two, articulating the war goals, the war aims, and relevant and understandable terms. and then conveying those to the citizenry of the country. and, finally, managing the war, acting as a military commander in chief. i think if you look at davis in all three of these areas, you can form some perspective for making a reasonable judgment of him as a commander in chief. now let's start with number one, understanding the political situation. davis was convinced that an armed struggle between the south striving for its independence and the north would be long and bitter. from his tenure as secretary of war and leader of the united states senate, he understood the potential law making power of the north in both human and material terms. the formation of the confederate states did not alter his outlook. when war broke out, only two months after he was inaugurated as provisional president, he acted accordingly, expecting a lengthy conflict in which the confederates would have, in his words, many bitter experiences. he called for congress to accept enlistments for the duration

war since world war ii. there have been since world war ii all sorts of instances where presidents have just unilaterally sent troops abroad as one class of military action. the other class are cases where congress authorizes the use of military force. but often authorizes it in really broadways. and so this has led a number of scholars to conclude that congress has all together abdicated for making it its constitutional authority to an executive which is unbound. that strikes me as overstating matters quite considerably and ignores a lot of the interesting politics that occur across the various branches of government about war. but it's the -- it's a striking feature of the modern era. that congress is not out in front defining military policy in ways that it once was. >> a book reviewer looking at rachel maddow's book "drift". american military power wrote this on war powers. especially in the last half century, the decision to go to war has become too easy. congress's constitutional prerogative to declare

patriots can support a war or oppose a war.t of our troops who we placed in harm's way. that's our solemn obligation. [applause] let's resolve to take care of our veterans as well as they have taken care of us. not just talk, but actions. not just the first five years after a war, but first five decades. for our vietnam veterans this means disability benefits for diseases connected to agent orange. it means job opportunities and mental healthcare to help you stand tall again. it means ending the tragedy of veterans' hopelessness that every veteran who has fought for america has a home in america. you shouldn't have to fight for a roof over your head when you fought for the country that you love. [applause] and when an american does not come back, including the 1,666 americans still missing from the vietnam war, let us resolve to do everything in our power to bring them home. this our solemn promise to mothers like sarah shay who joins us today. 93 years old, who has honored her son, major doned a shay junior, missing in action

prisoners of war. the current wars have gone on for more than ten years now as opposed to nowhere mere that length for the persian gulf war. both parts of it with the deployment and the war itself were over in less than -- this will about a year. so so far over 250,000 women have deployed in support of the current war which is about 10% of the deployed force. it was about 7% of the deployed force during the persian gulf war. over 140 women have been killed. 865 have received purple hearts during the current wars. and a number of them have received other major military awards for valor. >> thank you very much. it's been great having you here today. i want to thank you and i'm sure everyone in the audience wants to thank you. not as your service as women, but your service in the armed forces and service for your country. all of us are americans there to defend our country. and there are other women veterans in the audience. would you please stand up. i know you're here. [ applause ] again thank you for b

of a two-front war. but in stalin's mind, our third front in north africa was intentional to punish his people. we don't like communists. so this is a way that we're trying to destroy them. the other thing that he's going to make known to the west, to churchill, to roosevelt, is that he wants protection. when this war is over and we are victorious, we, meaning the allies, are victorious, he wants a buffer zone of protection. but he wasn't very specific. that is, he wants to be able to protect his country from any further invasions. does he want 50 miles? does he want 500 miles? does he want part of a country, all of a country, more than one country? he's not very specific in what he wants in terms of this buffer zone of protection. he'll get specific later, but here early in the war we're sort of uneasy allies to defeat this common foe in hitler. we know a little bit about stalin. we know some of his demands, some of his philosophies, but we'll learn much more about him as time goes on. so what's rooseve

war. it's up next on booktv, a little less than an hour. >> good evening. and on behalf of the marines memorial association, i would like to welcome you to tonight's program. on the book "those who have borne the battle." the author is dr. jim wright, and dr. wright is an american historian, the president emeritus of dartmouth college and a marine. my name is bucky peterson, and i'm a director emeritus on the marines memorial association board of directors. before we begin, a few quick words about the marines memorial. the marines he moil association -- memorial association is a nonprofit veterans' organization chartered to honor the memory of and commemorate the valor of members of the united states armed forces who were killed, lost or who died in military service. among its list of duties, amongst the list of duties for the marines memorial association is we're responsible for maintaining this extraordinary club, the marines memorial club. as a living memorial to those who have gone bef

i'd choose human life over war, militarism, and imperialism. >> i am an iraq war veteran. i am turning in these medals today for the people of afghanistan, iraq, pakistan, and all victims of occupation run the world, and also, for all of the service members and veterans, you are not alone. >> my name is christopher made. i left the army as a conscientious objector. we were told that these medals presented democracy and justice , hope and change for the world. these medals represent a failure on behalf of the leaders of nato to accurately represent the will of their own people. they represent a failure on the leaders of nato to do what is right by the disenfranchised people of this world. instead of helping them, they take advantage of them, and they are making things worse. i will not be a part of that anymore. these medals do not mean anything to me, and they can have them back. >> my name is ty. thank you all for coming out. i am releasing this medal because love is the most powerful force we can employ as human beings on this planet. we cannot love holding weapons. >> i

war. >> host: how popular was the declaration of war in the states at the time? >> guest: well, it's hard to measure in the sense that we take public opinion the way we do now, but it's said to be the most unpopular. and that was said up until the time of the vietnam war, and maybe it was about as unpopular as the vietnam war. the declarations in congress, they were not by wide margins. in the house of representatives or 79, but on 69 against, and in the senate, it was closer. it was 19 to 13 when you put it another way, if three votes had change in the senate, the senate would not be able to pass a war bill, and for the senate debated it for nearly two week, and it was touch and go. nobody really knew what the outcome was going to be. that reflected all sorts of misgivings about the war. some of it was sheer doubt about whether it was expent and wise for the united states to go to great britain. after all, they are a heavily armed nation with a large navy, and a fairly sizable army where

what the civil war is an example of, how wars rage out of control. bring consequences no one could have anticipationed. end of slavery in four years. no one could have anticipated that. absolutely no one. the only reason it happens is because -- three million men take up arms and that makes many things possible. >> seems we have stumbled on, the general guidance, another, another legacy. which is, which is that the civil war experience frames both powerful impulse towards moral modesty about our passions and about our views and objectives and political end. that's the lesson of, of robert penn warren's pragmatism. wilson's lesson from the war. i was teaching this morning, injured three times during the war, shot in the chest, shot in the neck. falls bluff, antetum in chancellor'sville and comes out of that experience. went into the war as one of the maybe, relatively few, abolitionists, officers, and comes out of the war convinced his moral passions, moral passions of the colleagues were foolish mistakes. so, it frames our moral modesty. >> the passi

and we didn't have a war. the quasi war remained a quasi war. but still, war was a charged issue in a brand new country. >> i think you're pointing out something really important which is that in order to launch a military action, you had to build the capability first, which requires all kinds of political coordination in ways that when you have a standing army and you have all kinds of military capability, and you're in an era when the president can unilaterally make decisions about when or whether we'll wage war, that this is -- this is i think an important way in which congress is at less of a constraint. the president doesn't have to say let's start raising taxes so we can get the armaments that we need in order to wage war. >> but congress does have the responsibility to authorize and appropriate for those departments for the war department. >> right. >> in that case, the defense department. >> the challenge to the president of going before congress and saying, you know, write this check so i can launch a new military action is significantl

on terrorism this is a war on. this imperialism this is colonialism you know and this is why it's a distraction because you need the help of these people if you get this view that the cia and the f.b.i. are lurking around the bazaars in the souks the middle east i'm handcuffing people are assassinated just doesn't with world works you've got to have the help of the locals to dennis fight these people and put them in jail or move them from to see only person saddam was a threat to at this point as we saw when the army co-ops was to iraq he didn't have weapons of mass destruction he wasn't scaring anybody certainly wasn't scaring the iranians or the turks for the saudis or anybody else it was a state that was on the verge of failure now it is a failed state failed states because terrorism you know you can name afghanistan lebannon somalia any time you can you create a vacuum it's where people flock to discontent it to fight wars with some of bin laden have been saying for years america wants to and they'd an arab cou

the mexican war also hastened the civil war. it might not have been fought if the mexican war had not opened the volatile slavery debate. now, the mexican war's often confused with the texan war for independence from mexico ten years earlier in 1836. the texas revolution is known for the battles of the alamo and san ha sin toe -- ha seen toe and the exploits of sam houston and davy crockett. the mexican war is known as polk's war. the 11th president, james k. polk, supervised it from its beginning in may 1846 to the treaty signing 21 months later. the peace treaty transferred 530,000 square miles from mexico to the united states, incredible territory. from mexico we obtained the future states of california, new mexico, arizona, nevada, utah and parts of colorado and wyoming. literally 42% of mexico's territory at that time. the major battles were fought at palo alto, monterey and buena vista, the gates of mexico city. always outnumbered, the americans won every major battle. sometimes, as in buena vista, they were at a three to

with other civil wars. that was an interesting comparative moment. and finally john witt from yale law school. john is yale college b.a., yale law school, yale ph.d. in history, but he is actually a philadelphia phillies fan. >> that's true. >> he's the alan duffy class of 1960 professor of law at yale. they say he teaches torts and a lot of other things but he is really a constitutional historian and a great one. several books, "patriots and cosmopolitans: hidden histories of american law," another entitled "the accidental republic: crippled working men, destitute widows" and "the remaking of american law," and now forthcoming soon, very soon, "lincoln's code: the laws of war in american history." this is a panel i put together to try to get obviously different perspectives on this huge problem of what is the civil war legacy. so i'm going to ask andy to go first. andy. yeah. two minutes. your favorite civil war legacy. >> okay. thank you very much. delighted to be here. i am going to try to say two things

conduct of the war. in drea's view, the fundamental flaw of mcnamara and johnson's management of the war was the absence of a coherent strategy to achieve the nation's aims. preeminently concerned about gaining a congressional support for his great society, lbj hoped to contain the deteriorating situation in south vietnam without mobilizing the nation for war, without provoking a larger conflict. this measure essentially political approach also reflected theories of limited war currently in vogue among academic defense analysis. they produced, according to drea, a balancing act that failed completely to take into account the unyielding, unremitting determination to prevail of the north vietnamese. johnson and mcnamara then violated what many consider the first rule of war, know your enemy. i would also suggest, just in passing, that drea's argument here begs the comment of, was there a workable strategy, and i'm inclined to agree with secretary brown on this, that there most likely was not. mcnamara prid

i went home after the war and said here are my war deeds. and they said tough luck, elephants aren't horses. so he could not become a war chief. but joe still is the last plains war chief because he did his horses and they gave him that honor. here is carson at a pow-wow fighting but the girls are dressed as vietcong wearing war bonnets. to bring it up to date, to this day indians are still honoring veterans, working with the veterans. i was on the cheyenne reservation when this boy came hole from desert storm, at the time i was writing the biograph of a cheyenne and so he wanted me to always hang out with him so. ron had been in iraq and he actually came back with a complete iraqi uniform, but when he was over there he had a dream and he said the dream was that i was on a beautiful indian pony and it was crossing a stream and as i was going across the stream snakes came, bit the horse, the horse was strong, made it to the other side and died but i lived. he wrote that in a letter to his father. what do you think that means. his father went

it is a practical war measure. a fit and necessary war measure for accomplishing the paramonth objective of the war which is to preserve the union. he declared forever free all persons held as slaves in the ten states that were at war with the united states for their independence. and the five slave holding states that received him as president, it did not apply because congress did not give the authority to president lincoln to seize property and declare free slaves in states that were loyal to the union. only in states in rebellion. states that had to be brought back to the union but the army needs help. in the emancipation proclamation, that's where lincoln asks to receive all men of african descent into the armed services. and though it says persons, but it's men of african descent. the emancipation proclamation did not simply free the slaves but made it legal for the enslaved population to free themselves if they helped save the union. accomplish the paramount objective of the war. that's exactly what these so

he didn't die during the war. but yet he really did die from the war. so there are many statistics that aren't apparent. well, the civil war was a dirty war in a literal and figurative sense. this is an example of savage station, which is in virginia. these are all the wounded. this is what was going on. they would lie on the ground. they did not understand anti-sepsis, bacteriology, germs, bacteria didn't exist in their mind. it meant nothing. so we are going to look at this big bang theory. and there are three things that this big bang theory did. first was it provided physicians with clinical experience that they could never have gotten otherwise by just sitting around in an office in a little town in america. three years, tramping through the woods. camping, they learned about a lot of diseases. that's the first thing. clinical experience. second is organization. they learned about how to organize things. they learned to organize ambulances, hospitals. we will see that. finally, they had this camaraderie. i need to be friends with this guy over ther

war in iraq. question of torture of things that immediately outrage them these are internet stations for soldiers can not only check the internet but they also have the capability of. doing webcams. to focus on war and not war preparation is to simply shovel after the elephant one has to look at the war preparations that are going on around the world which military bases are central to. if one doesn't pay attention to that then again we can only deal with the symptoms which is which is warfare there's a saying that goes when soldiers come war comes. in the past when the american soldiers can. yankee go home. the american bases have not only stolen our lands but also our way of life if you will not culture our history and everything else such a thing cannot be tolerated. and they say the bases are here to guarantee world peace but they've been used in the korean war in vietnam and now in iraq. in war people die that's obvious now of course there are. both or i feel a great pain in my heart because

they hadn't decided on wars. kissinger in his memoirs says other things which, quite frankly, are hard to belief because if kissinger's to be believed that the war was a surprise, then why was he meeting with ishmael, why did he have the cia detach someone who knew ishmael and set up these two meetings? what was the purpose of those meetings? it doesn't make any sense. the idea was, apparently, that connectioningier was to -- wisingier us to, not that he meant to have the kind of war that occurred, it was a bit of a disaster. but nevertheless, that he was interested in that. to move forward, um, on just a few of the other items, well, probably the most important item of the book is that he was seconded to the state department for the negotiations of 242, and he was the go between between the americans and the arabs in the new york hotel where the negotiations were conducted. and he has some insights on some assurances that were given to the arabs by the americans and, essentially, they were that there would be re

and to historians of african civil wars, the spanish civil war, the civil fwhar war in yugoslavia -- >> in ireland. remember we had the paper -- >> in ireland they look at us -- who else not only commemorates but celebrates their civil war, and, in fact, reenacts it. >> who puts robert e. lee on five postage stamps? >> no. >> well, since he died, yes. five united states postage stamps. there's no other loser in a civil war who ended up on five postage stamps. >> even one. >> even one. >> so -- but i do think that we have to be really careful, which is you know, there are so many eerie echoes of the civil war in political quarrels of our own time. you know, rick perry threatening secession, various kinds of nullification threats. sometimes you feel like you're hearing, you're just hearing these echoes, these strange

of course the war was not quick and easy as wars seldom are. the second illusion is the illusion in 1914 that you would be shooting at the enemy but they would not be shooting at you. how else would you explain the uniforms that millions of french infantrymen in the battle in 1914 and these were not addressed uniforms but the combat uniforms. bright red caps, bright red pants, millions of soldiers dressed that way. the third illusion i think is cavalry was going to play a great role in this war as it had throughout history. french cavalry in this picture, indian cavalry that the british brought to the western front, the germans famous lanterns from germany invaded france and belgium in 1914 and they did so with 40,000 soldiers on horseback. eight cavalry division. what were they thinking in the days of barbwire and the machine gun? which of course ended it the days of heroic glorious cavalry charges for ever and the result was on the western front where most of the killing took place, the line between the two armies was roughly frozen in place

we had an almost war with france. quasi war, kind of a gip of a name. is almost war. with france. there's a case in which a number of people were pushing, were sort of pushing for war, but that would have involved a lot of building up of military forces which would have involved congress being involved. but still, war was a charged issue in a brand new baby country. >> i think you're pointing to something really important, which is that in order to launch a military action, you had to build capability first, which requires all kinds of political coordination in ways when you have a standing army and you have all kinds of military capability, and you're in an era when the president can unilaterally make decisions about when we're going to wage war. this is an important way in which congress is less of a constraint. doesn't have to go say, let's start raising taxes so that we can -- the armaments we need in order to wage war. >> but congress does have the responsibility to authorize and proep rate for those departments. >> but the challenge to a president of going before congress an

wars here, war there is, and so forth. but you join me and let's all soar like an eagle and make this part of mother earth the best pla place, the most richest place, a place where in peace is supreme. so now, to honor the memory of those warriors in uniform of which i was one of them, i'm going to sing an honor song. i'm going to use my own war song. when i came back from the war in germany, my tribal elders had to listen to my telling of war deeds, a tradition with crow people. so after reciting my various actions in germany, that my people declared me as a war chief, that i had completed the four dangerous requirements, battlefield act, deeds, to become a crow war chief. yes, i didn't think about it at the time, but i did something when i was being inducted at port lewis, washington, no, utah, i think it's in utah. but look at my record, a sergeant, by the way, look at me, motion at me, he was my old classmate, roommate at college. we got into the office and had a quick reunion. and the education, a couple of ph.d.'s at

a civil war. long story short is by the end of 1949, mao and the communists drive chang kai-shek and the nationalists out over to the island of formosa, taiwan, and china falls to communism. this has not been a good couple of months for harry truman if you stop and think about it. he is informed that his, the soviet union has successfully detonated an atomic bomb and then a couple of months later, he finds out that the most populace state in the world has fallen to communism. it's not a good fall early winter for harry truman. the largest territorial state in the world has an atom bomb. the most populace state in the world has now fallen to communism. and in our minds, they are linked and in fact, in early 1950, the chinese and the soviets, they sign a treat of mutual assistance which just solidifies the fact that a communist is a communist is a communist. again, what we know today is that chinese communism and soviet communism, there are some real differences but back in 1949, 1950, this is panic

and that is that that war was different. everybody was in that war. women, children, mothers, father, aunts, uncles, soldiers. and so when the war was over, we were all coming out of the war. not just the soldiers. after that, seems like all the wars were separate from the people at home. and the wars took place in other countries, that sort of thing and our lives here in this country because at that time i was not a soldier anymore. just went on as usual almost. and it was sort of a detachment to the people doing the fighting or so it seems like and they didn't get the reception they should have been really brought home properly. and reassembled-46 -- wiassimi in to the culture again. i think there was a lot of difference, too, between the war in europe and the war in the far east. the war in europe, there was an awful lot of fighting and a lot of firing. and i don't know why 15 times over. and people were just firing. in the far east, seems there was an intent to either kill you or maim you. preferably to maim you could take four or five more guys o

the confederate war. the book called "causes won, lost and forgotten how hollywood and popular art shaped what we know about the civil war." he is the hollywood expert on this. lee and his generals in war and memory. particular favorite of mine if you work on memory. and just recently "the union war" which my graduate seminar read and took apart as graduate seminars usually do yesterday afternoon. who knows what question maze come from them, gary, watch out. gary, i will also say is one of the most sought after speakers on the subject in the united states. and his lectures are on line, or, in many different places electronically. if you want to look for them. stephanie mccurry, between andy and gary. taught for some years at san diego state and at northwestern and has been at the university of pennsylvania now as professor of history, for, eight, nine, maybe ten years by now. she was born in belfast. her family emigrated to canada. she went to high school in canada. and then came to the u.s., graduate sch

patriots can support a war, patriots can oppose a war.ited in support of our troops who we placed in harm's way. that is our solemn obligation. [ applause ] let's resolve to take care of our veterans as well as they've taken care of us. not just talk, but actions. not just in the first five years after a war, but first five decades. for our vietnam veterans, this means the disability benefits for diseases connected to agent orange. it means job opportunities and mental health care to help you stand tall again. it means ending the tragedy of veterans homelessness, so every veteran who's fought for america has a home in america. you shouldn't have to fight for a roof over your heads when you fought on behalf of the country that you love. [ applause ] and when an american does not come back, including the 1,666 americans still missing from the vietnam war, let us resolve to do everything in our power to bring them home. this is our solemn promise to mothers, like sarah shay who joins us today. 93 years old, who has honored her son, major don

helping them waging a war against us. they still. start the story which was german so i didn't know people before anything happened. to suspect that this. produced even before to the war started there's widespread belief that no these hasn't been proved yet that your father is directly responsible for schreiber and it's a massacre and that he masterminded this massacre which took lives of about eight thousand people who can prove the opposite are there means to prove the opposite well i hope there is is there. since we hear of a. lot of bomber arguments that's it will be a difficult task. but i hope it's not impossible your father's trial also coincides with the one overriding along that obvious your father's former chief and a close ally once he is off course accused of similar identical crimes for many it would look like a show trial over there two men but i mean how much do they carry really. the common plan other than kind of it's. going to be my father. proud of his role in the most known war not because i think that he's guilty

after war after war beyond british capabilities we were put into whole bad so we did not have the combat power to do that we were put into hell memory did not have the combat power to do that one rages inveighing against this. not because of any censorship not because of any oppression or the fact that i will walk out of here and get beaten over the head for my opinions because very simply my opinions and my statements of fact will be ignored because they're too inconvenient. thank you. to a substantial degree and one form or another socialism has spread the shadow of human regimentation over most of the nations of europe and the shadow is i'm approaching a whole different. in the early twenty first century military bases the network of military bases all around the world forms the empire that the united states is trying to build it's astonishing most americans have no idea there are more than a quarter of a million or more than two hundred fifty thousand u.s. troops stationed on these bases all around us. we don't have power bases of america we don't have any british base we don't have

a civil war. long story short, by the end of 1949, mao and the communists drive the nationalists out over to the island of taiwan and china falls to communist. this is not a good couple of months for harry trueman. if you stop and think about it, they have success flee detonated an atomic bottom and the most populous state in the world has fallen to communism. it's not a good fall. the largest territorial state in the world has an atomic and the most populous state in the world has fallen to communism. in our mines, they are linked and in early 1950, the chinese and the soviets sign a treaty of mutual assistance. a communist is a communist is a communist. what we know today is chinese and soviet communism, there differences. in 1949, 1950, this is panic starting to envelope in the united states. we have stopped the spread of communism in europe, but look what happened in other parts of the world. we have to respond, some way, somehow. this is containment. instead of containing in europe, we have t

it's about the cold war, folks. i'm not talking about the foot book and the abc book and all those classics. dr. seuss wrote a book about the cold war. "the butter battle book." i don't have time to read it to you. the library has a copy. i've got it in my office. classic. it's about two groups, zooks and the yooks. they don't like each other. why? because one group butters their bread butter side up and the other is butter side down. now, there's a reason to go to war. how you butter your bread. but it's a children's story about the cold war and the escalation of it. i said i wasn't going to read it to you, but i actually -- no, i'm just going to read the end of it. very end. because it's about developing weapons and one side getting something and the other side responding with a bigger weapon. but at the very end they have developed the big boy boomeroo, okay? right here at the very end the yooks and zooks are clashing. both of them have the big boy boomeroo. here's how dr. seuss ends the book. gramdpa, i shouted,

eisenhower won the war and mcclellan did not.o, as it turned out in the presidential campaign of 1864 the democrats had to spend most of their time trying to approve of what, in fact, they had assumed the people already believed, that george b. mcclellan was a great military hero and, hence, the importance of this book to make had his case. now the dispute over mcclellan's worthiness of the title of military hero boiled down to a pretty simple question. and that was mcclellan's failure in the campaign of 1862. the issue, therefore, in the 1864 presidential campaign was simply -- it boiled down to one question. did mcclellan lose all by himself because he was too cautious and too slow, or did president lincoln cause mcclellan to lose by with holding from him thousands of soldiers to protect washington that mcclellan needed in virginia to win the peninsular campaign. this was not just a military report but also a campaign document for presidential election. it was widely reviewed in the press, and i would have to say that most of t

to focus on of war and not war preparation is just simply shovel after the elephant one has to look at the war preparations that are going on around the world which military bases are central to. if one doesn't pay. attention to that then again we can only deal with the symptoms which is which is warfare there's a saying that goes when soldiers come war comes. if you feel . if you feel you feel. for those of us in the past when the american soldiers care during this spell scare them away for. we would scream yankee go home for. five of. the american bases have not only stolen. but also our way of life will not culture our history and everything else such a thing cannot be tolerated. and they say the bases are here to guarantee world peace so they've been used in the korean war in vietnam and now in iraq or in war people die but it's obvious now of course you know what. i feel a great pain in my heart because our lands are being used to kill people who are. if a clerk asks you for a knife. there is nothing wrong in lending it to him but if he asks you for a knife to murder someone or le

patriots can support a war and oppose a war.view, let us always stand united in support of our troops whom we have placed in harm's way. that is our solemn obligation. [applause] not just in the first five years after a war, but first five decades. for our vietnam veterans, this means the disability benefits for diseases connected to agent orange. it means job opportunities and mental health care to help you stand tall again. it means ending the tragedy of veteran homelessness that every veteran who fought has a home in america. you should not have to fight for a roof over your heads when you fought on behalf of the country that you love. [applause] when an american does not come back, including the 1,666 americans still missing from the vietnam war, let us resolve to do everything in our power to bring them home. this is our solemn promise to mothers like sarah shay who joins us today. 93 years old, who has honored her son. major donald shay jr., missing in action for 42 years. there she is. sarah, thank you for your courage. g