we have walter isaacson coming up in a minute. you have the opportunity to talk with john dean, in nixon's defense. you saw him a little earlier live at after that, television producer norman lear, even this i get to experience, he will do a call in so you will talk with him. he is the founder of people for the american way as well. lots going on. cornell west will be out here all little later. a couple of the guards who were in benghazi on september 11th, 2012, will be here as well. lots going on here in miami. now let's go up, you can see one of our camera guys on those green. we will go live in chapman hall, walter isaacson will stars in a minute. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] a [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversati

the abbreviated dirty tonight starting with the distant figures please join me to welcome of walter isaacson. [applause] >> it is great to be back this is an amazing place. and you can even be feel might tendered keek. >> you are about to do that yourself. >> we were soldering but did you developed a fascination with that technology? >> one of the things that you've learned there is about pleasing daddy was the electrical into the air and he shows me how much transistor resistor woodworking and i wanted to convey that excitement. and most people remember opening things up test j said tubes to make a circuit but now i feel the devices are so closed up we don't get that he hands on feel that i had growing up and i was in charge and at one point said it and who owns the internet. but that is a foolish question. how did it come to be? and then i said i do not know the answer to that. it would be interesting to figure out one of though lucky things is you get to meet all these people to the intersection with the personal computer like the steam engine during the industrial revolution. >> but that

the biographer of courses walter isaacson. not content solely with his award-winning best-selling biographies of benjamin franklin, albert einstein and steve jobs walter has returned once more to paint on a very large campus and the book is "the innovators" how a group of hackers, geniuses and geeks created the digital revolution. all of us have learned and are delighted to have learned in the process that walter isaacson has an inner geek and he is tapped into it directly. the epic stories are all here. allen turning steve jobs marc andreesen and more but he also leaves us go for story about the lesser-known icons of computing, the women who programmed the eniac for example, the hackers and rebels behind the first on line communities, the skier belgian engineer who helped 10 berners-lee give rise to the world wide web. he even sorts out the real story behind al gore and the internet. [laughter] walter will take us on an abbreviated journey through that story tonight starting with the distant figures but very important figures

but as walter isaacson pointed out, most innovation happens because of teamwork.en out the idea of teamwork to mean communication and collaboration, we would see that throughout history, human beings have advanced when they've been able to work together. look at periods of great ferment in the advance of human history, and you will see how people worked off each other's ideas and how those collaborative efforts snowballed, because of the interplay of thought and practice. in his book "the rational optimist," matt ridley asks the question, when did human progress really take off? when human beings began exchanging things, ideas, skills, goods, services. once we began to benefit from the combined and collaborative efforts of groups of people, we found that two plus two started to equal 5, and 6, and 20 and 100. i once asked the ceo of time warner, our parent company, what skill was the most useful in business that wasn't taught in college or graduate schools much. he replied immediately, teamwork. you have to know how to work with people and get others to want to wo

>> with walter isaacson he is his own best supporter and champion he is a great storyteller so we try to have him speak with our customers he has come in to speak for us and definitely can help us. he is our best weapon to sell his book. >>host: how do you sell a first time author to a bookstore? >> we try to do it early it is all about the reading that package and the seller of books that it to decide if it will jump off the shelf for if there customer will respond. that plays in what we have lined up and. >> what percentage comes from digital? >> approximately 28 or 30 percent however on individual titles as high is 70% or 20 or 15. so those figures reported don't give a true picture the way certain types of writing clearly have move significantly into the digital world and others have not. >>host: 70 percent is what? meant commercial fiction is largely digital now but it can also be literary novel extended general is more highly detailed because you read a review you don't have to go anywhere you just push a button. we found a commercial and a memoir often that reads like fiction i

walter isaacson dug into them using some of the best case studies around, the founders of intel, apple, and google to name a few. he's just written a book about it called "the innovators, how a group of hackers, geniuses, and geeks created the digital revolution." the most important part of your book given the biography of steve jobs is this is not really about a single hero or even a couple heroes. >> right. when i was doing steve jobs, i thought he was the great romantic visionary, that lone inventor who in the garage does things. when i asked him near the end of his life, who product are you most proud of inventing, i thought he would say the ipod or iphone. he said, no, creating a product is hard but creating a team, a company, is even harder. the best thing i ever invented was apple, the team. we went through it all. he starts with wozniak with his partner and gets that mcintosh team under the pirate flag banner all the way through having tim cook and johnny, the people team in silicon valley. i realize from him that creativity is a team sport, that it's a collaborative effort. >>

after the bell, walter isaacson will join kelly for the entire 4:00 eastern time hour.ch to get into with him and awaiting the announcement of ferguson, missouri, about the michael brown grand jury. we will have that if it happens on our watch. you will hear about it here on cnbc. you're watching cnbc, first in business worldwide. the mercedes-benz winter event is back, with the perfect vehicle that's just right for you, no matter which list you're on. [ho, ho, ho, ho] no matter which list you're on. lease the 2014 cla250 for $329 a month at your local mercedes-benz dealer. ugh... ...heartburn. did someone say burn? try alka seltzer reliefchews. they work just as fast and taste better than tums smoothies assorted fruit. mmm... amazing. yeah, i get that a lot. alka seltzer heartburn reliefchews. enjoy the relief. but what if you could see more of what you wanted to know? with fidelity's new active trader pro investing platform, the information that's important to you is all in one place, so finding more insight is easier. it's your idea powered by active trader pro. anot

now that universal pictures is in talks to require -- to acquire the movie based on the walter isaacsonhy of jobs. it is being cowritten by oscar winner aaron sorkin. inning us is paul sweeney new york and cory johnson is still with me. is this movie going to get made? >> i think this movie will definitely get made. up on getting put back the shelf happens quite frequently in hollywood. you have to have all the stars aligned for a movie to get made -- unit that the studio, the writer and the director, the actors, they all have to come together at the right time. i suspect this movie will definitely get done. it looks like it's going to be on the show for a little bit, but it is too big of a story and steve jobs is too big of a name and you have alan sorkin associated with it. >> all of the stars aligned indeed. there was an interview with aaron storck and where he talked about this is a movie unlike any other where the lead actor has to carry such a heavy load. is that the kind of thing that might make the studios examine -- all of their chips are on one number. >> that is true. what we

reports now that universal pictures is in talks to acquire the movie which is based on walter isaacson's. joining us now is the bloomberg intelligence director, paul sweeney. get made?vie going to >> i think this movie will definitely get made. movies getting put on the shelf happens quite frequently in hollywood. he had to have all the movie to get made. the studio and actors all have to come together at the right time. it's probably going to be on the shelf for a little bit but it too big of a story and steve jobs is too big of a name and you have alan sorkin associated with the script. >> all the stars aligning. there was a great interview where he was talking about this is a movie unlike any other where the lead actor has to carry such a heavy load. is that the kind of thing that might make the studios -- all of their chips- all of are on one number. >> that is true. seen in hollywood over the last five or six years is that the a list stars are less likely to carry a movie than they did in the past. it used to be that you could just sign up tom cruise the movie would be a guaranteed

it has owned it since about 2012, after steve jobs died, based on the book by walter isaacson.description by aaron sorkin. it looks like a great project but there has been a lot of changes. a lot of films take many years with lots of changes. leonardo dicaprio considered, he then dropped out, and then christian bale was supposed to play the role, then he dropped out. the latest is michael fassbender. he is now attached to the role. been not clear if that has confirmed, but he is the latest actor linked. >> when i spoke to aaron sorkin, he said he is excited by the project. he thinks it is the best script he has ever written. how optimistic are you that this movie is actually going to get made? universal is very excited, they picked up the project quickly. one of the numbers floating around is that they paid $30 million for the film. we have a confirmed that. universal has not confirmed publicly. there is a lot of enthusiasm for the film. danny boyle is now set to direct the film. he did "slum dog millionaire." films take a long time to put together and they often see changes. >

walter isaacson on his new book, the innovators. they created the personal computer and the internet. that starts at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span2. >>> next a hearing on brain injuries with former nfl tight end, ben utech. he talked about memory gaps caused by numerous concussions he experienced while playing sports. the committee examined the link between sports injuries impacting the brain and whether they lead to ageing diseases like alzheimer's. this is an hour and 25 minutes. >>> good afternoon. today we're going to have to be little creative because we are going to have a series of votes at 2:30. so what i'll do is recess the committee and we'll go over and vote until the very last vote and we'll cast the vote at the very beginning of the last vote and then race back over here so that we can continue the hearing. there's also some breaking news. just an hour ago, the nfl agreed to eliminate the $675 million cap on concussion-related claims available to thousands of players as part of a major lawsuit. and so, without objection,

in his book no good men among the living he writes about ho how -- and walter isaacson writes about the creation of the personal computer and the internet in the innovators. in "when paris went dark" ronald the city of light under german occupation, 1940-1944 writes about the nazi occupation of paris in world war ii. the book covers daily life in the 40s of occupation the underground resistance in the city's liberation by the allies. this is an hour. >> good evening everyone. i think we would like to get started with tonight's program. we do have c-span booktv tonight filming the talk was so we are really excited about that and we are grateful that so many people will be able to see the program this evening. to that end i just wanted to ask you please if you have questions in there will be a fairly long question-and-answer period we are going to pass the handheld microphone around so you can be heard on the podium. there'll be two of us looking for you. indicate if you have a question we will come along and pass the mic. when you have it in your hand you'll be able to ask the questions

this is a script in the walter isaacson book that sony had been working on, but abandoned last week. no word on who might play jobs, or if the movie will be made at all. of course, i should point out, kris, universal is owned by the same parent company that owns this television station. >> they should get ashton kutcher. wait -- that already happened. we'll see who it is. >>> the start of the holidays, of course, mean discount shopping for a lot of people, however, are black friday and cyber monday deals the days with the lowest prices? here's sam brock with a reality check. >> reporter: if this holiday ritual makes little sense to you, flying after deals, faces flush against the glass, how about some real data about snagging the best discounts. >> the wheels are really icing on the cake, such as the 50-inch tv going for $200. >> reporter: because personal stories aside, the numbers offer a different viewpoint, and they say black friday is a moving target. >> some of the best deals you're going to see are the monday before thanksgiving, little over the weekend before thanksgiving, an

this week's book of the week a walter isaacson's "the innovators."g a writes a compulsory readable and this book does not disappoint. there's chapters on the rise of the computer, the microchip, the transiters, the internet. this is the one history to read about our age of technology. and now for the last look. despite the ugly discord of the recent midterm campaigning it's heartening to hear democrats and republicans share some surprising common ground. according to some new analytics from facebook. facebook looked at everyone who liked pages of candidates and examined tha ed their other pag. the more an artist or author is liked by one side or the other the farther it appears to the left or right. republicans' taste in music skewed toward country artists while democrats, also not surprisingly, love the beatles and bob marley. members of both parties like taylor swift. as does my 6-year-old daughter who as far as i know has no party affiliation. i'm scratching my head over this one. the empire state building was disproportionately liked more by demo

in his book no good men among the living he writes about ho how -- and walter isaacson writes about the creation of the personal computer and the internet in the innovators. in "when paris went dark" ronald the city of light under german occupation, 1940-1944 writes about the nazi

. >>> this week's book of the week is "walter isaacson's the innovators."pters are on the rise of the computer, the microchip, the transister, the internet and each one is populated by fascinating countries. this is the one age to read about the aging technology. >>> and despite the ugly recent midterm campaigning, it is hard to hear that democrats and republicans share some surprising common ground. according to analytics from facebook, facebook looked at everyone who liked campaign pages of democrats and republicans running for governor, the senate or the house and examined their other page likes. take a look at these graphics, the more an artist or places disproportionately was liked by voters of one side or the other, the farther it appears to the left or the right. the republicans' music is skewed toward country artists while democrats also not surprisingly love the beatles and bob marley. ♪ everything little thing is going to be all right ♪ >> both members of the parties like taylor swift. as does my 6-year-old daughter who as far as i know has no par

. >> charlie: walter isaacson on this program who wrote the book on steve jobs biography talking about alan turing. >> he came up with the notion of art initial intelligence. he comes up with a test to say how would we define a machine that could think? you put a machine and person in a different room and feed them questions and if after a while you can't tell the difference between the machine and the human then you have no reason to say the machine's not thinking and that's called the turing test or the imitation game. the movie is great. it's about alan turing an. alan turing was homosexual, quite up front about it but he had to keep it secret when he was breaking the german wartime codes. >> charlie: it was against the law. >> he gets arrested for gross indecency, finally. he's given hormone treatments. it's really bad. you know, he seems to ride with it for a while, but after he's written this notion of the imitation game of the computer, a few years later, he bites into a cyanide-laced apple to commit suicide. is that something a machine would do? it almost helps you realize the

on walter isaacson, the president of the aspe aspen inse and when the great joys of president of the aspen institute is that occasionally you get invited to sit in with the aspen strategy group, with my friend strobe and angela and steve and, of course, run by nick burns but the crisis with russia everyday takes another step but these are the people best adapt at dealing with it. in fact, the aspen strategy group was started 30 years ago with really the crises in russia in mind. so without i would like to turn over to nick burns, the director of the aspen strategy group and a professor at the kennedy school at harvard. thanks for doing this. >> good afternoon, everyone. it's a great pleasure for me to welcome all of you here to the aspen institute. this is the washington ideas roundtable series, and the for sale want to do is thank michele smith and the robert h. smith family foundation for making this possible. i also want to recognize some important tests in the rupert we have four ambassadors from a letter country. with ambassador to finland, ambassador of the stone, the ambassado

and walter isaacson on his new book about the entrepreneurs and creators of the internet. >>> next, house energy and commerce hearing with the heads of nih and fda as well as neuro surgeons and drug developers. they testified on medical cures and innovation. and challenges of conducting research with tightening budgets. this event took plis place at the farm and home center in lancaster, pennsylvania.ace at farm and home center in lancaster, pennsylvania. >>> good afternoon and welcome. i'm councilman joe pitts. welcome to the 16th congressional district of pennsylvania. for your information, this meeting will be streamed live. c-span is here. so you might want to keep that in mind. but i'd like to welcome everyone here, especially our distinguished panelists. and i have a short introductory comment to set the stage. through the 21st century initiative, congress is taking a comprehensive look at the full arc of accelerating cures. from the discovery of clues and basic science, to streamlining the drug and device development process, to unleashing the power of medicine and social media the

hope to see and next tuesday for walter isaacson. >> you are watching booktv, television for serious readers. you can watch any program you see here online at booktv.org. >> christian sahner is author of "among the ruins: syria past and present," he talks about the civil war in syria and the u.s. fight against isis. this event was hosted by the woodrow wilson center in washington d.c.. it is just over 50 minutes. >> thank you very much for coming to today's meeting. the history of the future of syria. we are very fortunate to have with us christian sahner from princeton university. he is the author of "among the ruins: syria past and present". which you can purchase after his presentation. he will discuss today with us what is happening in syriac, what took place in the last four years.

walter isaacson was just year. think about think about all of the elements that made them dysfunctional, i i great deal of poverty, having housing in areas that were totally vulnerable to floodplains, even if the levees had not broken. a very dysfunctional city government and high rates of crime. it will be ten years next years since katrina, and i was in new orleans a a couple of weeks ago. and they use their recovery, the most profound and elegant way they took over the public schools. it it is truly extraordinary. completely diversified their economy. diversity is such an important component because it gives you strength. they have been rated by forbes magazine has a cool startup innovation place. finally they directly focused on how to build community cohesiveness, more trusting communities. >> the government part, when you talk about diversity you have a different definition that would lead to mind for many people. so actually one of the elements of resiliency is diversity, and typically we think about that as

there's walter isaacson, bob woodward, david mccullough, the list of nonfiction writers is kind of mind blowing. >> do authors like doing publicity? >> some more than others. some are better at it than others. some come to play, some come for work. we figure out what somebody's needs are and adjust. and it's obviously the most fun for us when someone comes to play and has a bit of creativity and humor about it, and then we can really have fun. somebody once asked me how you promote a man, how you do publicity for a man like christopher hitchens, and i said you get out of his way. [laughter] those are the best kinds of writers to work with. >> how would you describe the health of the publishing industry today? >> actually, the publishing industry today is in better health than it has been in for some time. there was a lot of when digital publishing first came into our world, there was, i'd say there was a certain amount of fear and trepidation what's going to happen, but it's actually added a lot of energy, it's added new capabilities. you know, i was talking about the advertising thing,

it is based on the walter isaacson s selling biography, which was published weeks after job's death inhe script is cowritten by aaron forin, who won an oscar cowriting the screenplay for "deception network or co -- for "the social network." >> house asking dan loeb, who formally put me in my race, who said i sold out of sony for alibaba, what you think of that trade? and you can't really respond to that. it makes a lot of sense. >> tom, you will like this. black friday is a reminder -- days away, and america's biggest retailers are looking to top last year's blowout, which brought 45 million consumers in stores and online. on thanksgiving itself, the horror, and the 92 million more people on black friday, all according to the national retail federation. the founder of coulter of profits, -- of culture of profits, what is going on? we saw a rollback on princess wag. "frozen" s is this an wal-mart's best interest? >> first of all, you have consumers doing very well, but you have desperate retailers who are pushing. >> right. >> last quarter, you had amazon raising prices, and terrible, t

in ninth, walter isaacson in "the innovators." and wrapping up the list is "agents of the apocalypse." for more information visit miamiherald.com and tune in to booktv on c-span2 this weekend for our live coverage of the miami book fair. >> you're watching booktv. next, jonathan last, editor of the seven deadly virtues, brought together 18 conservative writers to update, in a humorous way, william bennett's book of virtues. during this panel discussion on the book held at the american enterprise institute, mr. last is joined by contributors p.j. o'rourke, jonah goldberg, christine rosen and more. this is a little under an hour. >> hello, everybody. welcome. what a virtuous crowd. got quiet -- so like robert's inseam, i'm going to keep this short. i'm jonah goldberg, i'm a fellow at the american enterprise institute. if that offended you, you might as well leave now. [laughter] i am happier than helen thomas at aha maas rally to be here. [laughter] i've been using that joke for a long time, but constancy of character is a virtue to

war in afghanistan told through the lives of three afghans and also walter isaacson on his book the end of acres about the programs and entrepreneurs that create the personal computer and internet that all gets underway on c-span2 tonight. a discussion on wireless technology challenges facing the fcc hosted by the progressive policy institute federal communications commission bureau chief roger sherman addresses efforts making a greater spectrum for broadband and promoting the deployment of infrastructure. this is about two hours. >> well marshal president of the progressive institute and i want to thank you for coming today for part promises to be a beautiful day in washington and thank you for seizing the mobile moments policy choices facing the fcc and why consumers should pay attention. the mobile broadband revolution is maybe the most exciting thing happening in our economy and it's certainly the thing that gets consumers most excited about what's happening in the business sector. everybody is awaiting the next device and it's a remarkable thing. the only thing that i can liken it

i'm walter isaacson the present of a espinace is in one of the great joys of being present at the aspeninstitute is occasionally get invited to sit in with the aspen strategy group with my friends drove and angela and steve and of course run by nick burns. the crisis with russia every day takes another step but these are the people best adept at dealing with it. in fact the group was started 30 years ago with really the crisis in russia in mind. with that i would like to turn it over to nick burns the director of the aspen group and a professor at the kennedy school at harvard. thanks nick for doing this. >> good afternoon everyone. it's a great pleasure for me to welcome all of you here to the aspen institute. this is the washington ideas roundtable series and the first thing i want to do is thank michelle smith and robert the robert h. smith family foundation for making this possible. i also want to recognize some important guests and iran. we have four ambassadors from allied countries. we have ambassador finland, ambassador of estonia, ambassador of latvia and the ambassador of denm

walter isaacson and her friends at the aspen institute came together, along shelby from the museum, and they began as the founding partners, read here. one was sure that an idea of the form in washington would catch fire, but it did. be a morning will captivating blend. people at the forefront for changing the world and the way we live. we have created stomachache so much more -- we have creators, cake makers, and so much more. at the presenting level, we comcast nbc universal, hitachi and the nestlÉ family foundation. the national council for the behavioral health and google. contributing underwriters -- mackenzie. atlantic carlson and center at large on the masterminds. steve is your first to get this rolling. >> thank you very much, morgan. thank you everyone. let's jump right in. remember, #ideasforum. pritzker is an avid triathlete. these days, though, you will find your running meetings throughout the business committee. she has confirmed with nearly 1300 business leaders. have penny sed to pritzker join us on stage to open the washington ideas form. [applause] >> thank you, mdm.

that project is based on walter isaacson's biography. directed by aaron sorkin. unrelated. >> oh.t you? >> no. >> it's going to be a great project. super. >>> coming up, gauging economic growth. the first revision of third quarter gdp is up after this. and the sun is up in ferguson, missouri, this morning. that's where chaos erupted overnight. we will bring you any updates. stick around. we'll be right back. it works how you want to work. with a fidelity investment professional... or managing your investments on your own. helping you find new ways to plan for retirement. and save on taxes where you can. so you can invest in the life that you want today. tap into the full power of your fidelity greenline. call or come in today for a free one-on-one review. this guy could take down your entire company.h? stay with me. on thursday a hamster video goes online. on friday it goes viral - a network choking phenomenon. why do you care? he's on the same cloud as your business. the more hits he gets, the slower your business may get. do you want to share your cloud with a hamster? today the

. >> all right remember walter isaacson, stay with us if you can. >>> coming up, bridgegate looks likehristie. there is a new issue that may derail his political future. we'll tell you what that is next. the volkswagen golf was just named motor trend's 2015 car of the year. so was the 100% electric e-golf, and the 45 highway mpg tdi clean diesel. and last but not least, the high performance gti. looks like we're gonna need a bigger podium. the volkswagen golf family. motor trend's 2015 "cars" of the year. get to the terminal across town. are all the green lights you? no. it's called grid iq. the 4:51 is leaving at 4:51. ♪ they cut the power. it'll fix itself. power's back on. quick thinking traffic lights and self correcting power grids make the world predictable. thrillingly predictable. twhat do i do?. you need to catch the 4:10 huh? the equipment tracking system will get you to the loading dock. ♪ there should be a truck leaving now. i got it. now jump off the bridge. what? in 3...2...1... are you kidding me? go. right on time. right now, over 20,000 trains are running reliably. we

in this edition we have joe klein's piece president obama on executive action and we also have walter isaacson the movie. >> the movie is terrific. it's a fascinating portrayal of a fascinating character. >> nancy, as always. great to see you. thanks so much. we'll have much more with nancy on "time's" genius issue and 25 best inventions of 2014 on our website. we'll do that interview coming up in a second. stick around for that. still ahead, could there be anarchy and violence on the streets once president obama goes forward with his plans to act on immigration alone? senator tom coburn thinks so and he's going to join the show next to talk about why. that and much more after that. twhat do i do?. you need to catch the 4:10 huh? the equipment tracking system will get you to the loading dock. ♪ there should be a truck leaving now. i got it. now jump off the bridge. what? in 3...2...1... are you kidding me? go. right on time. right now, over 20,000 trains are running reliably. we call that predictable. thrillingly predictable. to build something smarter. ♪ some come here to build something stro

again, read walter isakson. why -- isaacson.some of the greatest scientists, he talks about einstein, and then he talks about steve jobs. some of the greatest scientists, they were musicians, they were philosophers, they knew literature. einstein talks about the fact that knowledge -- meaning scientific knowledge -- is limited, but imagination encircles the world. steve jobs, when he gives up university, this was no paypal perp to pay him, you know, to drop college, you know? but he then goes and audits in calligraphy, the most useless of all -- [laughter] even more useless than literature today. [laughter] and he said that out of calligraphy he got the logo for apple. don't think that this country will produce steve jobs or bill gates who should have just kept, you know, to health and not entered which he doesn't know anything about, which is humanities, you know? the whole point is you won't produce these people. if you do not have an all-rounded education. and you won't produce good citizens, because what does it mean to be a

i'm walter isaacson the president of the aspen institute and one of the joys of being president of the institute is that occasionally you get invited to sit in with the strategy group with my friend strove and angela and his deeds and of course run by nick burns. the crisis with russia every day takes another step back and these are the people best at is dealing with it in fact the group was started 30 years ago with the crisis in russia in mind. so with that i would like to turn it over to nick burns the director of the group and a professor at the kennedy school of harvard. thanks for doing this. >> good afternoon everyone. it's a pleasure to welcome everyone to the aspen institute. this is the idea roundtable series and the first thing i want to do is thank michele smith for thinking this -- making this possible. i also want to recognize important guests in the room you have four ambassadors from allied countries into the ambassador of finland and of estonia and latvia. we have three former members of congress and it's always perilous in the room like this to recognize special frien