-korean war.i know that doesn't quite address the fullness of what you are asking for, but i think that is one way for me to think through how are people -- this is one way we can see people on the ground negotiating and understanding global geopolitics. according to them, what is the global geopolitics post-cease-fire? and also, according to global geopolitics, what is considered the possible opportunity for thinking about peace on the korean peninsula? >> how much control did the u.s. over theactually have camps themselves? there's a whole operation here with these youth groups. and clearly, they were somewhat allied with the united states. the north koreans, the chinese also control their sectors and discipline their populations. does the united states military impose a greater degree of control and order because they can't? the flip would be what's going on on the others of the 38th thellel -- other side of 38th parallel. we don't get as clear a picture and what you write about that. but we ha

it was used in world war i and very effectively in world war ii.aptain america is saying i want you to buy war bonds now. now, many of you have seen this movie, and you know that as part of his war bond drama, as part of the routine, he was not dancing in it, but it was the act that there is this guy who portrays hitler. at the appropriate moment, captain america turns around and punches hitler in the face. it aspires the cover of a comic book. this comic book. captain america number one. this is the actual real captain america number one. it came out long before the attack on pearl harbor, and we talked about in class that jack kirby, the people who produced what would later be the marvel comics line of comics. they had a number of names back in the day. they said, you know we are trying to make a statement about isolationism. make america leave them alone. we don't need to get involved in the war. there are folks who said, since when did hilter leave anybody alone if he had the chance to invade them. we need a hero that will express the need to f

what they need is to be out of that war. they expect to fully withdraw from the war. they expect to leave the north vietnamese in place within south vietnam. they basically take what they need to do given that is the outcome they seek. what they need to do is to everything conceivable to support south vietnam up to the point where we withdraw. maximum military support. logistic support, political support, all of that. we cannot be seen to be holding anything back. in the end, we need to withdraw. we cannot afford to go back. nixon gives these reasons which is the most interesting part of this. he is back to his bigger game analogy. this time, the bigger game has to do with russians and chinese. and even he wants to try to settle the middle east. all of those things are in play. so, right after that conversation, kissinger reaches an agreement with the north vietnamese. such ratified by nixon, goes off to saigon and has it rejected by -- because it leaves place.th vietnamese in there is this most bitter three months any president could have in the midst of this elector

to find the war. the war found them. it burned villages and homes, it killed parents and children, it raped the land. polls, yugoslavs, filipinos, chinese, malai's, many many more people. - malays. and by the end italians, germans and japanese all found the war found them. they were fed into a meatgrinder of industrial war. until the butchers bill reached 75 million. of whom 40 million were killed in the east alone. that is 28,500 lives lost every day in the east, 10 omaha's every day for 1400 consecutive days. we cannot copperhead that. -- we cannot comprehend that. when summing are dying what is the loss of one or a hundred or a mere 10,000. and leaders thought in those terms. they had to. raw numbers overwhelmed all personal tragedy. this is the key difference between history and literature. between war and shakespeare. amid all that in the people and may have war, young men and women discovered and were right to dwell on heroism, sacrifice, moral and physical endurance. that is what i want to turn to now. two example

a war for independence. for most of us as history teachers and historians, the far more interesting question is, who gets to rule at home? that is the real revolution. who will be the people that will rule? what new ways of thinking about the political arrangement might be emerging? the far more interesting struggle is often between different groups trying to answer the question of who should rule at home rather than the question of home rule. by the what i mean nature of the struggle. the spectrum of home rule on the one hand and who should rule on the other. . are you following me? interesting revolution is always the one at home and not be slightly more easily answered one of homeroom. will independence mean? who will be making decisions? a lot of individual people are making choices about who to ally with and what they want to achieve and what the nature of home rule will be. what about the object of the struggle? historian iher would never otherwise quote and suggest that you read. historianmes a racist

there is a vibrant scholarship on war in particular from other wars and the civil war and world war ii. they were pretty under explored from the american revolution and kept returning this occupation to the military history and really adds nuance to the understanding of civilians. and importantly, we had the gender nation of warfare and by this i mean not only is women's experiences part of this victory but relations of power to men and women including soldiers and civilians and people both free and enslaved. in short, i argue what happens to societies and to families and two men and women. and exploring the revolution through the household, eliminates these gender dynamics and in philadelphia where they're worried about his wife elizabeth in their house and even know elizabeth had the situation well in hand. it reveals that they insisted was moving a single piece of paper in his office and had the space and his absence and had the experiences of the people in charleston and organize and hosted the british officers. and jane boone took advantage with the relationships from soldiers in

turf wars and border wars between the poles and the russians. the hungarians and the cheks, and so forth. it was chaos. that's the environment in which hoover and his team have to ork. the american led elite program entailed much more than keeping a step ahead of famine and disorder. economic recovery was crucial if europe or to bind up its ones in many policies were designed to achieve this objective. here ranged for other experts to become advisors to the fledgling governments of austria, poland, trickles of rock you, and what became known as yugoslavia. these advisors worked to reform currencies, modernize agriculture. hoover also worked to open up the vital danube river to peacetime commerce. he dispatched americans to silesia, where they helped produce urgently needed oal. with the treaty of versailles -- >> you want to tell me what to do? thank you. with the signing of the treaty versailles in the summer of 1919, it became part of a growing empire of philanthropy that he and his associates developed to cope with the great war's aftermath a

using the proceeds to pay off the war debt, the monetary war debt. mr. richter: actually they are doing some of that, but the depreciation lands are to make up for the soldiers being paid and depreciated currency. and they get land grants there to make up for the fact that the money they were paid is no good. the financial implications of this for states, we are just beginning to understand as historians. and it is complicated, but at least there is this vision that acquiring native land is not going to just be the way in which settlers will civilize the continent, but also the way in which the states will get out from under their crippling war debts and financial problems during this period. >> can you give me a date on ofn the boundaries pennsylvania become defined, finally? mr. richter: there they are. >> 1789 complete? mr. richter: that is the erie triangle and they discovered, whoops, we have no access to the great lakes. but the real key is 1784-1785, when one third of what is today pennsylvania was acquired. is the rule defined on making sure the

the second war loan, then the third war loan, and the fourth war loan, etc.ed the mighty seventh war loan. the idea was, and this may shock you, that if you begin to see good news in the newspaper about the war, this is not the time to sit back and say, ok, it is over. i won't buy so many defense stamps. they didn't want you to do that. they didn't want you to do that at all. they wanted to make sure that people kept it up. i am going to play the song, sung by the legendary bing crosby, about how, in the latter days of the war, americans were still urged to keep it up. to keep it up. all right. i am going to turn this up. people are very fond of my colorful speakers. i am going to turn it way up. i hope it doesn't blow anyone's hearing away. it shouldn't. but this song comes under the title, buy, buy, buy bonds, which is pretty easy to remember. all right, here we go. ♪ buy, buy, buy a bond. and by-and-by the bond will bring you victory. buy, buy, buy a bond. and you will be standing by the victory arch when johnny comes marching home again. oh, you should ne

diaries, and, official war records, mr.tley tells the story of pete ruth on the anniversary of the battle of hurtgen >> good evening. welcome to the world war ii museum for a fascinating escutcheon about one soldier's experience in the battle of hurtgen forest. to have you here with us this evening. i would like to welcome our viewers at home who are watching on the internet via our live stream channel and on c-span. it's great to see our programs getting ever wider distribution and attention. faithfulon to our many who come to attend all of these in person. for those that are our faithful here, you know what i'm going to do next. part of our tradition is direct those-- is to recognize for who the purpose of this museum -- do we have any world war ii survivors? wave and be recognized. thanks for coming tonight. how about other veterans? veterans from any other era? if you could waive or stand and be recognized and accept our thanks. thank you all for being with us. this week marks the 75th anniversary of many famous or rath

in the iraq war.hink president trump has been very wise in pulling troops out of this war zone. i can imagine not seeing any libertarians in favor of paying and the syrian civil war. kennedy: i don't think they are in favor of being in the syrian civil war. what they take issue with is the president take -- having a discussion with the turkey president and shifting troops and there aren't that many of them but enough to play a vital role with the kurds that are there that are our allies and then all of a sudden turkey now committing for -- what are essentially a war crimes for the libertarians that i know want to preserve human life. they are against the atrocities that turkey is willing to -- >> i don't know to libertarians want to be involved in the wars of the middle east. most libertarians i know like the constitution and believe you only go to war when you declare war. i frankly don't know a libertarian who thinks being involved in a syrian war is a good idea. kennedy: i will give you that but wh

that is what i mean by at least two wars. perhaps two sets of american wars. native peoples and settler colonists both engaged in these wars at the same time. in some respects, it all traces back to the seven years war, the contest for the continent, a deep sense of betrayal by settler colonists who believed the british empire has turned their back on them by denying them the fruits of the conquest of the continent through the proclamation of 1763, not to mention the taxes they are imposing, not to mention many other things that are the central grievances of the usonian revolution. again, the contests of the seven years war echo into creating the children of pontiac's war, native people trying to create their independence, and the sense of betrayal on the part of the british settler colonists against the british empire. the three way of analyzing this helps us understand or rethink through the period we too easily we call the period of the american revolution. i have stunned the room into silence once again. two sets of wars for independence. three want to tal

the war. canteens orof the food stations that existed in poland. you can see it is similar to the things we have seen today. large numbers of children were fed. not lastcause it did very long, it is hard to know how many people might have been saved, but i think it is fair to say a large number of children over the winter beginning in spring of 1941 and through the summer -- i'm sorry, the spring of 1940 through the following summer received food they never would have received. they are sustained through the winter. these posters i tried very hard to find pictures of the posters in action. the relief groups were very proud of their posters. they were the face of the movement. the face of the attempt to raise money. again, on the left, means almost nothing to anybody that is not polish. this poster is probably from a little later. i should tell you one of the ways you can figure at the age of the posters, when they were say, march,ut, 1942, the national war fund was off and running. any poster

he said that this is the war to end wars. dream for peace after world war i was shattered on the hard realities of great power .olitics woodrow wilson die a broken man. -- died a broken man. i do not have tell you that the war in vietnam is the work and wars. but i tell you that i have initiated a plan to end the war in a way that will bring us closer to that great goal to which woodrow wilson and every american president in our history has been dedicated. the goal of a just and lasting peace. as president, i hold the responsibility for choosing the best path of that goal and then leading the nation along it. tonight that i shall meet this responsibility with all of the strength and wisdom i can command. in accordance with your hopes, mindful of your concerns. sustained by your prayers. thank you, and good night. >> in a televised oval office , president1969 richard nixon delivered what was known as the silent majority speech on the vietnam war. next, a u.s. information agency report examining nixon's address and a 50 minute

, anti— the iraq war?o read up war? i suppose i did start to read up about the issues before the iraq war began. when it was first mentioned in public, when a rocket came up in a debate on the wall in terra, i started thinking about its —— iraq. unlike many people —— unlike people i was surprised by iraq was coming up again. i didn't question some ice the afghanistan invasion, but at this point it seems why bring iraq into this? so i read up why bring iraq into this? so i read up on the issues. i ran around various different publishing houses andi various different publishing houses and i bought a couple of books and i really did try to dig neath the surface on what was going on and i came to the conclusion that the war did not seem justified, that it was in fact, that there was no justification for it at all. and so when i saw the e—mail that was a red flag. let usjust, ifi may interrupt for a second, remind people of the e—mail. because what you saw and we came people of the e—mail. because what you saw

the war in poland is over. it is during the boer war, there is nothing going on besides the finish campaign from the fall of poland until the invasion in the spring. i would call this period waiting for hitler. what hitler's going to do after the fall of poland. the polish relief -- i think the finnish relief effort galvanizes people and provides relief for relief, if i can make a bad pun. there are lots of people who volunteered to fight in finland and the word was if you missed the spanish civil war, this was your chance. americans, hungarians, canadians, even some japanese, came to fight for the finns. look, here is the -- just incredible numbers of great photographs. the finnish national archives all online released for public domain. these are the finnish children. had been part of the soviet union. they are being evacuated. the finns are supposed to fold immediately and they don't. they destroy two soviet divisions. the 44th division. the photographs from that are incredible. frozen pictures of soviet sol

in world war one. and world war 2. and every time the ukrainian people ended up paying the highest price for these grand games of power. history doesn't repeat but it surely rhymes said mark twain. if one looks closely at the history of ukraine one will notice many rhymes. being surrounded by stronger powers ukraine has needed a lot of cunning to survive and they are they truly mastered with time is the art of changing sides. in the middle of the 17th century ukrainian leader dunn who. broke a truce agreement made with poland siding more powerful russia. just over 50 years later as the russian swedish war was raging another ukrainian leader ivan mazeppa bro. the union with russia when he switched sides joining forces with the swedish invaders many times ukrainian history was written by 3rd parties seeking to keep the gains of a revolution at any cost russia agreed to the humiliating conditions of the breast with treaty of 1918 which turned ukraine into a german protectorate another historical document that changed the

world war i problem. so, what caused world war i plaques it wasn't an aggressive ambitious state trying to seize territory and push-ups as far as fast as it could and it wasn't a defense of states that felt it was cornered. it was a systems problem. a whole bunch of factors combined, entangled alliances, new technologies, the railroad had a profound impact on how you mobilize for the war and prepare to defend your interest. misperceptions, crumbling empires that were worried about threats from within. all of these things mixed together and there were feedback loops that occur and they turned wood were relatively minor developments in the particular case the assassination of the arch ferdinand, and it spun this through these reinforcing effects into a european war that none of the participants expected and none of them want wanted. so, what i'm arguing in the book is that we need to understand that the threat from russia, and it's a real threat. this is a genuinely dangerous situation, not as an offensive

the war is a war against the native peoples, the indian, and the french, right? and it reflects in the eyes of settler colonists a hope that they are achieving the goal of getting the other empire in the native people are out of the way so they can take over the continent. and what led to the upset of the balance of power? many complicated causes but if there's one thing we want to point to it is the massive growth in several colors populations are at the early 18th century. 16 50, there is a mere 55,000 settlers colonists in the english colonies, by 1700 that has increased by more than five times to 265,000. by the eve of the seven years wore, 1,600,000 columnist, including almost a quarter of 1 million enslaved africans, one of the things that settler colonial theory points out is that, in a sense, you replaced the legislator that others might try to mobilize with imported labor, either peoples on families, indentured servitude, soar by this period, enslaved operations. all of these people are conceiving them selves as creating an empire settler congress who ar

. >> so the idea was to have a comprehensive history of the cold war and the cultural cold war and the literary cold war through the collapse of communism. in the idea that i had was to do that somatically. that then you might work bad out as a group biography. and then weaving through as much of the story. >> the person that you open with is orwell. so with the spanish civil war. and they were agents and like we know for his journalism. and you have been a journalist. and then when they figure out with journalism. so i wonder if, i don't know. >> but that idea is the last possible thing and be so terrible at it but so there is a reason why i have a phd in english. [laughter] there are ways we are thinking about and with these experiences and then to be disenchanted of that and then to be really concerned and through stalinism. and that is marvelous trying to be rigorous and disciplined and to tell the story in all complex detail. so he has to go back and think how do i get that across? and that's basically how he told his story to go back and think about the simple most effective way.

i hope that this one goes as .ell what we called world war ii, it is the pacific war. we have a different view of what is taught in japanese schools. did she ever sees the document her father wrote? : yes, laura did see the document her father wrote, not the original. one of the great things with last name like hers is people can find you. , they would mail their copy of the diary to laura and laura met many u.s. vets that way. >> did that happen later then? >> yes, it was in the 50's. >> thank you. >> how did the layered family handle this situation? we heard some much about the takaguchi family. how about the laird family? takaguchis?race the bert laird. takaguchis lost their family. i do not know how to say it really. he was kind of a stoic guy who was not a on emotions or not .articularly eloquent he was sturdy and hard-working and clearly saw a right and wrong. he was not a speech giver. his family, i think healing,laird's own that only he could do it. they could not help him so much. thing. hard he is a decorated hero. for one of the greatest things he did in his

americans saw this and what was going on and the war as a whole as an immoral war. people saw this as a humanitarian intervention this is what america does this is the rule but these stories and there was a terrible were going on in this insurrection were hundreds of thousands and there is a justification to do something but it became the story that the regiment like the roughriders came together change the way they saw the military and what it meant to serve and to have power not only to cart on - - conquer the world but to free them this doesn't change overnight but to put in place a way of thinking about ourselves the 20h century became a dominant narrative severity end of world war ii america could do no wrong. so we need a large army to fight the fascist we can have a conversation for another day but that was how we saw that message that is a microcosm of buthe regiment and speaks to why this is so insignificant one - - significant why we have to learn that. so because i have a book and we are here i just want to the big battle was the battle of san juan hill s

the war is over. robert haley and his army have surrendered in 1865 the army of tennessee with joe johnson to pitch elated -- lieutenant general kobe smith in mississippi still major forces on feel surrendered on may 26 in indian territory, now oklahoma, the may native american confederate in the field kept them in the field for nearly a month after smith gave up the trans mississippi army. except for a long -- as the fratricidal conflict the armed forces of the confederacy had been disbanded. by late june the same could be said of the huge volunteer for us that had once battled the union army. what remained of the proud army was prepared to go home including the seventh west virginia then to 557 soldiers, 24 commission officers 439 present, two offices 100 100 and then absent the only 127 of the men were veteran volunteers from 1528 overall. after the battalion under francis baldwin role the train to wheeling arriving the morning of july 5th. they can't on whaling island on the ohio river where the a

war that is as old as he is he told a.b.c. news honestly i don't think a lot about it all i know is that i've got a job to do and that we're still over there right now and it's not done yet. given our current political climate the end my friends nowhere in sight of it and speaking of the afghanistan war the man who started it all the very reason that private nine's is now putting his life on the line to fight in a war that doesn't end george w. bush was making headlines this week with his new best the daytime talk show host ellen de generous after video of the 2 sitting together an n.f.l. football game went viral it seems that many were not exactly happy seeing the comedienne sitting with the man responsible for the iraq and afghanistan wars the surveillance state cia torture guantanamo bay aboud grob hurricane katrina aftermath lack of clean up i could go on and on and none. she took her show to quell the controversy stating that she is friends with a lot of people who don't share the same beliefs that i have just because i d

the war of 1812 tends to be quite a bit forgotten in our american history. at the timeng on was the united states was a young nation and we had just gotten over the revolution. we were our own country, and we were really just trying to make a go of it. at this point in time, great britain was fighting with the french empire, and the united states decided it was going to make money off of that war. they were trading to both the french and british. as you can imagine, neither side was to happy the united states was supplying goods and supplies, so the british actually were pulling up alongside merchant ships in the atlantic and stealing cargo and impressing sailors. free-trade and sailors rights is one of the reasons the united states decided to declare war. another reason is the land right out here. this territory part of ohio was the native american tribes here. the promise was they would be no settlers, no military action in this area. of course that did not happen. settlers were coming in, building their farms. as you can imagine, a lot of the american ind

early in the war you would not have seen -- later in the war you would not have seen this in the paper. the battle of philippi cast a long shadow for such a small affair. this unrelenting press coverage would push northern politicians, who would push abraham lincoln, who in turn would push irvin mcdowell, which resulted in the first battle of bull run. we all know how that turned out. philippi and the resulting actions, these would help to launch mcclellan's star. even though these battles pale in comparison to what we see later in the war, these battles made cleland a hero when the north needed one. for all the good and bad that mcclellan would bring, and i would argue there was plenty of good, it was the result of his early successes in western virginia. porterfield said, if they intended to sacrifice me, i could not expect less support than i had. that is a damning statement to your superior officer. porterfield was found to have been negligent, but robert e leash stopped short of a court-martial, and instead removed him, putting garnet in command. garnet would be quoted as saying "

but that was 1861 and the war came and the war changed everything, as wars often do. within weeks of the war beginning, they began to hear from other enslaved people around them on their plantation, on surrounding plantations, they began hearing about what was happening at fort monroe, and they heard about benjamin butler's order allowing them to come into union lines as contraband of war. they probably heard this because the plantation from which the very first people entered fort monroe was a plantation that was basically adjacent to their own. so they probably knew those individuals. well, not long after butler's order, the union army moved from fort monroe into newport news and established a new camp there called camp butler after benjamin butler. camp butler was two miles from the plantation where the whitehursts were living, and in may 1861, they seized the moment. they went to camp butler and obtained work in the camp hospital. edward himself employed as a guide for the army, as it made its way toward big bethel in what turned out to be a failed campaign that s

[crashing sound] >> clear the way to win the war, win the war, win the war ♪ if you want to have a betterorld, if you want to have a better world, you have to get out and vote ♪ now we are on the right track, right track, right track, now we are on the right track, we are going to win the war. right behind the president, the president, the president, right behind the president, for 1944 ♪ so go until your neighbors that the new world special is coming nowyour reservation ♪ soldiers, all aboard for severance pay, disability insurance, free training and education, signed up with no delays. forers, got your ticket crop insurance, lower prices, adequate credit? ♪ got get out and vote board, $200 billion national income, but no pushing and no crowding small business, protection from big business labor, jobs for everyone, full and in point -- full employment, full production, good housing, social insurance, security in your old age. all aboard ♪ there will be a job for everyone, everyone, everyone you gotta get out and vote if you want to have security, security, security, if you want to have s

war is a continuation of policy. it's also true that diplomacy in this case becomes an extension of war by another means. this is about as clear an example of the interplay of talking and fighting as you will ever find. worker, there is an action and reaction cycle. we have the wealthiest nation on earth against a peasant economy. they try to counter each other's capabilities through an action reaction cycle. continually adapting to the adversary moves. it is pretty interesting. i think i may be the only one to other ever identified this. people tended not to notice this is the donovan technological era in warfare. war with nohis avionics. we have no precision capability. there was-based capability. by 1972, we have precision weaponry. we have computer-based mission planning. we have spaced-based intel and weather. we have taken a huge step towards evolving into the air force of today. theet to see in this case loops in action. the observe, orient, decide, act. as we know from other courses and our earlier discussion

he came up with slogans as he had during the war, such as food would win the war.uch as i do not have any german enemies under the age of six. we have never been at war with women and children. this helps, using children was a way to help people who had, for many good reasons had held a lot of animosity toward germany, putting it in the eyes of children, people were then able and more willing to dig into their pockets and donate. he faced a lot of political pressure in the u.s. and abroad. but he was able to get it through. here's another image. this is a picture that represents the children of tomorrow. i can't quite read it. you see a wolf that represent hunger, and winter is laughing in the background. he is also labeled. [laughter] across the ocean is uncle sam it with food supplies and to him is herbert hoover tugging at uncle to sam's shoulder pointing towards europe. as a way to save, we need to feed the europeans. this image was published in november 1918. there's this idea that hunger is going over europe. he is looking forward to getting food into europe.

but rhetoric cannot change the fact that wars do not just end; wars are won or r lost." could you u respond to that and how accurate you think an assessment of that is? but what he says about afghanistan and what is likely to happen now with u.s. wiwithdrawal? >>> i thinknk in any discussionf isur wars, ongoing wars, it important to s set them in some broader histororical context t n senator mccoconnell will probay entertain.n. i m mean, to a very great exten, not entirely, but to a very great extent, we created the prproblems that exist today throrough our reckless use o of americican military power. people like mimitch mcconnell -- and i think otherer members of e polilitical establishment, even members of thehe mainstream meda "thenew york timeses," and washington post" have yet to reckon with the catastrophic consequences of f the u.s. ininvasion of f iraq back in 20. and if you focus youour attentin at that starpointe -- you could choose another starpointe, but if you focus at that start point, it seems to me that it leads you to a different conclusion about the cri

how to end a war that had turned malignant. >> vietnam was the war that we saw in our living rooms every night. people watched the 6:00 news during dinner, and they would see the carnage of vietnam. >> all hell has broken loose. >> 1968 was lbj's fifth year as commander in chief. it was the single deadliest year of the war. already more than 19,000 americans had died in vietnam. more than 170,000 vietnamese had died from the north and the south. >> i think there was a momentum behind that war. so many people had died in it that it's hard for anybody to say, ah, let's stop it. johnson once said, you know, i don't want to be the president that loses a war, especially when we had this sort of mythology of having never lost a war as a country. we just didn't seem to be winning anything. >> hey, hey, lbj -- >> back in the u.s., the war had become personal. vietnam had become johnson's war. >> every time he tries to leave the white house, he's met by protesters. every public speech, he's going to hear those chants. >> you can see the toll the war is having on lbj. physically, psychologically.

>> not during the war itself. not during the war itself. other issues came up in the post war years. second mass comes to mind when some post war writers alleged that long street held off too long in coming to the aid stonewall jackson. but no, not during the war no. none of his actions really came up. subsequent to gettysburg, there was a controversy over the east tennessee campaign, and some disputes between lock street and lafayette my clause and some of his other subordinates but that was after gettysburg. yeah? all right. (applause) >> a little bit about our presented today doctor mark snell he is a retired military officers on a retired history professor. he is currently serving as a chief historian of th

what's happening in the civil war? tens of thousands of americans are dying in horrendous battles, and he's saying indians are inherently warlike, unlike good all-americans. tens of thousands of americans are dying in these horrendous so in abraham lincoln's words, is this idea that development must proceed. lincoln is a proponent of manifest destiny, the great engine of destruction that bore down on native american people. he was all in favor of building railroads and bringing western resources into eastern rockets including the gold and silver that led to things like the genocide of california indians. of course he was all in favor of white people being able to expand into the west and settle and carve up the land in two forms. and that he agreed with , southerners that western devout and should continue but were he disagreed with southerners is on the expansion of slavery. lincoln of course believed as many northerners did that slavery should not be allowed to expand in the west. that it would be unfair competition

and wars tend to be very popular when they begin people call you unpatriotic if you protest the war and for that reason a lot of anti-war movements historically have had a tough time opposing wars so that's a factor to take into consideration that yes size does matter it is a factor that definitely helps move in succeeding get their message out in in that change but not the only factor and the one of the other big factors is how popular is your issue compared to what the average voter or with the average citizen likes and it least in the early days of the iraq war it was frankly a popular movement and that's why the anti-war movement has such an uphill battle that case. yes there is what the fees are pretty fickle many uses for movements you fact that they are both very large and they also represent at large section of public opinion that was the case with the 2011 social movements we looked at i was 3 and more so we didn't ignore those you spain and you're going to use many to greece and effectively we're not just might be lazy and as of now if not millions of people which was unpr

this is what the war bequeath to the invisible children. pollin and i know that in 2017 through a study on post-war trauma together they set up their organization forgotten children of war they've already managed to kindle unprecedented public debate in bosnia about the subject of wartime rape. because it was the business community. but. our 1st big step is getting an appraisal of the legal situation. gotten ourselves a lawyer. she's examining bosnian laws and international conventions. the children's rights convention or the human rights convention of. just. one lasting problem which children of the war face is that we've lost a fundamental human right the right to respect for private and family life. as they push for legislative reform they hope to raise awareness of their situation with. the others actually it's worthwhile going public and talking openly about this after all the years we suffered in endure a humiliation what we know where we come from. who has worked for so long. in bosnia herzegovina today people like alan and i know ar

i know has felt like a living legacy of the war. between 1900 to 1905 so every year what was ravaged by an ethnic conflict between bosnian muslims serbs and croats. the war was characterized by ethnic cleansing mass murder and systematic militarized great. no one knows how many women were sexually assaulted. estimates range between 205-0000. up to 4000 children were born to the victims in bosnia they're called the invisible children. for many the war is history but not for i know as a child of rape she's endured stigmatization and discrimination official bosnian documents require a father's name as files the field is empty. even now after more than 20 years whenever i go to the authorities i still have to tell some guy behind the counter that my mother was raped i don't know who my biological father is can i still apply for student aid got so. and you. i know has teamed up with others in the same situation their association forgotten children of war is fighting for an end to discrimination and for equal rights. they also want the go

war effort. at 10:00 p.m. on our weekly america," we wind the clock back and feature several films from the 1940 four presidential campaign between franklin d roosevelt and thomas dewey. that's what's coming up here on american history tv. > i'll be the petersburg campaign certainly has quite a bit to discuss. c-span sake of our audience, who we deeply appreciate i want to run through keynote hlights of our speaker. wilson green is the former xecutive director of pamphlet historical park and the national museum of the civil war soldier located near petersburg ulysses virginia. he previously severed as the first president of the for the preservation of civil war sites from 1990 to 994 ulysses s. grant an early version of what today we know as battlefield trust. e's also spent time as a istorian including local fredericksburg in spotsylvania. he's also served in other capacities. dedicated research ulysses s. grant a prolific writer ulysses s. grant has published more than works on the civil wares

turf wars and border wars between the polls and the russians. it was chaos. that's the environment in which he and his team have to work. the american-led relief program entailed more than keeping a step ahead of famine and disorder. economic recovery and increased productivity were crucial if europe was to bind up its wounds. many of hoover's policies in 1919 were designed to achieve this objective. he arranged for hundreds of american engineers and other experts to become technical advisors to the fledgling governments of austria, poland, czechoslovakia, and what became known as yugoslavia. these advisors, some of whom stayed for three years, worked to reorganize railways, reform currencies and modernize agriculture. hoover also helped to reopen the danube river basin to peacetime commerce. he dispatched american agencies to mining regions where they helped to settle strikes and increase production of urgently needed coal. after the signing of the treaty of versailles--you want me to tell me what to do? thank you. with the signing of the treaty of versaille

, anti the iraq war? to read up about the issues before it, you know, the iraq war began. when it was first mentioned in public, when iraq came up the a debate on the war on terror, i started thinking about it. and, you know, like many people, i was very curious at why iraq was being brought up again. you know, i mean, ithink — i didn't question so much the afghanistan invasion, but at this point it seemed why bring iraq into this? so i did read up on the issues. i read around various different publishing houses and i bought a couple of books and i really tried to dig beneath the surface on what was going on and i did came to the conclusion that the war didn't seem justified, that it was, in fact, no — that there was no justification for it at all. and so when i saw the e—mail that was a red flag. let us just, if i may interrupt for a second, remind people of the e—mail. because what you saw, what came across your desk and many of your colleagues‘ desks, it was almost a circular, it was something that had

it remained popular virtually through eight years of war. the war gaming 1875. it's really only in 1779, 80 that popular support for the king and his government and trying to keep the colonies within the british empire begins to really disintegrate in britain. one of the reasons was because the widespread belief in brittany beginning in 1770, early 70's. if there permitted to slip away from it be the beginning of the unraveling of the new british empire which was created in 63 with the british victory over the french and spanish in the seventh year. the french and indian war. if that slips away canada will go in the sugar islands in india and it will be the british empire. all of the wealth and value of the empire will be solved at the colonies get away. there was great support for bringing the americans back in. >> if you could reconcile a few things in your book, number one, britain was ascendant at this time. britain was merely bright bankrupt. >> britain had gone deeply into debt as a consequence of the seventh year war. there is great concern that could be

this is a quick snapshot, a small regional railroad at the start of the war. they don't have a lot of hardware or equipment, only 12 locomotives, for baggage cars, aid passenger cars and 79 fright cars. this is a one track railroad running from acres down to harrisburg, through the heart of the cumberland valley. for those in the audience, both on television and luckily the valley is a name apply to the chandelier valley here in southern pennsylvania. >> cumberland valley is very important with this railroad lots of freight particularly timber coal hogs beef cattle back into harrisburg distribution throughout the country. this railroad has some clearly interesting of rolling stock one of which is the pioneer. the pioneer one of the most powerful locomotive by the time of the civil war it's clearly outdated it's a lightweight locomotive really design for passenger service small peacetime occupation. the railroad doesn't have a lot of heavy freight but typically, they can handle no more than a four car passenger train and some maximum -- to more of these things

and that on the civil war which i am already excited it is super thrilling. like having a double agent and it is fascinating that orwell known for his journalism and you have been a journalist so then here's the moment when they figure out they can do more with fiction so did you have a moment with fiction writers? i don't know so what are your feelings on what you can do? >> yes. but i think that is just fascinating it has to be reasonable and yes those that we think about he had these experiences for what was going on in spain and to be disenchanted of that and came back and in soviet communism and i do think it's marvelous it is incredibly rigorous and disciplined in the way he tried to tell a story in complex detail and nobody read it. and then to say how do i get this across and this is the parable of the child's fairy tale. so that's how he goes back and thinks about as a child's fairy tale. >> so when i was growing up so people of our generation and that his parents was after the war came down. one - - after the wall came down and then they would take

you know they sample of the iraq war the buildup to the iraq war the propaganda the lies have all been exposed now you know there were no weapons of mass destruction the u.n. didn't authorize the invasion of iraq therefore the war is illegal but they're still trying to 6 extraordinary that they're still trying to defend it. we employed to do i translated signals intelligence and i reported anything i thought might be of interest my clients the foreign office the ministry of defense so you work for the british government no not really no governments change i work for the british people so if they can get away with it then surely they think they can get away with it now i don't think it will change anything what was the impact in those rotating members of the un security council countries like chile which of course had the british back to pinochet did they have a big impact or i think it did i mean yeah certainly in chile the chilean ambassador at the time he was very very distraught that you know this relationship he thought. chile had repaired with the united states you know this they

>> one of the problems the shadowo war and it is permanent war. there is no shelling of fort sumter b for a quick begin silently and that's part of the issue. so think of those long-term changes you won't put out the fire but keep it to a low smolder. that's hard for america with beginnings and ends but we have to addressed one - - adjust to the strategy to effectively push back against it. >> is it a victory to be a superpower? there is a drive to pull back with trumps appeal and strategy but you do that at your own peril and the fact is that there is evidence to ask the southeast asia nations if they want the united states or not but they don't want to be bullied they like the international rules -based order they don't want to be dominated but they mind having them present you may have pushed back m in europe but will they like it if russia carries out or to invade the baltics? know. so as nice as it be to walk back we would pay cost if you're asking what we can do about it to be aware on the positive side those that are in and out of uniform t