war.ve decades worth of accident phobic sentiment took on new intensity. during the war, the hypernational 100% americanism movement combined with pseudo scientific and hysteria over foreign radicals to tip the scales toward immigration restriction as the most effective way of protecting the u.s. and her citizens from a suspect world. a regime of restriction that began in the 19th century, that was aimed mostly at immigrants from china and other asian countries, culminated in three laws passed by congress during and immediately after the war. the 1924 immigration act, which used a racially discriminatory quota system to reduce the number of southern and eastern european immigrants while perfecting asia exclusion really represented the closing of u.s. gates to transatlantic and transpacific migration, closing that wouldn't be really pried open until 1965.éxt$(t&háhp &hc% and yet the u.s. was in in way exceptional in intensifying its focus-& on its borders in the early 20th century. the u.s.

of the war. it's not. there's one line on sarajevo. there's one of paragraph on the entire july crisis. it's just not there. the geography isn't there. there are the plans. there are the great powers then poof, war breaks out. interesting story. there's no context. and to a certain extent, there's no story. now i like to think we understand things a little better today in part because the wars of basically in the former yugoslavia, taught us a bit more about the balkans. some of us have rediscovered turkey. in my own case, just because i went to live there. these places back of beyond the cold war, turkey was, if nothing better really than a bit player in the cold war and the cuban missile crisis, otherwise largely forgotten. the balkans were, of course, behind the iron curtain. so i'd like to bring you back a little bit like, what we might have called after 9/11 the world of 9/10. i'll call it the world of june 27th. now some of the more latter-day historians have i think taken the before and af

war. a lot of these vessels were used in military testing and bombing. brigadier general billy mitchell was the individual that proved to the u.s. navy that you could sink battleships using aircraft. and a lot of that -- a lot of those test demonstrations were done off the coast here of virginia, and some more limited in north carolina. and they were quite successful in proving that aircraft and air power was a naval asset. so the ospreyland is a shipwreck that people do dive off of virginia's quite deep. i think there's only been a handful of people that have dove it. the new jersey and virginia are in about 250 to 300 feet of water. so they're tricky dives. but you know, there's a whole another layer when we're looking at this area, we kind of looked at it from this battlefield archaeology and we're looking at it from this broader idea of this maritime cultural landscape. we're looking at other facets other than just world war i and world war ii and we've started to look at this sort of

last of the colonial wars, first of the post colonial wars.est bogs down. the suburbs of benghazi saw the most ferocious fighting. the turks discovered something a bit to their horror in this conflict, which is that they had no way of even getting to tripoli. literally, moustapha camal went there disguised as civilians because they couldn't get there because italy had a more powerful fleet. and so the ottomans could not get troops across the eastern mediterranean. now interestingly, in the course of that war, before it was even over, a couple of important things happened. one is that the ottomans closed the straits right here. the dard anels and cut russia off to warm water markets, including the mediterranean and all oceans beyond. country in the winter. the other thing that happened is that thet9÷ balkan league teamep and invaded turkey. serbia, bulgaria, greece, and montenegro. piggybacking on the italian conflict in. that war, the turks discovered to their further horror that because of greek naval strength they couldn't even get troops ac

war.own. germany declared war and then there's sort of a cascading affect which then france stepped in in support of russia and then when germany invaded france by way of belgium, britain declared war in order to defend belgian neutrality. we chose to focus on the western front. that's where the strengths are. a lot of territory on germany's role as well as what was happening in belgium and france. so we wanted to bring these sources to the floor and really sort of focus on just the western combat experience. >> these first cases here in the collection focus on the outbreak of the war in different country. here is what we're calling germany mobilizes for war. within the case you can see different images. crowds of assembled in berlin to receive news that germ any was declaring war of-ú russia and right here the kaiser is creating a crowd from the royal palace and the kaiser is sitting on his horse. some of the more interesting aspects of what we have here for material culture objects that

war department. much bigger player than navy in the espionage business was the war department's military division. right after oni. it had actually then been reorganized accidently as a result of the reforms of the war department which were instituted in the early 1900s by secretary of war root. as world war i loomed, the war department didn't have a central intelligence organization. but one army officer, ralph van deemen, this gentleman here, who had experiences in intelligence officer in the philippines war, started to agitate for military intelligence division to be recreated. which it was in 1917 with him as its head. he served there until 1918 and then was replaced by churchill. a more anglo-saxon name i dare you to find. the mid's biggest function was counterintelligence during the war but performed a broad range of other functions including signal intelligence. one other thing it did was assisted this military attache. a lot of espionage trade craft who had been in the business longer and lea

the war.gain, going back to daniels' quote in his diary, the stomach is the test. he felt like keeping them in the war was as krurnl crucial as gen army in the field. >> we have 15 minutes left with lee craig, author of "josephus daniels: his life and time." peter is up next. good morning. >> caller: yes, good morning. my question, mr. craig, is during daniels' time, what did he do to either improve the lot of the life of the everyday sailor and i think he was the navy secretary that banned the daily rum ration and what kind of impact did that have on the navy? >> mr. craig? >> well, i mentioned earlier that daniels had some problems, managerial problems, with his admirals, and to a large extent those conflicts were the product of a difference in daniels' vision of the navy and that of his admirals. his admirals tended to see the navy as a strictly martial organization whereas daniels, again, not anticipating a major war, he saw the navy as primarily a trade school for the enlisted personnel,

war. while you were enjoying lunch i was being interviewed on c-span. first world war. and while you are enjoying lunch i was being interviews on c-span and the first question that i got was, why -- why would josephus daniels, a small town newspaper editor, be secretary of the navy during the first world war. and the answer, the short answer to that is politics. daniels, the longer answer, is daniels was a very important player in the democratic party at both the national and state and regional level. he had been a member of the democratic national committee for 20 years by the time the 1912 presidential election rolled around. and he was a newspaper publisher and arguably one of the most important voices, democratic voices, in the south. that's what put him on wilson's radar screen initially. and then, he played an important role in getting wilson nominated and then he played an important role in getting wilson elected. and so wilson came to appreciate daniels for his political wisdom, hi

when we think about world war i, world war ii, these are often considered to be foreign wars. u.s. had very significant involvement in these wars but when we think of sites associated with those we think of places like the western front, we think of places like e iwo jima. we don't have very many sites that are associated with this, but that's not true for the ocean wars of the battle of the atlantic. we started in 2008 looking into the resources associated with german u boat activity during the second world war of which there was a greater amount of resores. just in north carolina alone, almost 90 vessels were sunk in the first six months of 1942. we've focused on this from this landscape based approach. it was interesting to look at this u-boat war and the time period we're in now gives us a much better opportunity to look at these things because when you look at a landscape on land, it's much easier to get your head around it where you look at things like trenches and operations of cover and fire. and when you look at a sea battle, it is much more difficult because you still see

the revolutionary war lasted eight years the longest war until vietnam. that is a big job of tying in anybody's life. and during that time there were falling in love and having children isn't worried about finances and a lot of the continental army officers had serious financial problems. there were getting older and time was passing. and knocks is a good example. started off as a bookseller in boston and a larger-than-life character very tall and muscular in fact, and intelligent he loved big guns and is owned bookstore he read books about artillery in and made himself an expert and then joined a militia unit. one year before the war he married the daughter of the loyalist family in boston she was the love of his life he was very devoted to her. when the violence broke out in concord and the british army was trapped, henry in lucia escaped in henry joint the army and had the fortification of the units of the british army. when george washington arrived to take over the militia units he recognized some genius and even though he was only 25 years old he wa

when we think about world war i and world war ii, they are considered to be foreign wars and very significant weste involvement. of places like these sorts of places. we have world war ii, pearl harbor, but that's not part of the continental united states. we don't have sites associated with this. that's not true for the ocean wars of the atlantic.08 we started looking into the wi resources associated with germa u boat activity in the second th world war of which there was a greater amount of resources. almost 90al vessels that were sunk. we have been19 focusing on this from the landscape-based approach and it was interestingt to look at.period the time period that we are in t gives us a better opportunity ts look at the things. when you look at the landscape on land, it was easier to get your head around it where you are looking at trenches and operations of cover and fire.ch when you look at the sea battlef it's more difficult because it's flat and expansive with the ocean. now with the survey technology f and advanced geographic information systems, we can start to maketo sense of them bec

entry in the war in 1917. in terms of what would have happened if the -- in europe if the united states had stayed out of the war, that's hard to say. certainly the british were trying to starve the germans with the continental blockade and the germans were trying to starve the british with their u-boat war. daniels had -- i found in his private diaries a quote where he was talking about the balance between the british blockade and the german u-boat campaign. he said, the stomach is the test, by which he meant which side would break first and how long would it take. i would hesitate to answer that or speculate. >> mr. craig, also waiting on the phone to talk to you is joel calling in from st. charles, missouri. joel, go ahead. you're on with mr. craig. >> caller: my father -- my late father was on the "uss north dakota," and i understand that the "north dakota" was one of the first oil-fired battleships in the united states navy, and i also understand that it was the retraining trip for the atlantic. what else

"i was in a war too.in a way there is only one rule -- form your battalions and fight." [ applause ] >> well, it's nice for me to be here as well. look forward to the discussion that follows. i think james mcpherson has done an excellent summary of holmes' civil war experiences, and i'm not going to repeat that. i do want to, however, suggest that the cumulative experience of the war for holmes left him with considerable ambivalence. first of all, he mustered out when his initial term of enlistment expired, and he did that after considerable soul searching. indeed, as late as month before he made the decision, he had written a letter to charles elliott norton talking about how he had been inspired by an account that norton had given of the crusaders, and he likened the participation in the war to a crusade on behalf of the whole civilized world, and then ended the letter by saying that he planned to reup, "it will not do to live palestine yet." but at the time he wrote the letter, he was to face the last

and right after the war. in particular, the rise of labor, the power of the labour party, trade unionism, which became pretty radicalized in scotland. red colli this leads to the ascend ens of the first labor government in 1924 as a result of the changes of the war. it also led to that famous quote from king george the fifth when he allowed the labor government to take office. he said it's 23 years since the death of his dear grandmother. i wonder what she would have thought about a labor government. i'm sure she would not have been amoussed. the other thing that happened in england is a greater move toward democracy. universal male suffrage and women are enfranchised in 1918. they had to be 30, because they couldn't handle the vote unless they were older than men. that's changed, of course, by the late 1920s. so we have a greater democratic move. and one thing that i found very interesting in england was the problems in the nature of the british state itself, particularly involving ireland. in the days of th

in the artsted during the war and right after the war. we all know the war poets. owen, sassoon, and the prose literature is equally as rich. rob graves, in england, eric partridge. they are britain's testament of youth. a very important legacy of the war. music in the 1960's, when the , works ofs of music art, was britain's war requiem set to the poems of wilford 01. piece called a "morning heroes" back commemorates the dead of the war, and especially his brother. the visual arts. roberts,, william stanley spencer, henry tom was a very interesting artist who is also a surgeon. images ofy stark wounded soldiers, particularly soldiers who had severe disfigurement. there is an exhibit in london at the kent terrien gallery of his work and how he depicted surgeries that lays the groundwork for modern plastic surgery in a way to help these people reclaim their lives after the war, these wounded people. many countries are commemorating the event. offrance, i think an example renewed french nationalism, the talkingfficial website about remembering the strength of the nati

he's talking about the war. and he says, i learned in the regiment and the class to hammer out as solid and compact a piece of work as one could to try to make it first rate and leave it unadvertised. now, that's a good encapsulation of holmes' attitude to his work. but did he learn it in the class and the regiment? i think not. or put it another way, i think only in translation. thank you. >> so, my job here is just to try to get this discussion going and keep us from going over 7:00, as i've been instructed by the powers that be. what i'm really interested in is holmes as a justice was considered a philosopher king. and people have sort of had a field day with his different philosophies. i think there's a disagreement as to what that something else is. professor mcpherson said it was pragmatism. lewis mcnann would say it's skepticism, and professor white was resisting the idea toward the end that it was jobbism, right? that that was sort of constructed later on. but that's not really what the war taught him at

war. then author donald miller on how new york became the country's cultural capital in the 1920s. writer elizabeth hoffman discusses the history of u.s. foreign policy, and later, a look at james madison's role in creating the constitution. >>> next on american history tv, colonel gregory daddis discusses u.s. military strategy during the vietnam war, featuring on william westmoreland, he argues that the general's ideas were sound, but an inability to i implement them led to failures in south vietnam. it's an hour and a half. >> good evening. it's a pleasure to introduce our speaker tonight. colonel gregory a. daddis is an academy professor in the department of history at the united states military academy at west point where he currently serves as the head of the american history division. a west point graduate, he's veteran of both operations desert storm and iraqi freedom. he holds a ph.d. from the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is author of "no sure victory, measuring

but the great war was unique in that contrary to other conflicts, the impersonal forces of war did not wait long to teach this lesson of disillusionment. humankind came to accept the emptiness of the war spirit, an astonishing transformation, given that the war occurred within the zenith of national discourse. how can such a transformation happen so quickly? i would contend that the sweeping forces of organization accounted for the speed with which humanity destroyed itself from 1914 to 1918. strategists were so well-prepared for this war that their plans accelerated the rate at which the usual restraints that normally held back mindless destruction were broken down. in short, the emphasis on order and organization produced the senselessness and chaos that marked the battles on the western front. a cursory survey of the military history of the great war, to the world view of the ordinary fighter, gives one the sense that organization and disorder went hand in hand. when the great war began, it did not find the military planners in europe flat-footed or even unaccepting of the globe's n

i and the civil war and the spanish-american war."ut he said, "the world so speeded up that nobody remembered. nobody remembered the names and the dates of our battles where we suffered and sacrificed. it was lost in the rush." i remember my dad and his brothers, my uncles, coming home and how they had basically lost four or five years of their life , and they were in such a hurry busy, to back, to get get jobs, to get an education. the g.i. bill sent them to college. i remember talking to my good , a student at texas tech. when the world war ii veterans arrived in a wave, he said, "they scared the crap out of us. they were in such a hurry. they had no time to waste. graves, in, made the got degrees, and got in their way." and god help you if you got in their way." a come here to honor generation that is almost gone. it was indeed a great generation, not a great war, help build a world worth living war. fought a great it is up to us to defend it and carry on. thank you all. god bless you. god bless all our soldiers and marines, soldie

why does the civil war matter?that it changed lives but the war has made our countries -- it defined us as a nation. it was a crossroads of who we are and who we became to be. warren called the war the american oracle. meaning it told us who we are. and reflected the changing -- nature of america. there is no better historical register then the memory of the civil war and how it morphed our nation every time -- over time. as shelby foote once said, representatives were referred to as these united states, but after we became 'the'united states." let us never forget how abraham lincoln noted so eloquently in his famous address on november 19, 1853, that the battle consecrated the unfinished work to guarantee this nation under god shall have a new birth of freedom and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish on the earth. thank you. [applause] >> i wanted to start by saying thank you for inviting us and letting us come to this historical site. we do not normally show our ap

war. this limited inception responded on the commander's ability to shape individual campaigns and today's lexicon, what military officers might call the operational arc. but for clausewitz, at least in this somewhat limited definition, and he used a number of definitions for strategies on war, but i am going to focus on this one because i think it is the most popular, in this sense, strategy focused on the conduct of battles and its results. and of course, this is in the aftermath of the napoleonic wars and definition seems to holds through much of the 1800s, by the time we get to the end of the first world war and in its wake, there seems to be a bit of a problem with this definition and certainly british military theorist basil dell hart will render a serious criticism of clausewitz and the prussian's supposed glorification of battle as a principal element of strategy. we need to remember that hart is writing in the wake of this awful, awful war that causes hundreds and thousands, milli

the war. instead, he describes a series of decisions made by heads of state that had a domino effect. this is about 50 minutes. >> professor sean mcmeekin did his ph.d. at uc berkeley and he talked at many universities before beginning at professor of history of russian and eurasian studies at bard college in new york. among his recent boox are the russian origins of the first world war, july 1914, and the berlin baghdad express, the ottoman empire and germany's bid for world power. his research languages include russian, turkish, german and french. his talk today is the war of 1914, an avoidable catastrophe. >> thank you for that kind introduction. we'll see if i can get the clicker to work before we get going. there we are. it's true, i did one book with the german bid for world power in the title. i did another book called the russian origins of the first world war. some people have been a bit confused by this. i blame the russians in one book and the germans in the other. now, for which i

the war.nd just four days later his wife ellen wilson died as first lady in the white house. she suffered from a kidney ailment called bright's disease that today is curable but in her time was fatal. president wilson faced a nation and a world that was very different than ours today. the united states had become the largest global economy by 1900 but was still not thought of as a major diplomatic or military power. in fact, in 1914 the united states had the 12th largest army in the world sharing that position with both greece and serbia. all three countries had armies numbering about 200,000 men. but by the end of world war i in 1918, the united states had an army of 4 million men in uniform and fully 2 million of them were in europe. it's remarkable to think that during that brief space of time we assembled such an army and were able to transport half of it to the battle fields of europe as a decisive influence in that conflict. from the outset of the war, americans were troubled and confuse

navy during world war ii. mark harris thanks very much for being with us. >> thanks for having me. >> what can you tell us about the work of john ford? >> well, ford was one of the most respected directors in hollywood, probably the most respected director before the war. between 1939 and 1941 he went on kind of an unmatched tear in hollywood making "the grapes of wrath," "how green was my valley," "stagecoach," "drums along the mohawk," just a set of movie that is gave him the reputation as one of the most intelligent and serious minded directors. he was also the most prescient of the five directors i write about in realizing war was inevitable inevitable. three months before pearl harbor, ford was already in uniform. he felt war was coming, and he also understood hollywood really needed to be prepared. he had gotten the navy to agree almost a year before the war to let him create something that came to be known as the field photo unit. it was a sort of -- intended as an auxiliary in which he recruited camera

but hard war was not total war. while the march destroyed property and infrastructure and visited suffering and fear on the civilian population, it lacked the wholesale destruction of human life that characterized world war ii. sherman's primary targets, food stuffs, and industrial government and military property, were carefully chosen to create the desired effect, and never included mass killing of civilians, especially those law-abiding noncombatants who did not resist what sherman described as the national authority. indeed, sherman always claimed that his war on property was more humane than traditional methods of conflict between armies. he even told one south carolina woman that he was ransacking her plantation so that her soldier husband would come home and general grant would not have to kill him in the trenches at petersburg. he was fighting to bring rebels back in to the union, not to annihilate them. at the end of the march, when the people of savannah surrendered virtually without a fight, they were com

war longinterested in before i was in a war. middle1930's, i am in my 80's, in the 1930's i was a kid. i collected bubblegum cards. bubblegum cards were not only of baseball players, but they were war cards back then. the war in china, spain, ethiopia. i collected all those bubblegum cards and was fascinated by war. the cards were erroneous and very propagandistic in many ways, but they got me interested. i still have 230 of them. i saved them all this time. war became of interest to me. i began writing a history of the war in a little notebook when i was 10 years old. it was not very good. what i learned was only from the newspapers. eventually, i gave it up. but i was trying to write about war. when i went into the service, all officers sent to korea were required to sign a document that they would not keep a diary. i don't know whether i was lying or not, but i had little three by five notebook papers. out pages from this and write about interesting things that happened on many days of the war. i kept them. i still have many

the war. like many of you i assume i grew up on what we might call the cold war historiography on the conflict touchstones for america's tuchmans ? august and war by timetable i suppose in the german tradition, fritz somebody inaccurately translated into english germany's aims in the first world war. the thing all these accounts had in common that we can date to the high cold war era was their emphasis on what we might call structural factors. you had an arms race. you had an alliance system. you had a kind of buildup of tensions. something like a bilateral system of alliances. the war being eventually somehow somehow kind of set in stone in the cards there was a burgeoning inevitability about it. this arms race between britain and germany people used to focus on the naval race that is the building race. this tradition lingered on really into the '90s even with some works. i'm thinking of one by robert massey who is a fantastic writer who's very much in the barbara tuchman tradition in his boo

we all know the war poets. we know brook and owen, sassoon and, of course, the prose literature is equally as rich. robert graves in england, eric partridge, vera briton's testament of youth, very important legacy of the war. music in the 1960s, of course, when the great works of music and works of art was war recollerequim. last is a very moving piece by arthur bliss called morning heroes and that commemorates the dead of the war and essentially his brother, who died on the psalm. visual arts is very rich, paul nash, william roberts, stanley spencer. henry tonks was a very interesting artist who was also a surgeon. he did very stark images of wounded soldiers, particularly soldiers who had severe disfigurement. and there's an exhibit on right now in london at the huntearian gallery of his work and how he depicted surgery that basically lays the groundwork for modern plastic surgery in a way to help these people reclaim they're lives after the war. these wounded dead -- these wounded people. many countries are

way the great war, it emphasized between what the war was and what people wanted it to be. the impersonal forces do not wait long to teach this lesson. the emptiness of the war spirit and astonishing transformation. with high-minded ideals, robbing national patriotism. how can such a transformation happen so quickly. they accounted for the speed and humanity destroyed itself. was so well prepared, accelerated that held back destruction. senseless and caos. you get the sense that organization went hand-in-hand. when the great war began, it the military in europe flat handed. germany possessed the to plans to invade. the sweeping plan. 10 movement to belgium witth german armies going against french the fences. they ultimately strategy in the years after. the french meanwhile, set an elaborate plan of their own. which involved a massive army this slammed ing the gemini -- germany left flank. they were untries so not ready. defenses ran into trouble. offense made it incredible ng an sweep to belgian. leapfrogging moves from the german and the allies, to tell the enemy to the no

we'll talk about kind of before the war, leading up to the war as one part and then the war itself and then the immediate aftermath. with respect to what was going on in the navy before the war, i think one of the most important aspects of his management was integrating the new military technologies of the big battleship and the dreadnauts and the submarine, the u boats into the navy. and the marshall side of that, the strategic side of that, he left to his admirals. there was a managerial and organizational side that he was responsible for, at least partly. and the -- one of the most important things he did was he got congress -- he was the administration's point person on getting congress to pay for those new technologies in today's dollars a single would run into the billions of dollars. and the navy was a substantial proportion of the overall federal budget at that time, much larger than it is today. and the battleships were a substantial proportion of the navy's budget. just getting funding lined up in the spending program was an important task. also, he faced some organizational

but of course, it is not a european war. it is a world war. you can see that, of course, much better with this kind of map. i think this map is quite astonishing. basically you notice every country that you can think of on this map is involved in the war in some way. it's only a few sort of areas in latin america that remain sort of blank. other than that, it's really super global. you can talk about any one of these. i will, of course, only be focusing on the east asia part. for us americans, it's not difficult to think of this has a global war, because we're not there in europe, and we know that we played an important part. and so, yeah, obviously it's a global war. but from my perspective as an asianist, it's not just the americans that make it global. there are other folks who make it global. back to this map again. notice where the united states is. notice where the sort of connections with the war, or the most tenuous. again, we observed before, it's almost everywhere else, also if you look at africa and the middle east, we heard the imp

the war. i wonder if you have a view on that. >> well, i knew john keegan actually just -- not because we shared a subject. and we talked about this and i think that was a very valuable way of looking at it, to tell you the truth. the only thing i would add to it is what i have been talking about today, which is if willie had been different, if the kaiser had been different, he might not have said yes. though mind you, the alliance -- it was an alliance. and what's more, the wales-copenhagen link, as the germans like to call the two danish sisters and the way they influenced their respective husbands, that was very active as well. so you did really have two camps. >> question here in the back. could you speak a little bit about the danish princesses and their fashion and how that had some kind of pliolitical -- >> i'm glad you asked. because shortening this talk i left out all sorts of things. that was one of the things i left out. the danish princesses were absolutely brilliant at the politic

are at war with germany.n't tell you how pleased i am. when they were dressing in identical clothes, the british public and the russian public knew what this meant. >> there is a question. >> thank you. could you tell us please because i don't know who did willie marry, what did she think about this. >> who? >> willie. his wife. >> donna. william's wife. she had nothing to say about anything. donna, no. actually they were very rude about it. the two princesses were phenomenally rude about donna. i think they called her a cow, but meaning that she just was there to breed. she did in fact. she had at least six boys and sissy. seven children. it was not -- it's a big subject. a very, very big subject about his and so on and so forth. we will not begin to go into it. she was just the mother of the relationship, but he was not going to be listening to her opinions. is that who you meant? absolutely. yeah. she was in a way a good wife to him because she did what was needed. >> i saw in one of the  that look said l

the war proved otherwise. a chief of the military cabinet struck at the heart of the matter on 13 september, "it is clear that during the advance into france the necessary tight leadership on the part of the chief of the general's staff had been totally lacking." the next day, maltka was placed on sick leave. more than 30 commanders generals were relieved of their commands. but three of the top leaders were not because they were being held on future grounds. not even the two most controversial commanders were sacked after the marne. kluck who disobeyed maltka's orders turned himself east of paris xlanding ingcommanding his army until the spring of 1915. the only commander sacked washauser of the third army because of the case of typhus. on the other side, if we look at joffre, we see someone who played a highly active role. parrot from issuing a host of special instructions and orders i should tell you the french official history is 144 volumes -- he showered his commanders with hundreds of personal and secret

the beginning of the war, harpers valley in manassas and the end of the war wilderness.upon these battlefields that most of the 620,000 men who died and fought. the journey through hallowed ground is commemorating the centennial of the civil war. second it is a simple and eloquent plant to plant one tree for each of the 620,000 soldiers who died as a living room moral for the individual and combined sacrifices. that's right. you heard it correctly. trees. this is such a great idea. i wish i thought of it myself. these trees will create an 180 mile alley from monticello to gettysburg along the journey through hallowed ground national scenic byways that reminds visitors they are on hallowed ground. to date, trees have been planted to honor 1,463 fallen men. and in the next 30 days, we will be planning another 1900 trees along the frontage of former president james monroe's home. some of these trees will be honoring soldiers who fought and died at cedar creek. more, the journey through hallowed ground is geotagging each tree to allow visitors to learn the name and the story

we will talk about before the war, leading up to the war as one part, then the war itself. e the immediate aftermath. war with respect to what was going on in the navy before the war, s think one of the most importantn aspects of his management was st integrating the new military ast technologies of the big battleship and the dreadnoughtsy as they were referred to at the time, and the submarine, the u-boats. -- the u-boats, into the navy. the martial side of that, the strategic side of that, he lefta to his admirals. there was a managerial and organizational side that he was responsible for, at least of partly.left t one of the most important things he did was he got congress -- he was the administration's point - person on getting congress to pay for those new technologies. in today's dollars, a single dreadnought would run into the n billions of dollars. the navy was a substantial proportion of the overall federal budget at that time, fee much larger than it is today. the battleships were substantial -- were a substantial proportion of the navy's budget.he just getting th

germany declared war. and then there's sort of a e's o cascading effect which then nce france stepped in in support of russia, and then when germany invaded france by way of belg belgium, britain declared war in order to defend belgian belgia neutrality. we focused on the western front. for practical reasons. chos that's where the strength of the holdings of the university of wisconsin are. so a lot of material on germany's role, as well as what was happening in belgium and france. so we wanted to bring these sources to the fore.oor and really sort of focus on jus the western combat experience. okay. so these first cases here in tht collection focus on the outbreak of the war in different d countries. so here is what we're calling germany mobilizes for war. and within the case, you can see different images of -- here for example, crowds assembled in in berlin, to receive news that net germany was declaring war on russia. and right here, the kaiser is greeting a crowd from the royal palace. anladce the kais

it is a different civil war. it is jarring to hear the war of 1812: civil war. for what make the case i've titled it the way that i have. now, the war of 1812 ordinarily looms fairly small in american's memory. it's ordinarily forgotten as insignificant because it seemed to have ended in a draw that changed no boundaries or changed no policy. now, at best americans will recall the war for a handful of patriotic icons, the national anthem, the victories of the american warship, the constitution known as old iron sides. for the british party and burning the white house and then for the pay back in the rightful -- payback men take against the british army in northerly. these images suggest the war was a defense of the united states against british invasion because all of these episodes come out primarily in the last year of the war, in a period in which the british are mounting a counter offensive. canadians what americans forget is that the war began and was fought as an american invasion of canada, and so canadians remember a very different war. they remember --

war hauling. one has to recognize by the time austria-hungary dispatched its ultimatum and declared war on serbia particularly in the latter case the declaration of war on serbia, russia had already begun its military preparations. russia had already been secretli mobilizing for three days before austria-hungary declared war onw serbia on july 28th, 1914. of so in the end the question of ab intentions, intent, war guilt, i think one of the great things about this question it's very difficult to resolve it ated satisfactorily for all parties.e in the end that's why historian continue to be fascinated by it. because there are no easy ase. answers to this question. you can find evidence to suppory just about any case.ame again my own case is one i like to think of balance, although oh course, some people who have ctt read my books say that i people actually pin more blame on t france and russia. j i think that's partly because o i'm aiming for a kind of t that corrective function, that is to say, to

at the beginning of the war the czarina said thank goodness we're finally at war with germany.d i am. so when they were dressing in identical clothes, the5nfçi bri public and the russian public knew what this meant. >> there's a question here. >> thank you. could you tell us please who did willie marry and what did she think of this >> who? >> willie. >> donna? >> william's wife. >> william's wife had nothing to say about anything. donna -- no. actually they were very rude. the two princess were rude about donna. i think they called her a cow but meaning that she just was there to breed, you know. and she did in fact. ym+mme1ñ seven children. it was not -- it's a big subject, a very, very big subject about willheim's sexuality. but she was just the mother of the children and the wife. i wouldn't say they had a bad relationship at all but he certainly wasn't going to be listening to her opinions on "gk5pá who you meant, donna? yes. yes. absolutely. no, in a way she was a good wife to him because she did what was needed. you know? ÷÷u know? wilhelm, i saw in one of the photograph

he's talking about the war. and he says, i learned in the regiment and the class to hammer out as solid and compact a piece of work as one could to try to make it first rate and leave it unadvertised. now, that's a good encapsulation of holmes' attitude to his work. but did he learn it in the class and the regiment? i think not. or put it another way, i think only in translation. thank you. >> so, my job here is just to try to get this discussion going and keep us from going over 7:00, as i've been instructed by the powers that be. what i'm really interested in is holmes as a justice was considered a philosopher king. and people have sort of had a field day with his different philosophies. i think there's a disagreement as to what that something else is. professor mcpherson said it was pragmatism. lewis mcnann would say it's skepticism, and professor white was resisting the idea toward the end that it was jobbism, right? that that was sort of constructed later on. but that's not really what the war taught him at

ented the war in april 1917. after a speedy period of mobilization the states raised 3.6 million soldiers, the first 50,000 arrived at summer with 250,000 more arriving each month in 1918. the german spring offensive made its last gasp attacking a newly arrived american division at the battle of the marn but american troops held firm. now charged with coordinating all the allies in the western front, ferdinand fok initiated a counter offensive, attacking the salient where the german advance stopped. it went better than anticipated, reducing the pocket known as the black day of the german army. spurred by american general john pershing who was not content to let soldiers sit in the trencheses long there were two simultaneous offensives. one at sam yell and the others at the muse r. gone sector. this lasted september 26 until november 11. like all the other offenses prior, the assault was disappointing. the offenses stopped well short of the objective, sustained 117,000 casualtieses including 26,000 killed. to the

the great war on the great war as world war, japanese belligerence and the dawn of an asia-pacific world. welcome to professor dickinson. [ applause ] >> thanks very much. and thanks to all of you for sticking around for the final bash here. i'm honored and delighted to be the last headliner, i guess, and to be able to use the opportunity to sort of go a little global. we've sort of steadily made our way outside of europe. i'm going to try my best to get us even farther, if you don't mind. i do want to thank the macarthur memorial. also, the hampton roads naval museum and old dominion for inviting me here for this wonderful occasion. it is a personal honor and privilege for me, but i think it's also a personal honor and asia to be included on the program. of world war i. thank you for that. and i think, you know, you guys thought of it, well, because you have macarthur. i hate to admit it, but this is the first time i've actually been to norfolk, although i made my pilgrimage to japan years ago. general macarthur is dear to our hearts. for us, i do realize he's important in the first wor