walter penfield, an extraordinary neurosurgeon who trained with harvey curbing and also trained with sharington. one of the pioneers and really showed you continuity in scientific research. great scientists don't simply do great science, they also train other great sciensts. the specialty that pen field developed was to operate on people with epilepsy. and he developed a particular procedure for doing that. he developed a procedure whereby he operated on people who were not annett anesthetized. it's marvelous you can operate on people's brains while they're talking to you. they have a preparation talking back to you. working with monkeys and cats, i never had that. what he did was infiltrated the scalp with a local anesthetic. he exposed the bone of the school and then he exposed the brain. in order to make sure that he does not damage normal parts of the brain, he stimulated the surface of the cortex. his specialty was epileptic surgery. only many of these came -- many of these came from scar tissue on different parts of the brain. to make sure it didn't damage for example areas inv