there were two walls. this would have been in the middle of that area that was heavily patrolled by east german border guards and this wall that you're seeing there on the right is the wall honoring those who lost their lives. there is, in fact, if you look at the right-hand side of your screen, what a border guard watch tower would have looked like at the time. when you visit this area you realize how much of a risk it was to cross it because it wasn't just getting over one wall, it was getting over one wall, running for several hundred yards, meters, then making it to the other wall and making it through. angela merkel now after having taken part in that service at the chapel of reconciliation is making her way to the visitor's center. that's where she's going to walk along the former border wall. to take in the scale. she knows all of this. angela merkel is from east germany. as we were discussing with our berlin correspondent, she is the first chancellor from east germany to lead a unified germany and

on top of the wall trying to tear it down with their hands and tearing off big chunks of the wall. does this give you any concern? are these the sorts of actions that you think rich richer -- could trigger that? >> i have seen pictures of this. nobody intervenes. as long as they're sitting on the wall, if that is fun for them, let them do so. >> we have seen pictures of concrete being worn off of the wall. does this give you any concern that things could turn ugly. >> no. >> you said that the wall was necessary and that this is a step forward for socialism. the wall was there to hold people back and to break the will of the people who wanted to leave the communist world. now, you are saying that the communist world is going to become attractive for people. how we do that -- will you do that? >> we will create a society that meets the needs of our citizens in any area. that is what we are striving for. you should not forget that there were -- there was an arms race and extraordinary measures taken between the two systems at that time. we were in the middle of this conflict. the time

and reflected these walls. and we will have to take that on the merit of the plans and if that is wrong and the dbi will go out there as part of the preconstruction and we are going to say, go on a minute, these walls are 2004 and they are not here, and that is what the people are saying, and that was there and i can't remember, 3 or 4 years ago. and but certainly, these drawings are wrong. and like any drawings you ask and you stop and get a revision and you reflect it accurately. >> and those are some of just my notes and that permit at the minute and the site permit. and it is still going through the review. and so i am available for any questions. thank you. >> this is the juniper of the richmond district and that is the one and it has the tarps over it and the tarps get old and it looks like an eye sore, and i know that they are appealing the permit. we want them to go away and to get the from the bad memories. >> you saw the photographs and it is as ugly as the photographs depict. >> there was another cas

, there were two walls. and if you wanted to flee and try to make it across that border, often times it ended very badly. so you get to see and stand on what is hollowed ground for berliners in general. it is an experience. it is something i would recommend to people coming to berlin to go there, stand there and take it all in. >> it's an experience and it's also something that has a lot of significance for people in berlin and in germany. the memorial is where there was a lot of significance in the early days of the berlin wall. what you had there, it was one of the place wheres in many place it is border went through some of the houses. what they did in the beginning, a lot of people jumped out of therapy windows to try to get to safety. the east german authorities started putting bricks into the windows and not allowing people to flee. there were devastating scenes that took place in the early stages of the berlin wall where people jumped over the barbed wire. it was where people came and really saw up cl

as the word celebrates the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall, israel's separation wall is under the spotlight. >> over a million catalans take part in a vote to demand independence from spain. >> a new government offers a message of hope to yemen but faces a struggle to establish its authority. >> i have all the day's sport. beating lamb i will to know by seconds to snatch the brazilian grand prix with just one race remaining. >> welcome to the program. more than a million visitors have descended on berlin to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall. 8,000 white balloons are to be released along the part of the wall that once divided east from west. you're looking at live shots now of the celebration there in berlin, a total symbol of the wall of course of the cold war. let's cross live to nick spicer. lots of light events in berlin where you are, even the chance lower made an appearance at the wall earlier today. what's the atmosphere like there? >> >> well, you can see what things are like now, however the day started in a com bermaner, in a recol

he went to the wall and tore down the raw and when reagan spoke, the wall fell. [laughter] he opened theor you had an order bt german grid -- east german regime. somehow, the east german regime must have decided it is hard to process the role of chance and accident in history. the agency of local actors. that was another surprise to me as i was writing the book. there was no order to open the law. i had to look elsewhere for my main -- it is true this is a story of -- from revolution from below. as best it is a causal exclamation. people wanted open from the minute it was built in 1961. it did not fall until 1959. i can't describe it as the history from the middle. it's like deputy scott -- debit officers, people who contributed to these events, not these great political leaders. this is a recent photo of the street here instead of a grandiose him -- grandiose memorial there, there is basically nothing. i got a tip from a friend that all of the remaining, including the east german lane lines, those are the lanes i pointed out to you, would be ripped up so a disco

stem wall. and i have another picture here. this is a stem wall of the appellant. and this is the door that leads to the basement, where we are digging two feet below this slab. i am close with a picture to the appellant's stem wall. this is our job site stem wall that very much level. and so based on this, we do

stem wall. and i have

you have defend the existence of the wall. do you thinktime, the wall would be removed? >> what removed? >> the berlin wall. >> i think i have given an answer to this at the beginning of the interview. >> considering what has happened, irreversible and permanent? >> do you envision a reduction of soviet troops? if that happens in east or west germany, can you envision the warsaw pact and nato being dismantled? >> to reduce conventional armed forces in europe, as a result of these negotiations, which, i hope will come to an agreement in the next year, it is quite troops might be reduced in countries, including western countries. they have their troops here. >> have there been contacts between the united states government and your government in berlin or here regarding developments? what would you like the u.s. government to do? >> what we have done is no secret. havei told you that things been introduced only two weeks ago. presentations of deputy foreign ministers of affairs. minister met and thereng people was talk about what is going on in the gdr. being inntinuing con

that concrete wall in the front. i will point here. >> i think that there is approximately 3 feet high. but, when they excavate down at the base, it will be two feet deep and her so the total height will be approximately 5 feet. >> and where is your floor relationship to the top of the wall? >> based on our measurements it is approximately 1 foot below the top of this concrete. >> okay. >> and in the back, i have a picture that i could show you... >> that is okay for now. >> getting your opinion, as compared to what the data. >> okay, thank you. >> we can hear from the permit holder. >> good evening, members of the board my name is jonathan black and i brought this with me. and to discuss this matter further with you. he did not answer some of those questions, but, i think that the big issue here as far as excavation goes, is mr. prada experience, of what she does have, 20 years of experience and included in the resume in there, and i believe that it is 5 or 6. two of those years is working as quality control for the

, the new walls. and that will a building, to the 2004 permits, and however, on the ground floor, they showed that almost, about 66 feet of the existing wall remaining, and according to the neighbor, the hardly any wall remaining on the ground floor and of course that all of the wall and i think that mostly ten or 15 feet. and you go back to dbi's on the demolition and they said that about 40 wall of is remaining and what we like to, and i mean, that their condition, and the annual, and to make it during the project and we like the idea and we support that idea. and you read the brief of the project sponsor, and the condition and the list under, and i think that we can accept, okay? because we are going to remove all of the wall and they are going to take care of all of the violations and they are going to take care of the concern of the neighbor but however, we would like to that be one of the conditions on the plan. basically, we would like the project to move on. but, however, we would like to more

years, the berlin wall has stood as a symbol of the failure of communism. that failure occurring over time, and now it is evident that the communists, themselves, came to the east german leaders. today'sus decision -- decision, not an active democracy, not an act to placate the west, but a desperate act of survival by the east german government, to prevent their people to leave, represents the symbolic destruction of the berlin wall. ironic way but serves a useful purpose, because it has reminded on a daily basis every person in this world of the vast difference between democracy and communism. society which forces its people to remain cannot ultimately succeed. now that the berlin wall has been symbolically destroyed, all that remains is for it to be physically destroyed. the east german government and president gorbachev of the soviet union steptly to take the final and to tear that while down. -- wall down. it is gone in substance. it should be gone inform. -- in form. the east german people are as theirting a new, parents and grandparents did a quarter

it appears that the berlin wall all it represents is crumbling. the people of east germany sought to take their own destiny into their own hands. by the hundreds of thousands they have taken to the streets, asking only two things -- freedom and opportunity. either tens of thousands they have fled their homeland, seeking only two things -- freedom and opportunity. decades of communist rule lie in shambles. now we have today postern attic announcement. the ragtag communists trying to regain control are fighting a fight they cannot win, a fight against their own people. they are running at a pace they can't win, a race against history. that people in east germany have left them with only one reasonable choice, to go down the path that poland and hungary are already taking. people are the masters of the state cannot the service. will they stay on that path? the jury is still out. borders can be closed as well as opened. free elections can turn out to be nothing more than talk. seven of the 11 members are holdovers, and they are undoubtedly still power

walls of them built to keep out invading armies. wall to keepirst an entire country from fleeing. fleeing into west berlin. if the guards were not successful, there was barbed wire. if they crossed that, there was the wall. and you reach the top of that, there was looking glass. -- broken glass. over 100 have been killed. all of the escape routes have been reinforced. the eastern guards had orders to shoot at each other if one tried to escape. jumpeds where people had to freedom, they had been sealed bth recs -- the wall separated more than a city. it separated the world. on one side, people who were free to be christians, muslims, jews, or confucians. on the other lines -- on the other side, expression of any religion was discouraged or taken away. on june 26, a short distance from the wall and overlooking the east, the people of west berlin welcomed a visitor -- the president of the united states of america. ♪ [applause] >> thank you. there are many people in the world who really do not understand or say they do not what is the great issue between the free world and the communis

then the wall as the west saw it, 3.6 meters tall.germans attempted to escape past the wall. at least 5,000 succeeded. more than 200 died trying. >> one of president kennedy's most rousing speeches was delivered here at the wall within earshot of the east. a message repeated years later by president reagan. >> mr. gorbachev, tear down this wall. >> in 1989, cracks began to show. guards were told not to shoot. thousands rallied for freedom in berlin. on the 9th of november, a sea change. east germans would be allowed to cross the border. thousas headed to the wall, tearful, jub lent germans from both sides began to hack and rip down the concrete. excited, welcoming hands reached over. east berliners soaked up the strange western wonderland, sparkling with the things they had so long been denied. andless than a year, the wall was in tatters. and the iron curtain was deemed pulled back. germany, fractured from four decades was united once more. >> 1989 was also the year an american tv star stoot atop the berlin wall and captured the hear

the height of the wall varied. at its highest point, the wall rose up 20 feet above the grassy land. it took 16,000 roman soldiers 10 years to build. historians argue over just why the wall was built. some believe it was a barrier to separate roman-controlled britain on this side from the wild barbarian tribes on the other side. another theory was that by building a wall with gates and checkpoints, it allowed the romans to collect taxes on those passing through. or it could have just been built to show off the power that was rome. whatever the reason, forts were built along the wall and manned by soldiers. these are the remains of one of the bigger forts. as the years passed, the romans left england and the soldiers left the wall. in later centuries, many of the stones were taken from the wall to build roads. this important part of history would have been lost if not for a man by the name of john clayton in the 18th century who helped save it. proud of their wall from the days of hadrian, the people of england woul

of the project done not on that wall but - >> thank you is there public comment on this item? seeing none, commissioner the matter is submitted >> commissioners i'm not prepared to take jurisdiction on this particular case. >> i would concur. >> move to deny the jurisdiction request on the basis that i do not see the city having participated or encouraged anything that was incorrect. >> thank you mr. pacheco. >> we have a motion from commissioner fung to deny this jurisdiction request on that motion to deny vice president is absent commissioner president lazarus commissioner honda commissioner wilson a absent the vote is 3 to zero the jurisdiction is denied and no appeal shall be filed against this permit. >> thank you next item is item 57 for the appeal vs. the department of building inspection properties at 246 kingsley street for a penalty on august 25th for construction without a permit we'll hear from the permittee mrs. lynn in a. >> good afternoon, commissioners i purposed this property in 2007 on august 8, 2014, i received a notice of a violation on the property i went

sledge hammer to the wall.t's conceivable that real sledge hammers will be brought out. there's no point of it being there. prospect that no one could have predicted a year or a month ago. >> this has been a city physically divided for 28 years, now coing together, east and west, in a spontaneous outburst of emotion. >> reporter: this could be the first move to dismantling the berlin wall that has stood as the most painful symbol of a divided germany since it was built in 1961. >> one after another, drivers and passengers alike plan to spend their new freedom to spend a weekend in west germany to take a look at how the other half lives. >> every east german coming to the west receive 100 marks, about $50. any west german businesses are giving them a chance to spend their money and pick up goods to take home. around the clock. >> hundreds of thousz swarm eed streets of west berlin. >> a new hole, yesterday, it was the bridge that opened up to many of us, these are just place names. but what signal do these place

a were very clever to take the symbol of the wall and turn it around. american presidents deserve some credit for that. >> thank you for joining us. >> thank you. >> the fall of the berlin wall 25 years ago, bringing today's show to a close. i am laura trevelyan. thanks for watching. see you back here next week. >> make sense of international news at bbc.com/news. >> funding of this presentation is made possible by the freeman foundation, newman's own foundation, giving all profits from newman's own to charity and pursuing the common good, kovler foundation, and union bank. >> at union bank, our relationship managers use their expertise in global finance to guide you through the business strategies and opportunities of international commerce. we put our extended global network to work for a wide range of companies, from small businesses to major corporations. what can we do for you? >> "bbc world news" was presented by kcet los angeles. gwen: a bad week for defments a great week for republicans. but what about the voters? we sort through the 2014 electi

the headlines -- the fall of the berlin wall. berlin celebrates a big anniversary with an installation tracing the wall's one-time passed through the once divided city. >> tensions rise in ukraine as kiev accuses russia of sending tanks across the border. >> and business news, positive signs for europe's biggest economy, german exports and industrial production bounceback -- bounce back. we start with an event millions of germans have been looking forward to for weeks now. the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall. >> the actual anniversary is on sunday, but celebrations are already under way with thousands pouring onto the streets of the german capital. >> berlin is gearing up for anniversary celebrations. over eight thousand balloons have been placed in areas where the wall once stood. they will be in the minute it over the weekend -- they will be in human aided -- they will be illuminated over the weekend. the speaker parliament was modest in his commemoration of this historic event. >> it often seems to us as if ger

. >>> when the wall fell. as the world marks the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall, tom brokaw remembers that night and witnessing history. >>> help wanted? it is shaping up as a banner year for holiday hiring with hundreds of thousands of jobs that need to be filled. tonight we'll tell you where they are. >>> and big dreams for some of the most fragile little lives as those who care for them see all of the possibilities. >>> good evening. two american men until this weekend faced the likelihood of years imprisoned in north korea are spending their first night on american soil after their sudden release yesterday, led by the head of intelligence, the mission to secure the freedom of kenneth bae and matthew miller was shrouded in secrecy. they traveled to a place few americans dare to go and were accused of breaking north korea laws. they landed near seattle last night where one of them spoke about the dramatic release. miguel almaguer reports. >> reporter: this is how the secret mission came to a

almost all of the wall is gone now.ts lessons are at risk of disappearing as well. >> there is a danger of that come play defenscomplacency falu can see with ukraine, you know, event over there that that is not to be taken for granted. >> reporter: on friday, lights began leading up 15-kilometers of where the wall once stood. an art project that's part of the commemoration. a pathway for people to wander and wonder of the power of peace of protests and the changes brought tout whole world since that day in november 1989. nick spice, he al jazerra, berlin. >>> just a remind are, you can always keep up-to-date with the news on our website, aljazerra.com. hi, i am lisa 9/11er and you are in the stream. did elay controversial decisions until after the election. muse, dark money gone digital. how the shell company is shelling out record amounts on causes and all the while being one of the most secretive industries on where the money goes. hater, is it time to redefine civic participation, while some say it is not all about t

[applause] , tear down this wall. [applause] i understand the fear of war and division that inflicts this continent. i pledge my efforts to help overcome these burdens. must resist soviet expansion. we must maintain defenses of unassailable strength. yet we seek peace, so we must strive to reduce arms on both sides. the getting 10 years ago, the challenged the western alliance with a grave new threat. hundreds of new and more deadly nuclear missiles capable of striking every capital in europe . the western alliance responded by committing itself to a counter deployment. less the soviets agreed to --otiate a better solution namely, the elimination of these weapons on both sides. for many months, the soviets refused to bargain in earnest. prepared to gos forward with its counter deployment. there were difficult days, days of protests during my 1982 visit to this city. the soviets later walked away from the table. through it all, the alliance held firm. i invite those who protested and i invite those who . because we rem

the rest of the world called it the berlin wall. over the years, initially what were coils of barbed wire grew to a 100 mile wall. making around west berlin, cutting streets and dividing families and friends. behind it on the east german side was a death strip. soft sand to show footprints, flood lights, machine guns with orders to shoot on site. >> 80 berliners were killed, fleeing over the wall. more than five thousand east germans, including 600 border guards crossed the border. climbing over the barbed wire, crawling through the sewers and driving through unfortified parts of the wall. >> some of the daring attempts included a woman who drove a train into east berlin. german soldiers responded. year used and armoured car smashed into the wall. one man drove his car without a windshield, scooting it under a barrier to help his girlfriend and mother who were hiding in a trunk to detect to the west. >> the proudest post is berliner. >> western leaders offered words of support, but remained unable to effect change. >> mr mikhail gor

gorbachev was instrumental in setting the stage for the wall of the wall and is in berlin for the celebrations. he spoke with our jim clancy about the decision not to use force to put down uprisings in berlin in 1989 and why he thinks the scenario might turn out differently if it played out today. >> translator: right after the ends of the cold war when we signed important agreements we had a calmer situation and people believed more in the possibility of improvement. now it's alarming. the time is alarming. therefore, let us not forget in mutual accusations. let us rebuild the trust that has been wrecked. and let us cooperate. >> i think people feel less secure. i saw it myself in reykjavik. mikhail gorbachev, ronald reagan. they disagreed on many things. but they both were held accountable. they both knew they had to be responsib responsible. today groups like isil, this islamic state, and others, they're held accountable by no one. >> translator: the international so-called islamic state and many other radical forces that are in tune with them, i think that requires a common effort on our p

. -- the building of the wall. ma the better part of his land is beyond that fence. all these walls he built by breaking this sporn land with his wife and his children and all his hard work is gone. he cannot go down and tend to his trees or cultivate it. ♪ >> i feel like i haven't found any anchor for the light at the end of the tunnel. is there any chance for people to believe that there is something else? >> i used to have a speech that said you're looking, you're looking, and it could be the solution somewhere. you totally don't foresee. >> yeah. the wall of berlin came down, south africa turned upside down and unimagined things can happen. >> yeah. >> but where they're saying about driving in israel, don't be right, be clever. because if you enter and you say i'm right, i drive in, you get into such a collision, this is -- it's better to have a strategy, to be clever, what do you do when you enter this next intersection. >> i think the solution is on the israeli side. always the solution is with the person wit

there were people jumping the wall, putting flowers on the wall. there was a lot of questions. some of your pictures show what happened. one of them, here you have east german police may be on a wall shooting water canons. that was the morning after. there was a confrontation between the east germans, and people that wanted to take down a slap of the wall. they used water canons, this was at the brandenburg gait as well. it was exciting. nobody knew what was going to happen from one second to the next. it was very much in question. >> you had all sorts of crazy things happening. we showed a picture that showed the wall, a guy with a sledgehammer breaking through, and a water canon shooting through. there's that picture. we had another where the ball is falling. it's an institute crazy time. >> there was that group. they pulled down that one slab of the wall against the east german water canons, when the slab came down, the east germans formed a hole. it was just wild, and it was crazy, but there was a lot of sides. >> incredible moments, worth reliving. it's a pleasure to have

the wall defies international law as well as united nation security resolutions. >> the wall is only a a symbol of this horrible injustice and maybe there's always a good side to anything. israel has been forced to make its occupation visible and after the second ty fat da forced to make its violence even more visible. >> israel maintains the wall is a defense against attacks, but palestinians view it as a long term maneuver aimed at taking more land and restricting palestinian movements in the occupied territories, whatever the case, 25 years after the foul of the berlin wall, this one isn't likely to come down anytime soon. aljazeera, bethlehem in the occupied west bank. >> an unofficial referendum on independence is underway in catalonia in northeastern spain. it is expected to result in the strongest show of support yet for the breakaway from spain. we are joined live from barcelona. how has the voting gone today and what sort of turnout were they expecting? >> well, there are expectations that are quite high because previous demon straes in support of independence has had as man

the rest of the world called it the berlin wall. over the years, what was coils of barbed wire grew to a 100 mile double white concrete wall that snaked around west berlin, cutting off streets and dividing families and friends. >> behind it on the east german side was a death strip. soft sand showing footprints, machine guns and soldiers with orders to shot on site. 80 east germans were killed trying to flee over the wall between 1961 and 1989. more than 5,000 east germans, including 600 border guards crossed by jumping out of windows, climbing over barbed wire, crawling through the sewers and driving through unfortified parts of the wall at high speeds. >> some of the daring including an east german who drove a train. german soldiers tore up the tracks to prevent anyone else doing the same. another used and armoured car smashed into the wall. another drove his car without a windshield to help his mother and grandmother hiding in the trunk defect to the west. >> in the world of freedom... >> reporter: western leaders offered words o

another used card is smashed into the wall. one man drove his car without a windshield, defecting to the rest. >> in the world of freedom. the proudest boast is the leader. >> western leaders offered words of support, but remained unable to affect change. >> mikhail gorbachev open this gait. [ cheering and applause ] >> mr mikhail gorbachev tear down this wall. >> while it's believed that western ideology prevailed, economics played a key role in its demise. increasing numbers of east germans fleeing to the west in the summer of 1989, soviet leader mikhail gorbachev told the country's leaders they were on their own. >> on the afternoon of november 8th, the east german government announced and told reporters that east germans would be able to travel to the west - immediately. 11.30 that night an east german surrounded by a crowd made the unilateral history-changing decision to open the crossing. >> as courtney mentioned the berlin wall was built in 1961. february 6th, 1989, mashed the last time a person was shot and killed tryin

stem wall. and i have another picture here. this is a stem wall of the appellant. and this is the door that leads to the basement, where we are digging two feet below this slab. i am close with a picture to the appellant's stem wall. this is our job site stem wall that very much level. and so based on this, we don't understand how a 5 to 6 feet grade difference could occur between the appellant's foundation and our excavation and so we estimate that it is less than 4 feet including the excavation. and so, also, i wanted to show and construction sequence to show that we are considering the neighbor's stability. this is the s1.2 of the approved drawings and it shows, here, this, this line is where the balance of the property, and it is adjacent to ours and the foundation. and the overlap is only 14 feet. and this is 22 feet. and at the mentioned earlier that the overlap is 20 feet. but, i measured it and it is only 14 feet. and we have here, aa construction sequence and you will see on it that we

do you see when they build the the wall, the germans also built a wall and create a ghetto. >> you knowe son knows it hurts. but most of the children have been hiten by their parents, they hit their children. most of the men that have seen their fathers hitting their wives, then hit their wives as well. they have been victims, and then they are the ones that make someone else victims. so you don't know from suffering. >> before ending our trip we knew we had to go to the wall itself in order to understand the latest phase of this ongoing separation. we went to a suburb of jerusalem where the wall cut through that village and divided it into two halves, separating family members from each other, preventing people from going to their places of work, and children from going to their schools. >> i think it's shocking how you could slice a neighborhood into two and believe that you can stop people from going to prayer or shopping and just bashed wire and cement -- barbed wire and cement are going to create more hatred. >> the war that she spoke to us about was part of israel's largest nation

that is the message of the fall of the wall.t is directed at germany, ours in europe and the world, especially in ukraine, syria, iraq, other areas where rights are violated. >> this man shows travel documents a understands remembers taking the first train in the morning to wait for hours at the check point. >> we crossed and stood in west berlin. it is to this day an overwhelming memory. it's a strange feeling now to see the gate from the western side. it's something you will never forget. >> as part of the festivities, balloons lined a long path through the city. the wall divided a country, a city and the world. >> then they were set free to fly over the capitol of a rue unified germany, a symbol of the struggle for liberty and powerful of peaceful change, even when it seems impossible. >> let's hear more from berlin. celebrations still very much in full swing there as we can see behind you. it is one of those events in history, where everyone remembers where they were when the berlin wall fell and everyone's got their own sto

the wall. a professor at georgetown university from east germany, dieterd dieterdit, as you look back 25 years later, is germany united? >> yes. germany is united. certainly in spirit, certainly in national unity. economically, there are still some questions. unemployment in east germany is a little higher than west germany. living standards are almost even if you go tobl berlin today, su you see some remnants of the old regime in east germany but living standards are very even and equal we are getting to a point where you have equal standards in both east and west. there is some nostalgia and some suffered from the lack of freedom. but we are getting there nobody really wants the old regime to come back and wants the wall to come back. >> that's over and we are looking for a new more european germany. >> why did the wall fall and why in 1989? >> well, that was a mix of necessity and accident. it was an accidental event. the soviet regime was unsustainable. the way it was constructed, it was no