the east germany authorities were on their way to repertory work. brilliantly the west german intelligence, the bnd, said there was an atmosphere of euphoria among the leadership in east germany that they had carried this off. and by the way, there was a reference by professor smyser to lessons of the cuban missile crisis. i feel strongly that khrushchev learned from this crisis with the berlin wall. i can do something against the west. i can catch them by surprise and they won't do anything. it worked with the wall, but as we know it did not work with the missiles in cuba. khrushchev had been very concerned by ubrecht's unilateral behavior which was also evident at the checkpoint charlie incident which had been started by east german officials. so after this, khrushchev wanted to make darn sure that his local east german ally couldn't have such influence, so he did not end up turning over to ubrecht control over the access routes in closing, let me say that for us here in the united states, of course this is history. it happened 50 years ago. but i spent a summer in be

make their country what they wanted it to be, a viable competitor with the west and in particular west germany. they could not keep up about so that by 1960, the per capita income of the east germans was half of that enjoyed by the west germans. another point to be made is the question of legitimacy. i think in the eyes of many germans, the regime never had the that legitimacy that the west german government enjoyed. it rode in on red army tanks. they were maintained in power by soviet bayonets. so nobody in east germany had a chance before the fall of the wall to vote on the government they really wanted. it is a very interesting thing and the german mentality, we go back a few years before east germany, adolf hitler through the years he grew power, many of his closest followers urged him to seize power. they said you have the men, you have the support, why not go through berlin and take you power. why are we going through these elections? and hitler always stood firm, he says when i get to power, i want to be legitimate. because when you have legitimacy, that gives you everything you need to

. >> look at east and west germany. you had basically two countries starting at the end of world war ii essentially from scratch. same language, same culture, same history. and they grew up obviously when the berlin wall came down productivity level in east germany was 1/3 that of west germany. when the merger occurred there was the recognition that it was going to take a significant transfer of funds to maintain the system. that flow is still going on. it hasn't fully come together. in europe it's even a broader more difficult problem. i did a piece for the financial times maybe six months ago. and i also done an analysis which i published several different places which really takes the issue of observing that when as i recall and i used to sit in on the meetings which formed the european central bank, i was part of the g-7 and i would be trying to keep my mouth shut. >> were you successful? >> no. the problem basically is that there was a general expectation within the group before the euro began, a recognition that t

i grew up understanding there was an east and a west germany and an east and a west berlin until 1989, 1990. you guys were not even born. this is difficult for to you comprehend. back in the end of the world war ii, the soviet red army moved into and controlled much of east germany and surrounded berlin. the americans, the british and the french are going to have a presence there because we have to wind up the war and we have to have negotiations and have to have a demille tearization and have a presence in berlin. as a response to containment and as a response to everything truman was doing, what joseph stalin did was drive us out in the summer of 1948. what he is go going to do is cutoff all ground access into and out of west berlin. up until this point, you could freely and easily move from one sector to the other much of a problem or an issue. you show proper identification, you can cross from the american sector to the soviet seccor or back and forth. in june of 1948, stalin puts a stop to that. we are not building a wall yet. that comes later. what stalin will do is to put up a

west germany. they were surprised and asked why. i said "for pc." i wanted to talk to gorbachev. >> what was not mentioned was out the country felt air defense failed to stop the plane. control officers were confused. he was sentenced to four years in a labor camp, but released after one year in prison in moscow. >> i am not a spy or a businessman or an adventurer. i came here for my own motives. >> the episode gave the soviet leader mikhail dobe for java -- gorbachev our reason to crack down on hard-liners in the military to oppose his reforms. hundreds were sacked. this is just what he wanted. >> that was my motivation. i wanted to support the overtop -- gorbachev. i was worried his enemies would try to get him out of office as soon as possible. and of course, if that had happened, germany would never have been reunited. >> that may sound diluted, but historians agree gorbachev managed to push forward with perestroika, even if mathias rust 's flight was not a turning point in history. he has had more precious with the police -- brushes with the po

since west berlin is technically in east germany, there are going to be forces that they can quickly move in and blockade the roads and the water ways to make sure nothing gets in or out. at the very bottom of that slide truman's response to this attempted blockade. what does nato stand for? >> north atlantic treaty. >> what's the o stand for? organization. good. north atlantic treaty organization. this is sort of the byproduct of the rio pact. if we are going to have a military alliance with latin america, nato is sort of a military alliance with western europe. an attack upon a country of nato is going to bring the united states' involvement. you don't want that, joseph stalin. you don't want that at all. why? because we have the bomb and you don't. the cold war is back and forth and back and forth. we do something, they do something. well, here's the soviet response to the creation of nato and the airlift. remember experts informed truman it would be five years, ten years, maybe more down the road before the soviet union would ever have the atomic bomb. no. in early september an a

i grew up understanding that there was always an east germany and a west germany and an east berlin and a west berlin up until about 1989, 1990. you guys weren't even born then. so this is really difficult for you to comprehend, but back in the end of the world war ii, the soviet red army moved into and controlled much of east germany and surrounded berlin. the americans, the british and the french are going to have a presence there simply because we have wind up the war, we have to have negotiations, we have to have a demilitarizization. we're going to have a presence in berlin. as a response to containment, as a response to everything that truman was doing, what joseph stalin did was to try to drive us out of berlin in the summer of 1948. what he's going to do is to cut off all ground access into and out of west berlin. up until this point, you could freely and easily move from one sector to the other without much of a problem or much of an issue. you show proper identification, you can simply cross from the american sector to the soviet sector or back and forth into the different sec

left had strong ties to communist east germany, and the greek government had good relations with west germany, and the greeks themselves tended to feel a strong alliance with like-minded germans than they did with greeks on the other side of the political divide. >> few greeks think now's the time to demand reparations for nazi atrocities, but many of the voters are critical of the german government. >> the germans -- they are just out for their own interests. >> the germans are not going to help us, and neither will anyone else. we should not get our hopes up. we need to help ourselves. >> still, populists carry-on painting a picture of greece as the victim of a conspiracy. >> i'm still hopeful that undecided voters will come to their senses and reject this dangerous radicalism. i hope they will put aside their frustration with the previous government and cast a vote for the moderates. >> but he is sticking to his message. he knows there are plenty of voters who want their leaders to take a tougher stance. >> singing is an important part of culture in many balkan countries, and bulgaria is n

of the situation in late '89 after the berlin wall opened was that the people of east germany wanted what the west germans had. there was a school of thought at that time called the third way that said no, no, we're going to create our own separate state. well, i was in east germany shortly after the wall opened. and i was visiting lutheran churches which played a very important role in terms of the civil society that such as it could exist in the former german democratic public but what i could seep is that this was not going to be a merger. it was going to be a takeover because people wanted what west germany had, okay? so it was an understanding then the whole momentum of the next 11 months was driven by the fact that east germans were going to come one way or the other. so understanding societies can, understanding the messaging, you know, so even if you're a diplomat in the state department, it's critically important and certainly if in the world of trade or others. so i underscore this because to me, you know, now this is -- it's like so normal it's obvious, okay? how people engage. and then

and garrison troops are completing their training in west germany. you'll have a huge convoy going into berlin and you won't be weakening the defense of western germany, western europe. nobody asked him. by the time he was able to make his proposal, the decision had already been made. there is some expertise in the traditional chain of command. >> needless to say -- >> presidents can do what they like. >> general clay's presence in berlin did not go over terribly well with the army chain of command, general clark. you bring in another four-star general who sort of steps all over your chain of command. clark was such that he sort of felt diplomacy was way too important to leave to the diplomats. and as long as marshall conye was his soviet partner in berlin, he felt between the two of them, they could keep anything from erupting into a serious crisis. and then clay comes in and starts ordering american troops around without consulting any of the subordinate commanders. so beneath the scenes there's an awful lot just in army channels dissatisfaction wi

. >> well just look at east end west germany. you have basically essentially two countries starting at the end of world war ii essentially from scratch. and the same language, the same culture, the same history and they grew up obviously when the berlin wall came down. the productivity level in east germany was one third that of west germany and then when the merger occurred, there was recognition that it was going to take a significant transfer of funds from west germany to east germany. to maintain the system. that flow is still going on. it hasn't fully come together. in europe, even a broader more difficult problem. i did an op-ed piece for the financial times maybe six months ago and i had also gotten and analysis which i have put in several distant -- different places which takes the issue of observing that when, as i recall, the meetings which formed the european central central bank, i was sort of part of the g7 and i would be sitting between all of these europeans trying to keep my mouth shut. >> were you successful? >>

two times now, they've been invaded from the west by germany. world war i and world war ii. there is no natural boundary that separates. there is no division on his western front that would be an obstacle, that would prevent other nations from invading. so twice now his country has been invaded and his people have suffered the consequences. he is very paranoid about the safety and security of his western front. he is also paranoid, again, about his own position of power. we have on the one hand democracy, capitalism, free enter prize in the west and this you tall tearian dictatorship in the east. he's very paranoid about attempts to solidify his power or attempts that he would be thrown out of power. and that he would be thrown out. one of the things he is going to make known early in the war. bogged down in russia and the russian people are suffering. he wants to open up a second front and draw hitler's forces to allow his army to gain some momentum, try to drive them out of their country. he wants a western front. another demand he has or a consequence of this first demand

. >> well, look at east and west germany. you had, basically, essentially two countries starting at the end of world war ii, essentially, from scratch. and same language, same culture, same history. and they grew up, obviously, when the berlin wall came down, the productivity level in if east germany was one-third that of west germany. and then when the merger occurred, there was the recognition that it was going to take a significant transfer of funds from west germany to east germany to maintain the system. that flow is still going on. it hasn't fully come together. in europe it's even a broader, more difficult problem. i did an op-ed piece for the "financial times," oh, maybe six months ago, and i've also done an analysis which i've published several different places which really takes the issue of observing that when, as i recall -- and i used to sit in on the meetings which formed the european central bank, i was sort of a g7 and trying to keep my mouth shut -- >> were you successful? >> no. [laughter] .. tenure note was

when the law came down, east germany was 1/3 of west germany. when the merger occurred, there's a recognition that it would take a significant transfer of funds from east germany to west germany to change the system. that is still going on. it has not fully come together. in the europe and is a more difficult problem. i did this and the financial times. i've also done an analysis. it takes the issue of observing that. . assigned to keep my mouth shut. were you successful? >> no. . the problem is the conventional wisdom was when the euro was implemented, led the italians will be hit by germans. it yielded 500 basis points. this was before the euro went there. by the time it action moved into the euro, it had gotten down to 20 or 30 basis points. the markets believe that culture would be in force. they were mistaken. >> what we have found is that it kept the euro system together. once it went down, and culture re-emerged in a massive way. >> >> we could talk on this for hours. because the time, we want to move on. you enter non-retirement have been

two times now they've been invaded from the west by germany, world war i and world war ii. there's no natural boundary that separates, there's no division on his western front that would be an obstacle that would prevent other nations from invading. and so twice now, his country has been invaded and his people have suffered the consequences. he's very paranoid about the safety and security of his western front. he's also paranoid again about his own position of power. we have on the one hand democracy, capitalism, free enterprise in the west and we have this sort of totalitarian dictatorship in the east. he's very paranoid about the attempts to solidify his power or attempts that he would be thrown out of power. one of the things that he is going to make or make known early in the war is that he has some demands. one obviously is going to be a western front. hitler's army is bogged down in russia. the russian people are suffering. the russian red army is suffering the consequences of this. he wants or really is going to demand that the allies, meaning primarily great britai

. >> look at east and west germany. you have basically, essentially, to countries starting at the end of world war ii, essentially from scratch. the same language, culture, same history. they grew up and when the wall came down, the productivity in east germany was one-third of western. and when the merger occurred, there was the recognition that it was going to take a significant transfer of funds from west germany to east germany to maintain the system. that flow is still going on. it has not fully come together. in europe, it is in been at a broader, more to the cold problem. i had a piece for the financial times may be six months ago. and also done an analysis that has been shown in several different places that really takes the issue of observing -- one i recall sitting in on the meetings with the european central bank, i would be sitting between all of these europeans and trying to keep my mouth shut. >> were you successful? >> no. [laughter] i never have been. at least my wife tells me i've never been successful.

honorable friend and agree that when we look at the scale and timescale of the burma of that fell on west germany and german reunification, we get a sense of the awesome challenge we could face any german chancellor in trying to achieve fiscal union in europe? >> yes, i think my honorable friend is entirely right. this is what i think when some people, and was employed in the question from the former chancellor, implied that german stubbornness is unreasonable. it's understandable. obvious the acting for the success of the eurozone we need everyone to adopt the sorts of approaches i've been talking about in terms of monetary policy, and the rest of the. but it is important to understand people's motivation is difficult as it is because that's what lies behind the current impasse. >> it is good the russians shared in the motion subsidy but even aside the rig elections there are major human rights abuses in russia. [inaudible] and, indeed, by many organizations in russia. he tried to get an appeal for the. it was turned down not only last week by judge alexander, who is not an ordinary judge but a

initial read of the situation in late after the berlin wall opened was the people of east germany wanted what the west germans had. there was a school of thought at that time called the third way saying, no, no, we're creating our own separate state. i was in east germany shortly after the wall opened, and i was in lute ran churches -- lutheran churches who played an important role in the civil society in such it could exist with the democratic republic, but what i could see was this was not going to be a merger. it was going to be a takeover because people wanted what west germany had. okay? it was an understanding of the whole momentum of the next 11 months that east germans were going to come one way or another. understanding societies, understanding the messaging, you know, even if you're a diplomat in the state department, it's critically important, and certainly in the world of development or trade or others, and so i underscore this because, to me, you know -- now, this is like so normal it's obvious, okay? >> right. >> in that how people engage, and then, of course, and you've all been part of

charleston, west germany -- west virginia. the national association of districts. mr. richard procurement manager on behalf of the american loggers counselings off the eastern from florida, and mr. michael jordan and executive vice president of the society of american foresters in bethesda . and looks like our second panel is seated, so why now recognize mr. burke if he would begin with your five minutes of testimony. >> [no aduudio] sorry. thanks for allowing me to appear before you this afternoon i extend that to train thompson and ranking member of holden as wella s the other members of the subcommittee. as a way of a bit of an introduction, we manage a family forest in central virginia. i also have the privilege of working with the american forest foundation, a nonprofit organization whose mission among forests. others is to encourage healthy we speak for 10 million landowners, those are family forests and private land owners. allow me to set the stage for my testimony. the property and manage for our family has been in the family for six generations we grow both p

that any citizens of your country can come and go to the berlin wall, including into germany -- west germany. he said yes, and that's what it means. and i ran downstairs to my american colleagues, and i said it's over. i think the wall is coming down. by the time i got to that area, the guard who had been typical with us gave me a way to go through. i stopped him and said have you just heard what was announced? and he said no. and i said well, what you think? and she looked at me and said through the translator, i'm not prepared, i'm not paid to think. you can go now. i got back to the office, alerted everybody of what was going on. we did bulletins back here. now we are preparing for a midnight broadcast from the brandenburg gate, and one of my colleagues came in, operating and thinking it was chaos, she said there was a huge crowd at the brandenburg gate where you're going to be broadcasting. i had to get security to get clearance to go there -- and that's what it was about. at the time i got out there, there was this enormous crowd, mostly from the west. and i went with cheryl gold, who i

. >> while my friend agree that when we look at the scale and timescale in west germany in the reunification, we get a sense of the awesome challenge that would face any chancellor in trying to achieve this goal of union in europe? >> i think my friend is right. this is why i think some people and it was implied from the former chancellor that germany could go stubbornness is unreasonable. -- that germany's stubbornness is unreasonable. it is important to understand people's motivations and difficulties because that is what lies behind the impasse. >> it is good that the russians shared on the motion in syria. there are major human rights abuses still in russia. -- he tried to get an appeal for that. it was turned down last week by a not an ordinary judge but a military judge. when the decision was handed down, it was done on the russian armed forces web site. doesn't this show that russia has a great distance to go before it can embrace being a part of the humanitarian nations? >> we discussed the importance of freedom, human rights, and democracy. i think it is very worthwhile having russi

west as laboratory technician. now shy is the first woman chancellor of germany. my mind was reeling by the time i left there and i went to the coast of turkey, the south coast of turkey to join some friends on a cruise who are all contemporaries of my time and began to talk about all we've been witness to and seismic changes in our life and how quickly they have become and now seem to becoming at even faster pace. then i thought what was our legacy? i written about the greatest generation. what about the boomers and couple of years behind them. what do we leave behind? a lot of us are grandparents and littles to the and some are teenagers and how bright they are and how eager they are and what will they say to us 40 years from now in a matter of speaking? what will historians say about our unparalleled opportunities that we had, the kind of alloyed chance to have a big impact on the world and did we take full advantage of it? that's when i began to write "the time of our lives". i looked for examples of people doing write things and there are many of them. i see

honorable friend and agree that when we look at the scale and timescale of the burma of that fell on west germanyan reunification, we get a sense of the awesome challenge we could face any german chancellor in trying to achieve fiscal union in europe? >> yes, i think my honorable friend is entire right. this is what i think when some people, and was employed in the question from the former chancellor, implied that german stubbornness is unreasonable. it's understandable. obvious the acting for the success of the eurozone we need everyone to adopt the sorts of approaches i've been talking about in terms of monetary policy, and the rest of the. but it is important to understand people's motivation is difficult as it is because that's what lies behind the current impasse. >> it is good the russians shared in the motion subsidy but even aside the rig elections there are major human rights abuses in russia. [inaudible] and, indeed, by many organizations in russia. he tried to get an appeal for the. it was turned down not only last week by judge alexander, who is not an ordinary judge but a military ju

west. some european politicians, for instance, in germany, have called ukraine a dictatorship, and that, inn, has made many ukraine's furious, even those who are not very fond of the president. of course, the human rights advocates have been warning for some time now that they're rolling back democratic reforms, but they also pointed out that, compared with other former soviet states, ukraine is still relatively free and democratic. >> all right, thank you for that report from moscow. we're going to have more on how ukraine is preparing for the euro 2012 games. that is coming up later in the show. >> now, we put the spotlight back on moscow where victory day ceremonies have been held to mark the end of the second world war in europe in 1945. a huge military parade was held in moscow's red square to commemorate the defeat of naxzi soldiers. vladimir putin and prime minister dmitry medvedev, who swapped jobs this week, were among those in attendance. police detained a group of opposition protesters ahead of the parade. >> u.s. officials say an al- qaeda plot to attack a passenger plane with a

. >> in every jail in germany, whether in the east or the west, prisoners can work. so that they can find their way back into society. >> if they got something out of it. they were paid. >> paid? a pittance. a profitable business for the respective bosses. and the inmates had to meet work quotas, so there was a lot of pressure on them. there were severe punishments for refusing to work. >> according to the united nations, it is not illegal for inmates to work, but that does not apply to political prisoners. but in east germany, opponents% of the regime were treated like common criminals, as a warden recalls. >> people tend to assume that the people breaking the law in east germany were criminals, but looking at it today, obviously, some were politically motivated offenses, such as trying to escape the country. the prisoners we had were mixed together. >> the dirty little secret was actually far from secret. in 1984, a fire broke out at ikea's west german headquarters. the media and the west were quick to bring up the issue of prison labor as a possible motive for the

cannot be solved anywhere it can only be solved by a break up of the euro that means that germany pulls out and the west of the countries in the us who are in there with a new euro zone would evaluate their money. hundreds of opposition activists took to the streets of central moscow in what authorities say is an un sanctioned demonstration they're angry over putin's return to office so the mood is now light hearted with singing and cooking in a field in field kitchens as they move around the city rallies started in the capital wednesday after the presidential inauguration demonstrators had earlier turned violent with authorities claiming clashes were provoked by protesters around four hundred people were detained since the action started with several opposition leaders still behind bars. tonight as some other stories making headlines across the globe one thousand people killed across afghanistan thursday this continues along a series of violent attacks by taliban militants in the volatile country an armed group in the afghan police uniforms have killed a five in clashes in the country's east while appa

west berlin. khrushchev responded his decision to sign unilateral peace treaty with east germany was irrevocable. once it was signed, they would oppose any and all violations of sovereignty. afterwards president kennedy and their military advisers waived their options in light of kruschev's belligerence. joint chiefs of staff began other plans for the main roadway into west berlin. at 10:00 pm on 25 july, kennedy addressed the nation on the situation in berlin. he emphasized that the united states would never allow the soviet union to drive it out of berlin, either gradually or by force. he asked congress for an immediate additional appropriation of $3.2 billion for the armed forces and an increase in the total authorized strength of the army from 875,000 to 1 million men. he requested similar increases in the navy and air force active duty strength. he also called for the activation of some reservists and the extension of tours of duty for soldiers, sailors and airmen scheduled to leave the service in the near future. finally, the president postponed programs to retire or mothball older ships an

germany's president jaochim gauck has been holding talks with palestinian leaders in the west bank, urginget talking again with israel. >> that message is being echoed by the u.s. secretary of state who says the return of bodies by israel should be seen as a sign of confidence-a building. >> for president mahmoud abbas, talks cannot resume until israel stops building settlements in the west bank, and he repeated that today to jaochim gauck. >> jaochim gauck's trip has been as symbolic as political. today, one big focus was education. >> the girls basketball team paid -- played a friendly match to welcome president jaochim gauck. their school is one of 80 educational institutions in the palestinian territories that were built with german aid. the west bank town is surrounded by israeli settlements. jaochim gauck said that access to education is essential for all palestinians. >> that is what a future palestinian state needs, just like germany and every free and democratic society in the world. mature citizens who can take over responsibility, every country needs that. >> some were hoping fo

what our initial read of the situation in late 1989, was said the people of east germany wanted what the west germans had. there was a school of thought called the third way that said we are going to create our separate state. i was in eastern germany after the wall opened and i was visit whichutheran churches had an important role in the civil society, but what i could see was that this was not going to be a merger, it was going to be a taken over -- takeover. the whole momentum of the next 11 months was driven by the fact betti eastern germans were going to come one way or another. -- that the east germans were going to, one way or another. certainly in the world of trade, i underscore this because, to me, it is like so normal it is obvious. how peopling gauge and of course, you have been part of this, -- people engaged, of course you have been part of this, some of thiem will be advocates. some will be the participants or opponents. the world needs room for all of that. you will have to decide how to engage and come back to this for the bank. this is interesting because the other lesson is

thought of a putin is heading west to talk energy and economics on his first foreign trip since being reelected russia's president he'll visit germany and france but the first stop for him is bella reduce relations between moscow and minsk became somewhat strange earring dmitri medvedev presidency but political analyst dmitri babich believes this will change in l. . if you look at the economic ties between russia and these countries you will see a very clear picture burden is russia's biggest partner in europe and the european union is in general russia's biggest trading partner and in the former soviet union bella which is the biggest trading partner in the close of trading partners and they're going to discuss economy they're going to discuss their joint venture on production of drugs they're going to discuss privatization of the russian enterprises by russian business and i would say their quarrels. with bill it was there were more still on the line between the. former president maybe. was always very cautious he never got involved in a very very. angry exchange awards that took place between me and will question and there is a l

germany has given to us. selflessly and with dedication for the well-being of the afghan people. >> although the west as oftenbted karzai's democratic principles, the afghan president has pledged to hand over power the same year as the isaf withdrawal. afghanistan does the constitution does not allow for him to seek reelection when his current term ends in 2014. >> we will be back in a second with more. >> that is right. stay with us. we will be back in one minute. ♪ ♪ >> what is so powerful that it can make you overcome your greatest fear, turn your brother into an enemy, and leave wounds that scar long after the fighting is over? >> what is so potent it passes effortlessly from mother to child, from generation to generation? >> what clouds brilliant minds? >> makes bad ideas seem like good ones. >> it is hunger. >> help us fight hunger. a day.- >> the world food program. >> more now on the high profile war crimes trial in the hague. ratko mladic is accused of carrying out a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing during the bosnian war. >> among the most notable of the atrocities is the 1995 massacre of bosnian

mario monti rallies also turned violent in germany is left wing demonstrators clashed with police in berlin and hamburg injuries reported on both sides in the west to me to four hundred thousand to cross the country to demand a growth strategy rather than cuts and in spain which is battling a double dip recession trade unionists focused on the record eurozone unemployment rate of twenty five percent really hard for young people rather good one message was clear throughout the economy of the future need centering around citizens bailing out banks. in italy as were the violent scum from. establishment with the political territory when you have a cut in your. you wage when you cut social security when you cut in and then you see that. people are confronted with a very violent process in their life they lose their middle to survive and that's why i think we see that sort of reaction in the population we have to have an economy with the voice of the people first the people and not the profit and we have an economy with solidarity and corporation and not always fighting and competition between countries and people and so on so we have to renewed econo