willkie carried 10. my students think 12. [laughter] after the election, roosevelt said i'm glad i won. i'm sorry wendell lost. two months later, in mid january 1941, willkie flew to england as roosevelt's personal representative. his mission was to see firsthand what was happening there, and express american solidarity with britain. he -- birmingham, and liverpool, he inspected military factories, and he drank beer and played darts in pubs. and while nazi bombs were falling over london, he dissented in to the underground shelters with hundreds of londoners. they loved him and nicknamed him the "indiana dynamo." the nazi blitz after the election in december 1940, winston churchill sent the most important letter he'd ever written to president roosevelt. he explained that britain desperately needed planes ships and munition in order survive. but it was broke. it couldn't pay for war material anymore. and so in order keep britain in the fight, roosevelt proposed that the united states simply lend them everything they needed for free. look, roosevelt said at the press conference, if your neighbors' house is on fire

wendell willkie like roosevelt was an internationalist, believed that the allies should be helped. by taking that position, took that out of the campaign. which was a great help. and other issues out of the campaign and have a hard time finding something to run on and that is why the campaign got personal and nasty by the end. when the result was elected, he could move forward more boldly. what he proceeded to do was step-by-step increase american aid to the allies, increase the buildup of american armaments and in every way possible find out what's that would increase the finances available for all of this because this was going to be an unprecedented set of expenditure, revolutionized during the war. the way it was revolutionize is a way that might surprise you. it was not a case of soaking the rich. it was more occasions of moving the exemption down farther and farther until millions of people who never had to pay taxes did have to pay taxes. not just the middle but the lower middle and even below now found themselves having to pay taxes and that never went away. that is where y