. >> you say you have two states that are divided militarily between the nato and warsaw pa c cts. isn't it possible that president bush and gorbachev will be deciding the future of germany? superpowers and small states. they have a right to live and decide on their destiny will bep it is not a matter to discussed by gorbachev and bush. it is a matter to be discussed on the basis of the right to self-determination and the people in the german democratic , again, i think this is a question that does not objective in central europe. we have to be very realistic. allow this event to get out of control by introducing things that are not ready for solutions. we should introduce things that are feasible. >> i know diplomats are not supposed to talk about their personal feelings. would you share your personal feelings? >> of course. i have always had my own feelings. 1968, having my apartment 100 yards from the border with mixed feelings. i would have wanted for the wall to never have been arrested. -- erected. i think the wall has maintained peace. of theter the erection gdr became more

. >> [indiscernible] >> i think you have to say what you mean by warsaw pact. it seems to me that it is certainly a loosening up in it concurs with the helsinki final act, and it is a very good development. europe, holy is and free -- hole and free. orbotech talks about a common home. is it a step towards that? probably so. >> [indiscernible] there is no indication of that. here ofis the danger the state getting out of control? [indiscernible] is there a danger here that things are developing to quickly? -- too quickly? >> this kind of development can -- i don't want to say this thing makes things move too quickly. are encouraged by our strong support for the helsinki final act. pontificate that anything goes too fast. we areare handling it, give anybody a hard time. we are saluting those who can move forward with democracy. we are encouraging the concepts and free. whole i don't like to go into a lot of hypotheses about too much change or to rapid change or what i dold do, what our team would if something went wrong. handled byis being the west very well. cert

in warsaw, hundreds of young polls.wing that is lifts some with links to violent football gangs fought battled with riot police. people here from right wing groups from other european countries as well. there were flares and fireworks, tore up paving slaps and benches and hurled them at the police. the police responded with water cannon and pepper spray. several people were injured, and over 200 were arrested. a growing number of i don't think pols are going to the politics, fearing traditional polish values are threatened. years of economic slow down have increased the frustration of storm some and there has been a marked increase of the number of racial attacks. in the past, rioters have also targeted the russian embassy and places associated with liberal and left wing political fax shuns. faction, this year the focus of their lines was the polish police. simon mcgregor wood al jazerra. >>> people in cities across europe have attended events marking a century since arm sift day the end of hostilities in worlds war one

i will never forget the then vice president george bush sticking to the warsaw -- the martyr for poland. and i will never forget president george bush speaking in front of the monument of the fallen shipyard workers. it is from there that the president of the united states was sending a message of freedom to poland, to europe, to the world. [applause] pope john paul ii once said, freedom is not just something to happen to us, it is something to be fought for. one must use freedom to build with its personal life as well as the life of the nation. i think this thought can equally well be applied to poland and to america. i wish all of you to know and to keep in mind that the ideals which underline this glorious american republic, and which are still alive here, are also living in a faraway poland. and although for many long years efforts were made to cut poland off from these ideals, poland held her ground and is now reaching for the freedom to which she is justly entitled. together with poland, other nations of eastern europe are following the path. the wall that was separating people fr

russia is inflicting major pain in this farming community, an hour south of warsaw. poles love these but so do other people. in fact in 2013, poland exported sirks 77,00677,000 tons of applo russia. that all ended on august 1st. there's nobody to buy those apples now and that's going to cost polish pane apple growers 9 million this year. for apple grower mikhail lehovich the situation is dire. 40% of the apples he grows are shipped to russia. his life is in jeopardy. >> now our market is panic. >> and that panic is a symbol of much greater fear over the continent. the conflict over ukraine and sanctions that followed have dealt europe another blow. nowhere is the fear greater than germany whose economy europe's biggest is fall ter fatalitieri. grappling with the fallout from ukraine. on the other side of the situation, lower oil prices put the country on the brink of rescission. the renewabl ruble plunged to rd lows, more than double the amount they took out the year before. and since sanctions hit, food prices in russia have soared. in some cases by as much as 30%.

and really there was a huge unilateral reduction and nato no longer had to contend with the warsaw pact and we were not worried about the soviet union, it was gone and russia was our partner. and thus begins the first decade of the 21st century. the forcer means relevant on september 11 we discovered a newfound terrorism and we were at involved immediately in afghanistan and iraq and its conventional military force and becomes clear to the world and it has unique capacity to project the force with incredible precision. modernization occurs but not with nuclear weapons but it comes with the improvement in the delivery of that projection. sweet embrace of and ability to do it more quickly. and so we have a prompt will will strike instead of days or weeks to do this and we want to be able to do it right away. within hours, ideally within 24 hours area and initially we had upon the delivery systems for nuclear weapons in more than one strategist lisa that has to do with the ability to deliver this and it becomes clear that many people feel that this could create ambiguity and that maybe we

they were pouring billions of dollars into the warsaw pact.he economics helped bring back the wall. in terms of the politics today, what's going on inside of russia, mikhail gorbachev doesn't make last comments about that. >> okay. jim clancy at brandenburg gate, thanks very much. to bring our viewers up to date on what they're watching now. on the right-hand side of the screen, a service at the berlin wall memorial. very emotional speeches about remembering where berliners were when the wall came down, who they spoke to, honoring as well all of those who lost their lives trying to make it to the west. there you see angela merkel as well as the mayor of berlin seated to her right and other vips and dignitaries listen to the service. in about 20 minutes' time we're expecting a lighting of candles at the national memorial at the berlin wall. we'll have more. stay with us. let me get tyes?straight... lactaid® is 100% real milk? right. real milk. but it won't cause me discomfort. exactly, no discomfort, because it's milk without the lactose. and i

meanwhile, the eastern half looking nice. 17 in warsaw. now for our extended forecast. >>> and ta concludes this edition of thus line. thanks for joining us. >> hello and welcome "euromaxx highlights" where we select the top reports of the week for you. here's a look at our top three reports. berlin's festival of lights attracts more than two million spectators. using quadrocopters for stage performances. and amateur photographers are making a splash with instagram . as you can see behind me, the annual festival of lights is still underway here in berlin. it is celebrating its 10th anniversary and every year you get to see the german capital in a completely different light. many of the famous sights and monuments like the brandenburg gate have become a backdrop for spectacular light and video projections.

warsaw you'll see high of 1. negative four in moscow and flurry activity through thursday. now an area seeking lots of snowfall is over the north eastern portions of the united states because of a low pressure system that's clearing the area. i want to show you video coming out of this region. heavy snow and cold wins cause traffic disruptions in north eastern u.s. during the busiest travel system of the year. the in southern maine, cars slide up icy roads. a lot of power outages reported. parts of western virginia, pennsylvania and maryland have had 15 assent meters in one day. on top of that a, 700 flights cancelled, 4400 delayed wednesday. the low is starting to track off. i think we're going to see clearing. areas like maine, you may deal with additional snow morning hours of thanksgiving before we see clearing. high pressure moves in. it's going to be chilly. another system over to the a pacific northwest bringing snowfall. something we'll watch out for because as we go toward the latter apart of the weekend as this system pushes east, it may become another problem whe

conditions will be widely spread across the peninsula and british aisles and we're still looking at warsaw here in the east with rain for you. it's still well above the average. winter pressure, very typical one, about 19 centimeters of snowfall day. that's like lly to add on top of what we have here. 50 sint meters in some sections of hokkaido. snow adding up to 40 centimeters in hokkaido and gts will be reaching about 126 kilometers per hour today. i'll leave you now with your extended forecast. >>> that's all for this edition of kn"newsline." >>> the financial markets just can't get enough. the world's largest floating structure. it could be allen g.'s answer to shale gas. and china is launching a new development bank, but not everyone is landing a hand. hello, you're watching "asia biz forecast." the bulls are out in force on global stock markets. currency traders have also had a busy week. tokyo stocks rose about 17,000, the highest level in

russia is inflicting major pain in this farming community, an hour's drive south of warsaw. orchards for as far as the eye can see grow this, the famous polish apple. poles love these, but so do others. in 2013, poland exported 677,000 tons of apples to russia. that's 56% of all its apple exports, but that all ended on august 1. there's nobody to buy those apples now and that's going to cost polish apple growers $659 million this year. that panic over apples is a symbol of bigger fears spreading across a european continent whose economic health was already turning rotten. sanctions are taking a big toll on russia's already-stagnating economy. lower oil prices put the country on the brink of recession. the ruble plunged to record lows and the bank of russia projected investors would yank $128 billion out of the economy in 2014, more than double the amount they took out the year before. even more important, putin holds a huge weapon in russia's economic war with the west. during the 1980s, moscow built a web of pipelines, linking its siberian gas fields to gas thirsty househol

russia is inflicting pain in this farming community, an hour's drive south of warsaw. orchards for as far as the eye can see grow the famous polish apple. it's delicious. polls love these and so do others. in 2013 poland exported 677,000 tonnes of apples to russia. that is 56% of all its apple exports. that ended on august 1st. there's nobody to buy the apples now. that will cost polish apple growers $659 million this year. for apple growers, the situation is dire. in a typical year, 40% of the apples this man grows are shipped to russia, without russian clients, his livelihood is in jeopardy. >> for sure they are suffering. you know, our market has panic. >> reporter: that panic over apples is a symbol of bigger fears spreading across a european continent whose economic health was already turning rotten. the conflict over ukraine, and sanctions that followed, dealt europe another blow. nowhere is the fear greater than in germany, whose economy, europe's biggest, is faltering. >> as a result of crisis in ukraine, german exports to russia fell 26% in august compared to

warsaw at 12 degrees. berlin and vienna at 14. now across the u.s., nothing warm here.t's really cold. in fact extremely cold for this time of the year and creating snowfall across the upper midwest and great lakes region and this system will also provide about centimeters of snowfall across ontario. down to the south on top of the 40 centimeters already we will add 20 centimeters on top of that. this is due to that jet stream meandering all the way down to the south. an open door for the arctic blast to cover much of the states. and it's more the temperature difference that we're really concerned of. about 15 degrees celsius drop will happen in just a few hours. in fact take a look at the charts here, dallas, st. louis, kansas city, denver. this is the temperature on monday. some in the 20s and then down to single digits or even negative 9 from 18 degrees in denver. that's just in one day. and some of it happened in a few days, about a 25-degrees drop. and these cold, cold temperatures will persist into the latter half of the week or throughout your weekend. be aware o

conditions will be widely spread across the peninsula and british aisles and we're still looking at warsaw here in the east with rain for you. it's still well above the average. winter pressure, very typical one, about 19 centimeters of snowfall today. that's like ly to add up on top of what we have here. 50 sint meters in some sections of hokkaido. snow adding up to 40 centimeters in hokkaido and gusts will be reaching about 126 kilometers per hour today. i'll leave you now with your extended forecast. >>> that's all for this edition of kn"newsline." maybe you have some energy- saving appliances, like an energy star-rated washer and dryer. but what about your tv? chances are it's on more than your washer, dryer, and kitchen appliances combined. did you know that if half of us in the u.s. replaced our regular tvs with an energy star model, the change would be like shutting down a power plant? you can find the energy star on everything from standard to high def to the largest flat-screen your heart desires. ow that makes sense. ow that makes sense. >>> the financial markets just can't get e

east, sunny weather and temperatures a little bit on the high side. 12 in kiev, and 15 degrees in warsaw. but still on the chilly side in stockholm, only 4 degrees for the high on the last day of the business week. now, across asia, we have a deep depression moving over the bay of bengal. this one will likely reach the east coast of india as we go into next week and another system just to the south of the indochina peninsula, this one is setting up moisture for the southern areas of thailand, as well as cambodia, and also malaysia, as we go into the weekend. now, across the philippines, actually tomorrow is the one-year anniversary of typhoon haiyan. tacloban is one of the hit areas, and this area will see some scattered thunderstorms. now, to the north, rain will finally taper off over the southern parts of china. but across the north, thanks to a big high pressure system, sunny weather will continue, that includes beijing area, where the apec forum is taking place. sunny weather on your saturday with 12 degrees but chillny morning. and the nice conditions will likely continue into your

. >> more than 200 protesters have been arrested in poland's capital warsaw. violence happened during the independence day celebrations. simon mcgregor-wood has more >>> the trouble started when there was a march across this bridge. outside the national stadium hundreds of young polls, most right wing nationalists, some with links to football gangs broke away and fought pitched battles with riot police. among the numbers there were right-wing activists from other country, players, fireworks were torn up, they were hurled at the police. the police responded with water canons, and pepper spray to push the rioters back. rubber bullets were in the air, and paramilitary forces were deployed. several people were injured, and over 200 were arrested. a growing until of pols have been drawn to nationalists and anti-immigration politics, fearing that polish factions are threatened. they are opposed to anything to do with the european union. years of slowdown increased the frustration of some, and there is a marked increase in numbers. >> in the past, rioters targeted th

only 6 degrees for the high in warsaw and minus figures in moscow despite sunshine. quick look at asia. sunshine for you in many parts of china and the korean peninsula. across the kanto region as well. for the rest of japan rain is falling but by tuesday, clear weather should come back across the area. temperatures are as follows. tokyo at 17 degrees for the high with partly sunny skies. more than normal across seoul at 10 degrees. and also ulan bator at 2 degrees for the high on tuesday. here's the extended forecast. >>> people around the world continue to be captivated by the life and possessions of napoleon bone part. an enthusiast in south korea has forked out almost 1.9 million euros, about $2.4 million for one of the french emperor's hats. that's five times higher than expected. experts believe napoleon wore the trademark felt hat around 1810. and they think he took it with him on to the battlefield. >> translator: there are very few of napoleon's hats left. there were only about 120 in all. today 19 are documented and 17 are in museums. >> napoleon's vest lat

conditions, as high pressure controls the eastern half of europe with highs in the mid teens for warsaw and vienna. hope you have a good day wherever you are. here's your extended outlook. >>> that's "newsline" for this hour. i'm gene otani in tokyo.gg99Ññç 30 years in jail for the south korean ferry captain. security upping its after two deadly attacks. palestinians mark the 10th anniversary of the death of yasser arafat. nigerian president goodluck announceis expected to his reelection bid in spite of massive

and we're still looking at warsaw in the east with some rain in the forecast for you.ut the temperatures not bad at all. still well above the average. winter pressure pattern, very typical one, is dominating much of japan. about 19 centimeters of snow today adding up on top of what we see here. this is due to the sea effect snow which is a typical event during winter time but a little early for this year. snow adding up to 40 centimeters in hokkaido and gusts will be reaching about 126 kilometers per hour throughout the day today. i'll leave you now for your extended forecast. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >>> that's all for now on "newsline." i'm keiko kitagawa in tokyo. hope to see you again at the top of the hour. >>> good evening from los angeles, i'm tavis smiley. the seismic shift in congress as republicans take on the house and senate in the wake of the midterm elections. we got a sense of what this mean for the country and for president obama's final two years in office. first from reince priebus, chairman of the committee, and two, two editorial director for strategic partnership f

and warsaw and kiev even hitting the double digits. rain will be coming in through saturday and sunday on your weekend. out here across the u.s., the pacific northwest, the british columbia especially and western washington is dealing with the torrents of rainfall. and a lot of that white stuff pieg piling up in the high elevations. gusts reaching about 65 kilometers per hour. and then out toward more northeastern states, likely to see more snowfall which is going to add up to about 35 centimeters in the high elevations. so watch out for that. but meanwhile, the predominant thing is the high pressure system dominating much of the central loexz. denver hitting 18 degrees. oklahoma city reaching 20 degrees. rheal real warmth. do enjoy these autumnal beautiful daze. here across japan, though, we are still tracking this system. this system was a severe tropical storm but now downgraded to -- or actually changed the form to a low pressure system. so the effects will be similar. anywhere along the pacific side of japan will possibly see wave

nato, no longer had to quend the warsaw pact. it consumed the warsaw pact. we were not worried about the soviet union. it was gone. nd russia was our partner. thus begins the bush-obama decade. force remains relevant. immediately, it becomes relevant. on september 11, we discover a new kind of terrorism. we are involved immediately in afghanistan and then iraq, too. so military forces definitely on the table. but it is convention -- conventional military force that we emphasize and it became clear to the world that the united states of america has unique capacity to project force with incredible lethality in precision. modernization really comes with the improvement in the delivery of that force projection. and we embrace now, an ability not only to project force with predecision, but to do it more quickly. so we have prompt global strike. in days of days or weeks in order to do this damage with cruise missiles, aircraft or whatever we want to be able to do it right away, within hour. ideally, within 24 hours. initially, we hit upon the delivery systems for

drier conditions further toward the east, as high pressure continues to control the weather over warsaw, kiev and vienna. hope you have a good day wherever you are. here's your extended outlook. >>> that's "newsline" for this hour. i'm gene otani in tokyo. from all of us here at nhk world, thanks for joining us. ñó >> hello and welcome. it is 1:00 p.m. in the french capital. let's take a look at what is making headlines this hour. a historic meeting between the leaders of china and japan, the first time after more than two amid with high tensions territorial disputes. voters in catalonia have backed independence from the bad news -- from the spanish region. the u.s. and eu worried over reports of a buildup in sector three

we may squeeze out a few showers in to warsaw, and maybe even a few flurries in kiev. the temperatures around freezing or so. the dry conditions in to berlin and vienna for wednesday will eventually turn into rain as we head into thursday. now we are looking at a very different weather scenario for north america, specifically for the united states, as wednesday will be the busiest travel day of the entire year. because of the thanksgiving holiday. we have two weather systems that's going to really cause some problems when it comes to the travel. we have one low low indicated in the northern portion of the rockies bringing in the cold air. and producing some snow and some heavy snow into the pacific northwest. we have another low moving along the eastern side of the united states. but it will interact with some cold air coming into the north due to the high over the great lakes. and that's going to lead to some neyo.l problems into places like we'll be dealing with some heavy snow and so air travelers will have some problems. already airlines are trying to make the shif

paul was declared dead january 31, 1943, murdered in either the treblinka concentration camp or the warsaw ghetto. hedy's fate is unclear, but her dresses live on. almost 60 years later, karen's parents found the letter in the basement, complete with a nazi censor's swastika stamp and the colorful drawings. >> the dresses represent prejudice and persecution and what was lost in the holocaust because of it. the dresses represent love. >> reporter: the strnads gave the letter and dress designs to what is today the jewish museum of milwaukee, just another painful link to the past. until one day a visitor had an idea-- why not make the dresses? >> we had a wonderful opportunity to fulfill a victim's dream. >> reporter: so, when kathy bernstein, the museum's director, met the costume director of the milwaukee repertory theater, she didn't hesitate. >> and i said, "we want to create an exhibit. we want to show... have a tangible example of what has been lost in the holocaust, and is this something the rep can do?" well, she said, "absolutely." >> reporter: and the rest, as they say, is history.

the warsaw was almost totally destroyed. paris was barely touched. so the germans were walking through this city there were just visiting last month or last year. it is that uniqueness the story that i chose more convincing. and for some reason i keep adjusting them. but that is the very good question. what about amsterdam? what about from? and i think my answer is i am prejudiced but paris was special. and it was not touched. >> with those three should women who collaborated of the women being marched through the streets can you talk about and what have bid after words if they could resume a normal life? or were they cigna -- stigmatized for a long time? >> yes they were stigmatized but eventually they were reassembly did -- three assimilated. and people knew that. women had a major role in the occupation most of the men were in prison. and therefore there is with its -- was considered a seven city was even more so. the mothers had the jobs in the children and with an intimate occupation there were many jobs alban would get working for the german oc

what it used to be with the warsaw pact and nato had switched.hey do not have the conventional forces to defend against nato should they go get up one morning and decide to invade russia. plus they have particularly as well as the chinese by the way impressed with our prompt global strike. they have been impressed with our continued enthusiasm for various architecture of ballistic missile offense and we believe there could be circumstances in which their territory or their forces were threatened by capability. this has led them and this is in the open literature, this has led them to explore apparently concepts of de-escalation, de-escalation through the use of nuclear weapons first in the conflict against u.s. forces allies assets all around the world including the continental united states. if you didn't get that means there would be circumstances in which the russians would put the bacon de-escalate decompensation by attacking his first with nuclear weapons. trying to limit they would be concerned about collateral damage that this is new. and

it was using radio free europe to boost the signal into the warsaw pact countries and the baltic countries. stopping the subsidy of their economy -- he used every available method, quite frankly. the soviets never knew what hit them. he hit them at many different levels. he basically brought them to their needs. >> you could sum all of that up in a simple phrase, which he used. that is "peace through strength." he was willing to negotiate with the soviets once we had achieved military superiority, which we did not have when he came into office in 1980. a great way to kick off this conference and commemorate the 50th anniversary of ronald reagan's speech. we have a great grounding in history. are going to take a bit of a break now for a few moments let you stretch her legs. we will be right back here for our next discussion. thank you so much. [applause] >> you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span three. follow us on twitter at c-span history for information on our schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest his

this was the warsaw pact over here, this was nato. the fact that russia got left on the periphery -- i mean russia, not the soviet union -- with nato expanding into eastern europe, there is still a dividing line -- just moved eastward. i came to see 1989 not as an end to the 21st century. so many organizations that dominated the 20th century persisted into the cold war -- into the post-cold war world. when you get to 9/11, you are trying to respond to 9/11 with cold war institutions. if you look at the 9/11 report, the report says one of the reasons the united states was unprepared to deal with 9/11 was because its security institutions were still those formulated to fight the cold war. that is true, but that was also a strategic decision in 1990 to protect ash to perpetuate his institution. i came to see 1989 not so much as an ending because there was so much perpetuation from the 20th century into the 21st. we are living with that awkward juxtaposition between cold war institutions, formulated to defend western europe, and the chall

the scenes from warsaw. protestors throwing rocks and firecrackers at police.ore than 200 people arrested in clashes. police had to fire a water cannon. and demonstrations by nationalist becoming a regular occurrence in recent years. >> federal investigators say the surviving pilot was thrown clear and not aware that the co-pilot had unlocked the system too early. their focus is on the unique feather breaking system that we told you about. the investigation could take a year to complete. >> speaking of space, we are waiting for the up close and personal look of a comet. the european space agency landed that probe on the comment as both hurdled through space at 41000 miles per hour. it is a historic moment for the space exmroration. comets are a time capsule of the galaxy. and we'll talk about what is achieved with tashing malac. managing editor of space.com. it is incredible when you hear the mission. ten years in the making and they caught the comet in space and using the graveitational pull and checked out asteroids en route and landed the little thing on a m

nato no longer had to contend with the warsaw pact, it consumed the warsaw pact. we were not worried about the soviet union, it was gone, and russia was our partner. thus begins the first decade of the 21st century. it is the bush-obama decade. force remains relevant. immediately it becomes relevant on september 11th. we discover a i new kind of terror -- a new kind of terrorism. we are involved immediately in afghanistan and then iraq ii. so military forces definitely on the -- force is definitely on the table. but it is conventional military force that we emphasize, and it becomes clear to the world that the united states of america has unique capacity to project force with incredible lethality and precision. modernization occurs, but not in the nuclear weapons or their systems as i've been describing. modernization really comes with the improvement in the delivery of that force projection. and we embrace now an ability not only to project force with precision and lethality, but to do it more quickly. so we have prompt global strike. instead of days or weeks som

involved in taking munitions from romania, and bulgaria, which we air lifted, in fact, they used warsaw pact weapons, and we ended up transferring those across. they have a regular drum beat of planes landing providing systems. my worry is, i share it with the committee. this is in a tough neighborhood. those political wings were at war, civil war in the 90s there, are a lost weapon systems coming in itself it i have no problem that we are arming their moment of need. i have encouraged, and i have been frank with the kurdish government, it needs to be transparent. make sure that the quarter master is in place. we see where the weapons are going. they are not swirled away or disappear. worst case scenario, look at libya. not saying it would end up that way. so flush with respect systems now, it is difficult. everybody feels the need to open. i don't know it is three times the population of weapon systems. i would say, on the army of the depech moger, it is upgrading, the transparency and the accountable to the kurdish government. britain stands ready to support in that request. that said

they used warsaw pact standard rounds at some point and we ended up transferring those across.they now have a regular drumbeat of airplane landing providing more weapons systems. my worry is and that i will just share this with the committee that this is in a tough neighborhood through the peshmerga which itself is made up of, split into two with a political wing as well, those political wings were at war, civil war in the 90s and yet there is an awful lot of weapon systems coming into the country itself. as i say i have no problem with the fact that we are arming them. what i would encourage them by have said this and have been very frank with the kurdish government is it needs to be transparent. they need to make sure these weapons are in place so they are not disappearing. worse case scenario let's take a look at libya. not saying we would end up that way but is so flush with weapon systems that is difficult. everybody feels the need to own and it's about three times the population of actual weapons systems. i would just say on the army of the peshmerga but i would like to s

in may, hungary opened its borders, allowing movement between warsaw pact and nato countries. east germans fought to move west. creating a crisis. on october 18th, the leader was forced to resign. the following month anti-government demonstrators reached a peak. as 1 million rallied in east berlin. five days later the east german government lifted travel restrictions. within hours, demonstrators were celebrating. on september 3rd, u.s. president bush and gorbachev announced an end to the cold war, and the following year east and west general assembly re-un ited, something barely conceivable when the process began a year earlier. to talk more about the fall of the u.s. wall, let's bring in timothy fry, from colombus university. and a professor of global leadership, history and public policy at the university of texas. did the moment mark the end of the cold war? >> i think when the berlin wall came down, it was a symbolic moment. it was clear to everyone that fundamental political and economic change was on the way. it's important to bear in mind that the culmination of politic

. >> could you have done a similar book about another human/nazi occupation for example warsaw and comep with similar anecdotes etc. similar feelings in any windows? >> without a doubt, without a doubt in people i've asked that question. .. the next story i chose, i think the more convincing. i've got two microphones up here and one here, and for some reason, they keep adjusting them. but anyway, that's a very good question and i've been asked that. what about amster dom, copenhagen, rome? and my answer is that paris was -- i'm prejudiced but i am also historian. paris was special. and paris wasn't touched. they walked into tear -- paris without a shot being fired. this gentleman back here. >> if you could talk for just a minute about the parisian women who collaborated with the nazis. there's famous images of the women being marched through the streets after liberation with their heads shaved. can you talk about their motivation and what happened afterwards. were they able to resume a normal life as french women or were they stigmatized for a long time? >> let me -- the last part of th

russia is inflicting major pain in this farming community, an hour's drive south of warsaw. arch arrests for as far as the eye can see grow this. the famous apple. poles love these. but so do other people. in fact, in 2013 poland exported 677,000 tons of apples to russia. that's 56% of all its apple exports. but that all ended on august 1st. there is nobody to buy those apples now, and that is going to cost polish apple growers $659 million this year. and that panic over apples is a symbol of much bigger fear spreading across an european continent, whose economic health was already turning rotten. on the other side of the equation sanctions are taking a big toll on russia's already stagnating economy. lower oil prices put the country on the brink of recession. the rouble plunged to lows. even more important, putin holds a huge weapon with the west. in the 1980's, moscow built a web of pipelines linking it's siberian gas fields to gas-thirsty households and europe. that means europe today is vulnerable if russia turns off the spigot. in a bold attempt to control that problem,

russia is inflicting pain in this farming community, an hour is drive south of warsaw. orchards for as far as the eye can see grow this famous apple. it's delicious. polls love these, and as do others. poland exported 677,000 tonnes of apples to russia. 56% of all its apple exports. that ended on august 1st z. there's no one to buy the apples, that will cost polish apple growes 659 million this year. that panic over apples is a symbol of bigger fears spreading across the continent whose economic health was turning rotten. on the other side of the equation, sanctions are taking a toll on russia's stagnating economy. lower oil prices put the country on the brink of recession. it was projected that investors would rank $128 billion out of the economy. more than double the amount taken out the year before. vladimir putin holds a huge weapon in the war against the west. during the 1980s, moscow built a web of pipelines linking the gas fields to households and industries in europe using ukraine as a transit state. europe is vulnerable. if a bold attempt to fix the problem. po

. >> independence day in poland turning violent in warsaw at a halladay marsh. police used cannons to push the protestors back, firing rubber bullets. 200 people were arrested. >> spain's government rejecting an independence vote in catalonia. 2 million people took part in that non-binding referendum. catalonia's leader reached out to madrid for a binding vote but the government said no. >> the number of deaths connected to g.m.'s massive auto recall keeps climbing. g.m. will send letters to 400,000 current and former owners of recalled cars. the automakers has received 2,000 claims related to an ignition switch defect. g.m. in august said it would compensate the families of people who died. what is g.m. saying about these increased claims? >> general motors plans to send out more letters to the people who have owned or owned any of these recalled vehicles. the detroit automakers will in form these people about the company's victims compensation fund which so far has approved over 30 death claims. >> three months into taking in claims in the number of deaths lin

russia is inflicting major pain in this farming community, an hour's drive south of warsaw. orchards for as far as the eye can see grow this famous apple. it is delicious. polls love these, and so do others. in 2013 poland exported 677,000 tonnes of apples to russia, 56% of all apple exports. that ended on august 1st. there's nobody to buy the apples now, and that will cost polish apple growers $659 million this year. that panic over apples is a symbol of bigger fears spreading grass a european continent whose economic health was already turning rotten. on the other side of the equations sanctions are taking a toll on russia's stagnating economy. the rubel plunged to low, and $128 billion would be yanked out of the economy, double the amount they took out the year before the more important, vladimir putin holds a weapon in russia's economic war in the west. during the 1980s, moscow built pipelines linking gas fields to gas thirdst thirsty household in europe, using ukraine as a transit state. europe is vulnerable if russia turns off the spigot. poland is taking the most aggr

an hour south of warsaw. orchards as far as the eye can see. the apple. poles love these, but in 2013, poland ex sported 677,000 tons of apples to russia. that's 56% of all of its apple exports, and that all ended on august 1st. there's nobody to buy those apples now, and that's going to cost polish apple growers $659 million this year. for apple grower, the situation is dire. in a typical year, 40% of the apples he grows are shipped to russia. without russian clients, his livelihood is in jeopardy. >> it's a panic. >> and that panic over apples is a symbol of much bigger fear spreading across the european continent, whose economic health was already turning rotten. the conflict over ukraine and the sanctions that followed has dealt europe another blow. no where is the fear greater than in germany. europe's finest is 23589ering badly. as far as the crisis in ukraine, german exports fell. and many analysts forecast an out right recession in europe as it grapple with the fall out from ukraine. sanctions are taking a big toll on russia's already stagnating e

. >> more than 200 protesters have been arrested in poland's capital warsaw. tens of thousands attended a march organised by nationalist groups. it happened on a holiday marking independence in world war i. 23 officers were injured. >>> the united nations says poppy farming in afghanistan reached a record level. it is used to make opium and heroin. and the land used for poppies tripled in size since the occupation. most controlled by the taliban. farming is up 7%, and production of the drugs increased to 17%. bridging $815 million, accounting for 80% of the world's heroin supply. this report is from helmand province. and jennifer glasse. >> reporter: this is helmand province, where poppy production is flourishing. growing poppies has been big business in afghanistan. even though the united states spent several billion to eradicate the drug in the country. the u.s. government estimates that half a million acres are grown across afghanistan. this district governor says business is dooming in a drug bazaar, 10km from here. farmers are planting the crop three time