so i wanted to talk a little bit about the lives of these women in colonial virginia. we know that there was a high death rate in the colony. it was typical for a woman to become a well off widow at a very early age. and women typically had great personal and financial power. the virginia colonial court records -- there are instances where married women came before judges on their own, and this would have been relatively unheard of, because this was really during a period of coverture. coverture simply said a married woman was civilly dead. and come upon marriage, a woman's legal identity was covered by her husband. we know that married women in england could not hold property in their own name. they also lacked the right to dispose of property without their husband's consent. even if they had inherited that property themselves. in england, women were only required to receive one third of's their husband estate. that was something that was special to england. but in virginia, that was vastly different. women usually inherited more than one third of their husband's estat

virginia. these are the lowest colonial records of the virginia colony as well as the collections. because the people represented in silhouettes, it is a two dimensional form. we do not know very much. there are documentary records. so the history is often obscured or even lost to us. nevertheless, it is incumbent upon us as americans to understand these pivotal moments in our history and trying to imagine what the lives of these people would have been like. we can do that to the story of angela who is one of the first captive africans brought to virginia in 1619. we know very little about her except the fact that she likely came from the present day angola. she was a victim of the international transatlantic slave trade. she was on a portuguese ships that was sailing from the west african coast to veracruz, mexico. a large slave market town. during that transatlantic voyage, two british privateers attacked a portuguese ship and captured about 50 of the enslaved people on board including angela. she only appears twice. she is listed in the early census of the virginia colony. her n

say in general, in my looking at colonial history, education on comparing mixed-rate children colonial virginianial cuba and what i found that the very definition of whiteness, much more class, and these are communities who were often catholic and in virginia protestant individualism discourse, the notion of whiteness was strict and you get into this period where ultimately in 1800's one drop rule, there's the story, i don't know if it's -- american journalist interview u.s. journalist interviewing haiti, what portion of your population is white and he said 99%, she said i think he misunderstood the question and he said, one drop rule. it puts the perspective of race. the way we consider identity ethnicity really changes depending on place, very site specific. >> another question which i was reading through your books it came clear that these are interventions in a lack or they're trying to remediate a lack in american history but the fact that we have a session called about hispanic and african decent to try and intervene and bring something into the larger mainstream american history, you kno

say in general, in my looking at colonial history, education on comparing mixed-rate children colonial virginianial cuba and what i found that the very definition of whiteness, much more class, and these are communities who were often catholic and in virginia protestant individualism discourse, the notion of whiteness was strict and you get into this period where ultimately in 1800's one drop rule, there's the story, i don't know if it's -- american journalist interview u.s. journalist interviewing haiti, what portion of your population is white and he said 99%, she said i think he misunderstood the question and he said, one drop rule. it puts the perspective of race. the way we consider identity ethnicity really changes depending on place, very site specific. >> another question which i was reading through your books it came clear that these are interventions in a lack or they're trying to remediate a lack in american history but the fact that we have a session called about hispanic and african decent to try and intervene and bring something into the larger mainstream american history, you kno

about is theow first arrival of enslaved africans in the colony of virginia. this is not the first africans to arrive in the region that is present-day united states. we know there were africans, people of african dissent byving -- living in virginia 1619. just a few much before the arrival of these first documented groups. we know they were black people, people of african dissent living in virginia. know thatn to that we 1526 we had enslaved africans who went to the region that is presently south carolina. in 1616, the on british colony of bermuda. athad enslaved africans english colonies in the caribbean as well. -- how can i say that? if we expand what we understand as the united states, there were africans either enslaved and those who are not enslaved who arrived, for example, in the americas much earlier than at least one century earlier either in the region that is presently caribbean and florida. there were africans who ofticipated in the conquest what is present-day latin america. we have the case that is well who came with the spanish and is a man wh

the most one of represented traits and colonial virginia, second only to carpenters. if you know anything about what happens, the fact they are predominant preoccupation was we need more tailors, that says a lot. they are not eating but got to look good. that trend actually holds up throughout the 18th century. taylor's advertisements make up from total advertisements copies of the gazette. only third behind tutors and doctors. alexandria a distribution of the cities tour occupation reveals 20% of local artisans were involved in the clothing craft. it is second to those employed in the construction trade. this overwhelming number of taylor's speaks to their necessity in a society where individuals did not routinely make their own clothing. tailors and their skill so important to communities like alexandria? source, ato one tailor must be skilled enough to sew a good shape where nature has not designed it. this, a tailor needed to take systematic measurements across the male body. may i have a volunteer who knows french. there has to be somebody. i don't want to butche

virginia famously got rid of its established religion when james madison and thomas jefferson opposed it and led the fight to say there is no established church but colonies have been settled by different religious people. calvinists, in virginia, catholic proprietors of maryland, quaker proprietor in pennsylvania. and the founding fathers said this is a religiously diverse country. we are not going to try to have the federal government impose a religious uniformity, free exercise thereof and people can choose whatever religion they want. it is one way, with diverse origins, operate successfully over the years. >> host: we are taking your text messages as well. what will it take for a third party to upstage the two main parties and gain more equitable power away with them? >> history tells us that. former president who had won a second term by the largest percentage ever recorded up until that date decided to have a third political party and run again under the constitution. suppose the president got his party on the ballot in every one of the states in a majority of these non-southern, non-1-party districts across the country. and in 1912, theodore roose

colonial period where the scots and the scots irish. antipathyre this andrd the people jefferson the virginian up her crust are living with? were they equally in virginia as they were in boston? where they spread throughout the colonies, so that even jefferson would have lived with them, or not? irishhe scotch and scotch seen as a group of the same ethnicity in the colonies, or were they seen as different than each other? great question. the answer is multi levels. you are absolutely right, the big weave comes in from 1710, 1720, to the break of the war. irish,ric terms, scots or scots from ulster, or ulster irish, depending on names we used, they formed the biggest wave numerically. numerically, people from scotland are relatively small in proportion, for the sake of argument call scotch irish at the moment, but there is a whole argument of what naming you could give these particular communities. the result is that scots or immigrants from scotland are arriving at the same time but arriving in a very distinct way. most arrive after 1763 a large community groups, both low land and thailand, they tend to concentrate in upper new york, yes, some in virgi

evolved over time, it evolves whatever state of the united states or the colonies are, that first ivory is, so slavery in virginia and 16 20 looks very different from some of us imagined if we are used to gone with the wind and mississippi, right? slavery in boston and in massachusetts looks very different than it did and new york, right and that is a process that takes place, so if we say, well, slavery actually enslaved people were actually here in the 15 100th, that gives this whole 500 years of people of african descent having an effect on the culture and the politics and the economics in which they are engaged, either as free people, or as enslaved people. >> that brings us to the end of our time, but in closing, i will say that, as we talked about the struggle that was going on during the american war for independence, we have to keep in mind that while independence was one of the columnist fighting for, that it was a different take on what freedom was and those two different ideas, continued to find its way down and we heard about it from david when he talked about the violence that whites had, so many thi

dissipate, especially following the news of the rebellion in the french colony of sand domain which became haiti. gabriel's conspiracy in virginiand 1800 further destroyed the hopes of many that virginia was gradually eliminating slavery. the earlier leniency and freedom suits in forging ended and missions in the state rapidly declined, northerners now began southerners now began reversing their earlier examples of racial mingling, evangelical protestant churches and in the practice of mixed congregations after 1800, the southern states began enacting new set of black codes that resembled later jim crow laws, typing up the institution of slavery and restricting the behavior of free blacks. indeed, because free blacks seem to threaten the slaves system great at its heart, it they are compelled by law now to leave the southern states. the final blow to all the illusions came with the missouri crisis of 1819, the attempt by the new york congressman james thomas junior and the house of representatives to attach a prohibition of slavery to building missouri to the union precipitated a crisis more severe than anything felt before, jef

even the virginia company included a tailor in the first expedition to jamestown and sent six more tailors to the colony 1608, making it second only to carpenter's. that their predominant preoccupation was that we need more tailors, that says a lot. , but not to eating look good. all right. upthat trend actually holds throughout the 18th century. in the virginia gazette, tailors advertisement makes up total trade man's advertisements from extant copies of the gazette. and third behind tutors doctors put in alexandria, a distribution of the cities tour occupations began from the mean 64 to 1800 and reveals 20% of local artisans were involved in the clothing craft, and just like in 17th century jamestown, it is second to those employed in the construction trade, so again, this is an important part of our everyday life and society, and this overwhelming number of tailors on the landscape speaks to their necessity in a society where individuals did not routinely make their own clothing, so why were tailors and their skills so important to communities like alexandria? according to one 18th-century source, a