind us how humiliating it was the other side had the monopoly of patriotism. hanoi depended upon the chinese weapons but few were an armor only singing of the countrymen with the lack of possessions alongside that ostentatious spoils amassed by a saigon. but whether fatigues or tuxedos to get up in the morning without asking those on which side of the bed to get up. the 1964 us takeov

south vietnam. johns-escalated the war. and now with the death toll soaring, with protests and riots tearing the nation apart. president johnson had staked his legacy on getting america out of vietnam. >> johnson is talking to nixon. basically saying i know you're interfering with my diplomacy. and i think it's about as low as you can get. and nixon lies and denies he's doing it. >> you see that your people don't tell the south vietnamese that they're going to get a better deal out of the united states government. >> your people, that's how he puts it to nixon, your people are messing things up. in other calls, johnson didn't hesitate to give nixon's people a name. >> mrs. chenault. >> you keep mrs. chenault and all the rest of them from rupping around here. >> mrs. chenault, anna, a woman known to power brokers across asia and in washington, d.c. as the steel butterfly. >> the number one flying tiger and his chinese bride. general claire chenault marries anna chan. general chenault made second worl

they really are the indigenous peoples of vietnam. they were there before the provencal people came down from china. but there's a real ethnicity problem that does exist. maybe that's why they sort of turned their -- turned their eyes towards the americans. they really did love us. i guess we saw them as the underdogs and we treated them very well. but they were also very good soldiers. very good soldiers. >> question over here. i'm curious as to how the training and experience as combat officers prepared you for the nip and tuck of the business world or academia. >> what prepared me for the business world? >> well, the experience and train, you had in the army. how did that translate to morgan stanley -- >> right. so, my family is an army family. they didn't have much business experience. they were all soldiers. what happened was a -- i had a graduate degree from georgetown in the graduate school of foreign service on the army and taught after that. i thought i was going back to troops. i was assigned out to 6th army staff at presidi

it's on the subject of the vietnam and china.it was absolute defiance of the interest of the cambodian people again and again they wouldn't do it. this almost indefensible according to all of the agreement they were not meant to be there either. in 1970 i served as an advisor with the south vietnamese army and i was there for one year and worked very much with the local people and the military folks who were part of what i was doing with them on security issues. but by the end of that time we made great strides and i can show you and tell you who felt we were effective at least in getting the communist control eliminated to some degree. progress is being made. we can now ride the roads believe it or not. and i think part of this tragedy is by the time we started to make the progress that needed to be made or achieve a more balanced outcome we ran out of time. the administrations and it was impacted greatly on that. progress is made. we could have been going successfully but there was no will to do that. it's almost impossible to

>> independent, democratic north vietnam. kyle: independent vietnam. i'm not sure democratic was necessary. it's how you're defining that. holding elections is one thing. what we might characterize as a true democracy might be a very different thing. but again i think complicit in this is we're not going to shimmy, we're not going to run. and they can never win. it is implicit in that, i think to a large degree -- we can win and we will win. maybe i'm misreading that, but that's what it looks like to me. he even goes so far to go to -- he flies to pakistan after first leaving cameron bay. flies to pakistan, visits for a little while. then he flies to the vatican. why would he fly to the vatican, would you believe? yes, jose. >> north vietnam is very catholic. kyle: yes. especially general tu. or president tu. i slipped there. >> [indiscernible] kyle: right, right. so this is the issue. how do you deal with the south vietnamese and get them more involved in the process? so you go to the pope to try to push the catholics. you know, why didn't you do this

vietnam. let's start with the lead-in. 1968 but to a large degree the lead in was late 1968 -- late 1967. here is a quote from general west moreland, commander in vietnam. he goes to the national press club, brought back the country to try to drum up support for the war. trying to do a major public relations campaign to win support for the war. i love this quote that he gives to the press. i am absolutely certain the enemy was -- winning. we are making progress. we know you want an early transition to the fourth and last phase. -- so to yours sons and so do i. the emmys hopes are bankrupt. that should tell you the message the president as well as his generals are trying to present the american public. they're trying to shore up support and build support for the president and carry this to the american people to win support for them to continue to wage the war. johnson has been toying with some ideas like the san antonio formula which had been given in august of 1967 were he discussed if the no

i took this course called the vietnam war. and i went in for a few days, it was a television course, it was actually on television, being teleadvised live back to whoever was watching it at 3:00 in the afternoon, and the professor was talking about the attack at plaquo in february of 1965. and he said some sappers came through the wire with some satchel charges. and a student on television now, a student raised their hand and said, sir, i don't know what a sapper or a satchel charge is. could you please tell us. the professor turned very red in the face and said, well, i could. but there's a man in the front row here that can explain it better than i can. and i saved that professor's ass. [ laughter ] what that told me is that there are some things that are not being taught about the vietnam war. whey decided is that my research would really be on soldiers behavior, what i found is that every time they talked, every day virtually, in that course, i've seen that even in other courses, is everybody talks as if the war was fought

and when you come to a place like vietnam and you see former american vietnam vets coming back, whenn their experience of meeting with their former adversaries. and you don't make peace with your friends. you make peace with your enemies. ♪ >> anthony: as a father of a young girl, is it all gonna be okay? it's all gonna work out? my daughter will be able to come here. in five years, ten years, she'll be able to have a bowl of bun cha and the world will be a better place? >> president obama: uh, yeah. i mean, i think progress is not a straight line. you know? there are gonna be moments at any given part of the world where things are terrible. but having said all that, i think things are gonna work out. >> anthony: thank you so much. >> president obama: cheers. the dare to give big semi-annual event. lowest prices of the season november 14th to the 18th. only at jared. comdeeper than the oceanrld as unfathomable as the universe a world that doesn't exist outside you, but within you where breakthrough science is replacing chemotherapy with immunotherapy where we can now attack the cause

vietnam is not essential. we could win other ways or if he goes with vietnamization, you know, it's not our responsibility to always defend communism. it's up to you to help do it. he has some wiggle room to say that because he's already showed he's done it correctly. >> to a large extent, it's that. have you heard the saying, only nixon could go to china? it's sort of part of this. if you have sterling credentials as being a bad guy, that gives you a little bit more wiggle room to do it, and nixon's going to use that. when he comes into office, read that first one there. i think that's sort of interesting. the madman theory. what do you make of that? >> it's kind of what we see in the news right now with north korea and kind of how trump is handling it. he wants north vietnam to think that, you know, will he, will he not, in that way. >> don't show your hand. >> well, is he -- i'm not showing my hand. i'm keeping a little bit of ambivalence. >> little information operations there. really. >> how so? >> like y

we are not there in vietnam. this is the tragedy to speak to the dangers in the face of the white house he have all three branches. the national security advisor position kissinger held the only person in us history to be the national security advisor and secretary of state that didn't happen. the state department so to defy diplomatic solutions to the world's toughest problems. and with civilian commanders to come up with military solutions the national security advisor's job is to mediate that natural tension to provide advice to the president. when you cut those two elements out and you just consult the president that is bad for democracy. which is bad for the people. and those continue to pay the price. it is still alive and well. . >> please join me to think the professor for his book and comments today can clap. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] . >> education was important to your family early on in second grade something happened knowing what was going on in the early days. >> this also

vietnam.[ bicycle bell dings ] ♪ [ horn honks ] >> anthony: listen to me. listen to me. there is no other way to see this city, hanoi, than from a motorbike or a scooter. to do otherwise would be to miss it all. [ horns honking ] ♪ >> anthony: it is one of the great pleasures of my life to join the river of people rushing through the streets. ♪ [ horns honking ] ♪ >> anthony: vietnam. it grabs you and doesn't let you go. once you love it, you love it forever. i've been coming here since 2000, the first time i'd been in this part of the world, and it's held a special place in my heart and my imagination since. i keep coming back, i have to. [ bells ding ] vietnam has changed since last time i was here. it's changing every minute. [ horns honk ] but some things, for now, anyway, remain the same. important things, like this stuff. that's going to be good. bún oc. first meal in hanoi, and it's something they do here better than anywhere else. okay, i'm officially in hanoi now. mm. magic. a spicy,

it wasn't vietnam, it was the war of 1812.nd what was the first war in american history that we lost? i say in this book, it wasn't vietnam, it was the war of 1812 because madison said our war aims were, number one, to stop the brits from harassing our ships. number two, to conquer con canada and look at those aims, they're as distant fighting a war for our national security as they could possibly be. it's so poignant and painful because madison was this wonderful brilliant founder, wonderful leader. he gets to be president and he basically breaks the lock and opens the door for later presidents to get us involved in wars that we never should have been involved in. thank you so much. >> yes, sir. >> good morning, i'm doug lovette from san antonio. a quick question, you mentioned l lbj, as a fan of the volumes you've put out, when do we see the rest. >> i've been through two books, thank you for mentioning them. 1963 to 1965 and these are 700 hours nearly, i've listened to every single minute, many more than once. if my languag

we could discuss vietnam all day. the idea of, you know, why didn't we go all in versus the incremental. or on the other extreme, why didn't we get out when we saw this was not going to go well, because there were a lot of questions typically raised time and time again about the ability of the south vietnamese government to stand on its own. so that's how i would answer it. and you notice i'm not answering it directly because as a teacher always, what i was always taught is you give more information, go read these other books, because it's infinitely more complex than just giving a little, short answer. so these guys, i think, to a really good job, again, fred and h.r. mcmaster, and there's in others. i could -- one of my staff walked into my office the other day and saw row afro of all the -- row after row of books on vietnam. they said i didn't realize how many books there were on vietnam. you ought to see what i have at home. second question. >> second question, you go into it, i think it's called the chi noaa affa

how rich was vietnam? so to fight this type of war that we are arming and equipping, it requires a lot of cash to come back in to keep the thing going. how is the american economy going? that becomes the issue and why are you spending money there when our economy is stinking when you probably should be spending it here? let's jump to a few things. we will pick up with some of this, but sadly, if you are joe, what do you think?

john foster dullas saw an opportunity to write-off vietnam. he had no understanding in how we got involved in vietnam in the first place. he had never personally dealt with mcdonald and there was one fleeting moment where john foster dullas told anthony eden who was then prime minister, let us write it off. there's no need for america to be in vietnam. that didn't last long. and by '57 we were gearing up and when kennedy came in he moved from 400 troops to 17,000, and his argument resonates today. we didn't have soljures in there. they weren't really soldiers. they were just special forces commandoes and cia operatives. so it wasn't going to be at all dangerous. >> guest: just a quick question on the faster demobilization for the u.s., do you think that encouraged the faster production stream coming out versus the brits who did not demobilize -- quite so fast and kept the people in the military and who therefore could not be as productive in the economy. >> derek: the british made a sacrifice to be sure by maintaining a very heavy military bur

it is vietnam veterans that made america great again. [applause] she is in, and kick me off the stage in a minute. ladies and gentlemen, i want to honor and thank your organization for what it does. ceremony that has taken place, i understand at the ofual black history luncheon february 2018. i want to thank and personally recognize miss julia ellen davis, thank you, president of the charleston branch of us all who hosted an event for vietnam veterans. we know how special that is. thank you so much. madam president, would you join me for a moment. , would like to present to you on behalf of the secretary of defense of the united states, and of the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, i have a certificate that i want to present. know that we cannot reach out to all of the vietnam veterans, there were 9.2 million of us that served there. there are just over 6 million alive today according to the va we lose 300 every day. that is why an organization like this that helps us reach out, and we wish to honor and thank both of you for what you

johnson commander in the vietnam goes to johnson and says why don't we move nuclear weapons in vietnam and use them if enters to defeat. johnson privately says absolutely not, this could go ldnuclear we could wind up killg a hundred million people all for vietnam, and so as a result he shut that down quick and locked up the documents, if you ask me is it important to have a president who tells the truth, who has wisdom and judgment and experience, in johnson's case id you had a president who did not have that kind of life experience or understanding of what this could mean, we could have killed ten's of billions of people in 1968, just in the mid-sided effort to try to win the vietnam war. that's how important it is who we elect president, and as a result the founders were worried that we would elect presidents who maybe would be a little quick on the trigger, we oftentimes hear people say leave war to the generals. well, had war been left to william moreland this could have been nuclear in 1968. you need a president with a sibroader

a vietnam veteran that served in country in 1969, doctor rose joined the united states of america vietnam war commemoration in july 2015 as a consultant and strategy and international affairs. in this position, he raises awareness of the contributions and sacrifices made by the allies of the united states during the vietnam war. this afternoon, doctor rose will reside over a special pinning ceremony of vietnam era veterans. ladies and gentlemen, please welcome doctor john rose. >> madam president, justice wilkins, members of the clergy, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, my fellow vietnam veterans, thank you for allowing me the opportunity to honor you. yes, i'm a vietnam veteran, i served with the american division from 1969 to 1970. as general black identified, i remember vividly coming back to the u.s., landing in seattle, washington and met by a noncommissioned officer that said take off your uniform, you will not be welcome here in this country. there's another story i wish to share with you that is personal to me and one that has characterized my life. when i got to vietnam

there using the same weapons from vietnam the m-16 machine gun the a 1 millimeter and the humvee. i look on the other side they have the same weapons that they had in vietnam. >> they had all their weapons gunnar walker had a collection of weapons they captured and they had everything old technology from war. >> but we were fighting with helmets or is that they used in vietnam. they were driving humvees made in 1980 and 2003. >> some of those helicopters would shake and oil would fall on you. they said it's bad of it shaking in the oil is not falling on you then if it's not doing that you need to let us know. [laughter] . >> so to tell me this in an e-mail i could not believe it. but the reporter had never written that that exactly that the weapons on the american side nobody ever wrote that or i would have remembered if i had read that. >> all you have to do to understand that is open your eyes the f-16 is an f-16 the first one from 1965 so the 1965 weapon was used in 2003 and the m4 is just the f-16 but a different stock but they are still using those old weapons. you can get th

military began ramping up its forces in vietnam brian wilson was drafted. i enlisted in the air force for a four year program to go into the army as an induction. and then i got my orders to become an air force sure ranger officer commanding a unit of forty men. and so soon i fought. i saw in vietnam my duty was to go and assess the success or failure bombing missions. and in one week. we went visited five targets in. all the targets were inhabited fishing and. second. i defended. fishing. these villages were bombed at two hundred fifty to three hundred feet five hundred pound bomb suspension shop to take off. so everybody needs filesystems either dead or just about dead and they were all blocked it is burned from them if. i watch as far as i could walk before the bodies were show think they could walk any further and the found my feet. and i saw a young bean means woman holding three children in her arms her eyes are opened her eyes are just staring up at i was looking at my sister. when i looked into his eyes and it was all moderated or was a lie and i su

they used them in vietnam. they were driving humvees that were made in 1980. 2003. >> some of the helicopters you get them, they shake and oil would fall on your. is this okay? they said, it's bad -- [laughter] you need to let us know. if it's not doing that. >> in an e-mail, i couldn't believe it. i could believe that certainly but what i couldn't believe was that no reporter that i remember, has ever written that. it was exactly the same weapons on the american side. no one, as i remember, wrote that. i think i would've had remembered. if i had read it. >> all you had to do to understand that, was open your eyes and look at it. and m-16 is an m-16. the first that i fired in 1965, 1955 weapon was being used in 2003. the m4 is just an f-16 with a different dock. they still use those old weapons. you could get these -- you can get this information with just your eyeballs. i'll give you another example. i flew into iraq, i flew in a minute. i got there, it was pitch black. i landed in baghdad at the airport. they

these included refugees from vietnam, laos, cambodia. i'll talk about the crisis that developed overseas, but i'll focus mostly on developments that took place here in the united states, how the general public viewed southeast asian refugees, how southeast asian refugees were admitted and resettled, and how southeast asian refugees themselves tell stories about their experience. i'll tease out why the history of southeast asian refugee resettlement matters and conclude with some discussion about how southeast asian americans today are drawing on their refugee history to intervene in contemporary public policy debates. any questions so far? so let's begin with some background about refugee resettlement in the united states during it the 20th century. during the 1940s, '50s, and '60s, most refugees came from europe with the exception of cuban refugees. most were white and either jewish or christian. and during this period, right after the second world war and during the cold war, a commitment to opposing communism really shaped how the uni

the war in vietnam and the war in iraq. but both tell the stories of what it means to be waging war to me be when you want and i think you will find a very interesting afternoon. today will be moderated he attended west point and is the author of the acclaimed novel dress great about his time there. he is with written extensively about the military and the columnist for the village voice. and many other publications. currentlyla is writing for salon magazine. he covers the war in lebanon, iraq, and afghanistan. so he will be moderating for us this afternoon an amazing trio to be on stage. thank you for being here let the conversation begins however remember, please turn off your cell phones no flash photography. if you want to talk about today you can go on social media to hashtag and when the session is finish finished we asked everybody to clear the theater so we can get it ready for the next presentation. [applause]. [inaudible conversations] >> welcome. we are all very happy to be here. on my right is frankie it's jail.

and so soon i found myself in vietnam. my duty was to go and assess the success or failure bombing mission. then in one week. we went visited five targets. the targets were inhabited fishing game. checkers they were all i defended. fishing. these villages were bombed at two hundred fifty to three hundred feet. five hundred pound bomb suspension shot to take off. so everybody needs filesystems either dead or just about dead and they were all blocked it is burned from them if. i watch as far as i could walk before the bodies were show thick i could walk any further and look down at my feet. and i saw a young bean mees woman holding three children in her arms her eyes are opened her eyes are just staring up at i was looking at my sister. i looked into his eyes and it was all lies or was a lie and i suspect that everything i had ever been taught was a lie. my life completely radically changed. i do not know why i am here. i was in somebody else's village nine thousand miles from my farming village in upstate new york. oh are t

let's leave out vietnam for the moment.ow we get served as president and do with all the complex and reasoning together and turns it into an effective presidency? >> i think he would've been a very effective president in the same way he galvanize people to vote for the legislation he wanted to push through. it would've been difficult, long and hard. the tenor of the country shifted of course i 1968 but his willingness, his willingness to entertain arguments on the other side, his willingness to debate it, to see compromise. there's a chapter in this book he was the one who coined the phrase compromise is not a dirty word to come by compromise didn't mean selling out. he meant leaving the others that with enough so that when they walk away from the bargaining table, they don't feel that they had been poured swaddled and left out in the cold. i think he would've been a very effective legislator in the same we got all the legislation through that he did and the same way that he got through the '64 civil rights act. no other pe

i came back from vietnam understanding that there was going to be no kind of. help that we should get out of concealment of this information for twenty five years has now led to the deaths of fifty thousand americans and several hundred. thousand vietnamese in the last few years a couple of late and over twenty years of this involvement. and i think fifty the odds have been weighted in favor of secrecy the classified department of defense files revealed that since one thousand nine hundred forty five presidents truman eisenhower kennedy and johnson had misled congress and the public about unconstitutional military actions those beginning in the one nine hundred sixty s. included secret raids on cambodia laos and north vietnam richard nixon i know is to say that much the same way was continuing the war while presenting to the public that he was on the process of getting out and we speak of america's priorities the first priority must always be peace for america and the work. revelation of the secret pentagon documents for street protests and anger spread across

we tried to put vietnam beh us. and we did that for awhile until 1982 when i came out here fe dedication of the wall. >> take ushrough that. there were sometr suggles in getting this memorial put together. >> yes, there i in '83 learned there would be an addition to the memorial and that it would be a statue of three men. and at that time, i came out there again and i went back home and told my husband i said honey they're going to add a statue of three men, honorinmen. if they're going to do that, there has to be one for the women. an my husband said, well, who is going to do that? >> i guess i am. and so it began. >> and so it began. and ten years later because of push back and people in powerful es didn't agree that it should be a memorial for women on the wall. now when i did my research, there was no google then. i spent a lim of in the library, i was stunned. i was stunned to learn that in our nations capitolas there not one memorial honoring military women. so what i was doing was actually a first, and why sh

included secret raids on cambodia and north vietnam. in the new. much the same way. was continuing the war while presenting to the public that he was on the process of getting out and we speak of america's priorities the first priority must always be peace for america and the word. revelation of the secret pentagon documents for street protests and anger spread across the country decorated war heroes and civilians marched together protesting the unconstitutional undeclared war asked the united states has been at war under every president since nine hundred forty one. ever since the end of world war two us presidents have authorized the illegal and unconstitutional wars of aggression. according to the us constitution only congress can declare war the presidents have consistently found ways to wage war without congressional approval. between one nine hundred fifty and two thousand the us government has overthrown sixty democratically elected governments dropped bombs on over thirty nations and attempted assassinations of over sixty foreign leaders. millions die in thes

things were going well in vietnam. things were not going well in vietnam. in the country, there were peace demonstrations all over. johnson as lyndon the person of the year. his problem was vietnam. you see in antiwar poster, bring the troops home now. began -- this became a slogan. bring the troops home now. from january to march. the massacre that involved lieutenant william. of coverse a number in this exhibition. 10.e might be as many as this is a cover that actually appeared a year later. he would be convicted of a number of murders. in 1974 by pardoned richard nixon. here, this is a photograph of president lyndon first lady, lady bird johnson. they are watching tv's reins in the oval office. johnson has just given a national address. with two surprises. the one surprise was that he was prepared to accept a peace in be in all instead of outright victory. was heond supply announced he was no longer a candidate for the presidency. he would not run for a second term. his political base. they were dismayed. it shocked the nation. so much of a surprise that

to be used in vietnam. i think nuclear weapons should be reserved only for what we hope will never come, which i think that great diplomacy, and it will have to be great diplomacy, a confrontation with a nuclear power. whenever you use the ultimate weapon, and a small world like this, you inevitably run the risk of it being escalating into a major war with communist china now has some nuclear capability, or the soviet union being involved. under the circumstances in order to bring this war to a conclusion, what we should do in terms of our military power, and it is not only military power but diplomatic and economic and other things that can be used as well, but in terms of military power, we shall limit our efforts to the use of conventional weapons. that is all that is needed and we should not risk a nuclear war in vietnam by any matter to me. i just -- i disagree completely on that on this part. [ applause ]said i would like to say mister murphy when i say that i disagree with curtis, i have great respec

[applause] i think that bringing up vietnam we were lucky to be in vietnam when we celebrated 20 years of opening the embassy and you had left for singapore to go there but a celebration of that. the year before i left, ed 8% of the vietnamese people say their best friend is the united states of america. it's an incredible achievement with you and senator mccain and others have achieved. these are the kind of things that make a difference whether it be the paris accord, the efforts in the middle east moving the ball and now getting to iran to work that you did over a seven-year period it doesn't go away just the go away from the process. >> if i can say to you because i took the liberty of diverting from the question you asked about iran, so let me bring them together because as i said i don't take it personally. here's why i'm encouraged. here's why i feel good about myself, the obama administration and what we did because 38 state38thstate in the united stf america passed renewable portfolio balls moving to the sustainable renewable energy. more than a thousand mayors in the country

[applause] i think that bringing up vietnam we were lucky to be in vietnam when we celebrated 20 years of opening the embassy and you had left for singapore to go there but a celebration of that. the year before i left, ed 8% of the vietnamese people say their best friend is the united states of america. it's an incredible achievement with you and senator mccain and others have achieved. these are the kind of things that make a difference whether it be the paris accord, the efforts in the middle east moving the ball and now getting to iran to work that you did over a seven-year period it doesn't go away just the go away from the process. >> if i can say to you because i took the liberty of diverting from the question you asked about iran, so let me bring them together because as i said i don't take it personally. here's why i'm encouraged. here's why i feel good about myself, the obama administration and what we did because 38 state38thstate in the united stf america passed renewable portfolio balls moving to the sustainable renewable energy. more than a thousand mayors in the country

had gotten artists drafted and sent to vietnam.ed a couple songs talking about the old rousseff after april 1958, it was difficult to ignore. artists. one was working in a position of management at the label that had marched with dr. king in the 1960's. it was hard to ignore what was going on in the outside world. they get thrown into the mix right away april 5 with the unrest in the city. the mayor's office for the first time acknowledges stax records and called them and asked if they can provide artists to go on to the largest black radio to go to thee area station to calm people down so that the rioting did not get worse. while stax participated in that and did their part, it was with a lot of sadness and anger. things began to change after that. the front door that was always open was closed. what you see in 1968 and after is the company was starting to embrace their role within the black community. it was their job to take care of the people buying their records. the majority of the people buying their records were black. ♪ >>

kennedy's views on vietnam changed considerably.as you check out he went to vietnam when he was still a member of the house and in his early years in the senate gave these are markable speeches in which he said western power is not going to win in vietnam. it is for danes. it is not going to happen. he is very critical of the eisenhower administration for embracing france. but when the french left and the us entered both kennedy and eisenhower had reservations, but they inched the country in and in small ways, eisenhower first with advisors and kennedy more robustly. i don't think either of them would be particularly -- i don't think history looks on their vietnam policies as particularly inspired during the late 50s and early 60s, kennedy and eisenhower were more skeptical when the french were there but the american guy, they dropped a lot of skepticism and made some mistakes that were hugely consequential for the rest of the decade and beyond. >> [inaudible question] >> i have read that book. it is one of the better books i have r

vietnam is, after all,l, a one-party socialist state.he idea is for such workshops to become a regular feature in schools here. young people need to know how dangerous pollution is, especially for them. at this event, the s students divided into teams for a q&a session. what illnesssses does smogog c? what can you do about air pollution? who is most affected? pupils were rewarded for giving the right answerers. and they can pass on what they learned. hanh: i think that after this workshop, the students will bring their knowowledge to ther home and talk to their parents, and their brothers and sisters. tangmar: i hope they now know momore than theieir parents do t this, , and it will inspire thm to do something. reporter: the cicity authoritis are under pressure to improve public transport. work on an extensive metro system is behind schedule. there are a few express bus routes with modern vehicles, but their impact has not been great so far. the municipality has issued a ban on all motorcycles that takes effect in 2030. but that does not