the united states is propping up western europe, economically, militarily. the soviet union is propping up eastern europe, economically and militarily. both countries are mutually suspicious of each other and both countries have an atomic bomb. we're an awful lot alike, and we know that we simply don't want to push that envelope much further with both countries possessing nuclear weapons. and so what happens then when we have this sort of stalemate in europe, it simply means that the cold war is going to spread into a different area. and we're headed into asia now. who's this fellow? >> mao. >> mao zedong. >> i live right down the street from mao. it's a big street in cambodia. i live a block away from it. >> wow. >> isn't that cool? >> how many years ago what was that? >> mao zedong? >> no, where you're living. >> december a year ago. >> really? recently. >> all right. here's the situation in china. after the war is over there is a civil war that engulfs china between the forces of the nationalists and the communists. a civil war. long story short is, by the

the united states is propping up western europe economically and militarily. the soviet union is propping up eastern europe and both countries are suspicious of each other and both have the atomic bomb. we are an awful lot alike and we don't want to push that much mother with both countries possessing nuclear weapons. so what happens then when we have this stalemate in europe, it mean that is the cold war will spread into a different area and we are headed into asia now. who is this fellow? chairman mao. >> i lived down the street from this and it's a big street in cambodia and i live a block away from it. isn't that cool? >> how many years ago was that? when you lived there. >> december. a year ago. >> really? recent. here's the situation in china. after the war is over, there is a civil war that engulfs china. between the forces, the nationalists and the communists. a civil war. long story short, by the end of 1949, mao and the communists drive the nationalists out over to the island of taiwan and china falls to communist. this is not a good couple of months

might move into recession and that's a real problem for the oil markets western europe alone accounts for twenty percent of world oil demand additionally it's china's single largest trading partner so the oil market is double they concerned about that right now so you think should do a grease exit the euro zone of this fact has not yet been priced in on the market fully. correct brant at around one hundred dollars a barrel or slightly higher is essentially predicated on the idea that european old demand will be largely flat this year now if you put your finger on the pulse of the market there is the very faintest trace of a pulse in the market german g.d.p. grew by half a percent in the first quarter we had that data yesterday as oil traders some reason to believe that demand might be flat this year but if greece withdraws in europe goes into a major recession all bets are off at that point and many people we've talked to expect prices to fall quite a bit further after that if that happens how much of a speculative asset is oil at the moment. well it's been part of most speculators po

subject of expenditure at the point that was being made in the western countries particularly western europe or all of all of europe for that matter going through problems of maintaining social welfare and health service systems the public don't know and not in a mood to spend more on defense when they see hospitals being closed again showing one of the interesting things is i only want to i was just going to say i mean when you know for ten years of eleven years now most politicians in the west support of the occupation of afghanistan in the name of democracy but if you look in the streets of chicago and you look all across europe and united states people are against this kind of spending on the military where is the democracy in that. well first of all wary of all re-elect is more i don't understand this approach you elect your government you have a congress you have parliament and they make the decisions on behalf of the people who vote that the basis of democracy i know that in some countries decisions being made by him one man or a clique of people who can decide about everything but th

all it's an interdependent world to some extent but that doesn't mean an individual person in western europe doesn't have freedom and no i'm not i am and i don't want to be free but again that's a different issue i won't tell you. but that's different you see freedom doesn't mean that you have no social relationships it doesn't mean you're an island what it means is nobody is controlling you when making you do this and making you do that now but in a free society people generally have. their homes where they have where they own things and they can do with those things what they want to do of course their thing there are things where you affect others where you have to respect their rights but . you have a sort of severe of your own freedom around you but not if you're using a computer with proprietary software because they're the developer the owner of the program controls everything mrs ormonde a what's your opinion on the g n u linux based national operating system funded and co financed by the government which government where government bodies are any garrido well first of all good new i

right now it's got the oil markets very much fixated on what could happen to world demand in western europe and you know we have to remember that in the world market for much of the year we saw a lot of strong news coming out of the supply side there was concern about iran for example and what might happen with the supply side of the market but there's been nothing new on that for a number of weeks now the markets going very quiet about supply side concern so traders are now turning their attention to the demand side and there's real concern that if greece withdraws from the euro and inflates its way out of problems potentially that the western europe itself might move into recession and that's a real problem for the oil markets all right majlis on the markets there liking at this hour more insights later on in about fifteen minutes all right thanks very much for that update katie we'll check in with you in the next hour well still to come here on r t darko wat is the son of bosnian serb general right cold blooded to standing trial in the hague speaks with r t that's after the headlines sta

that if greece withdraws from the euro and inflates its way out of problems potentially lead to western europe itself might move into recession and that's a real problem for the oil markets. so really the old saying is sell in may and go away is working perfectly well so this year at least thanks very much for dimitri and if you minutes when peter lavelle's cross talk that's coming up after the headlines stay with us here on r.t. . culture is that so much me is going to make me in a lot of people carrying a burden for me. is this what is mean for american summations to me american jews may indeed be more liberal. the limits. it's just so. please. if. you know how sometimes you see a story and it seems so for lengthly you think you understand it and then you glimpse something else and you hear or see some other part of it and realize everything you thought you knew you don't know i'm tom harvey welcome to the big picture.

state department to travel western europe to see the the african-american soldiers are being treated fairly. he was doing this in paris when he saw front-page newspaper headlines about trenton six pictures everything to have further stories about the trend in sex. he was amazed the story would be all over europe. the civil rights conference for getting lawyers for the men's appeal also had political machines. they also literally made the trenton six case known worldwide, and in 1950, this was a very hard thing to do. raymond alexander didn't like the publicity they created because they said blacks were treated unfairly in the united states. folks, this is one opportunity that you have to set at rest the malicious propaganda which has spread not to new jersey, not to america put the whole world america doesn't treat its minorities right there. after the trial results remain known, the men were acquitted. these included the to the raymond alexander represented. they got a final opportunity to address the court and he did so. i want to express to your honor and the members of this jury

this is followed in time by the marshall plan which helped reconstruct western europe and as churchill and kennon had hoped to create a bolster against expansionist communism. despite his predictions and in fact his political career was over after his election in july, 1945 which i remind you again he was 70-years-old at this time. churchill did indeed become prime minister for a second time in 1952 and from this point until the end of his career he devoted all his energy sometimes neglecting domestic policy as many historians have written. churchill wanted to go on a lonely pilgrimage to moscow to organize three parts of russia and america as he suggested first and dalton missouri. he achieved neither but in the long run churchill fought from summit diplomacy and indeed the words of the summit coined the phrase when churchill spoke of them influenced the next generations of leaders in britain and even russia itself. so what is the legacy of the iron curtain speech now. the speech after all delivered almost 66 years of its day churchill's inherently right of communism is a global force

from western europe to east asia, and from north africa to the south pacific. for over 60 years, nato has kept a safe, and this has helped to keep the world secure. we know many of the challenges of the 21st century. we also know that the future is unpredictable. but together, we can face the future with confidence, and whenever it holds. united by shared values and shared purpose, we can find common solutions. with democracy and prosperity, this will be passed down to the next. i will pass the floor to president obama. >> thank you very much. i want to take this opportunity on behalf of all of us. i want to begin by welcoming each and everyone of you. some of you took an architectural book tour, along the lakefront. chicago was a great place and look forward to having you back again. as he mentioned, so many trace their roots back to nato countries. chicago is the first american city ever to host a nato summit. i want to take the opportunity general allen and all of our men and women serving in uniform on our behalf. and those serving in afghanistan. our allia

state department to travel western europe to go to army bases and see that the african-american soldiers were being treated fairly. he was doing this in paris when he saw front-page newspaper headline about the trenton six on trial again, pictures, everything. every country he traveled in had further stories about the trenton six. um, he was amazed that this story from trenton would be all over europe. the civil rights congress besides getting lawyers for the men's appeal also had an amazing political machine. they, um, literally made the trenton six case known worldwide, and in 1950 this was a very hard thing to do. raymond alexander did not like the publicity they created because they said that blacks were treated unfairly in the united states. so raymond alexander said to the jury in his summation, folks, this is one great opportunity that you have to set at rest the malicious propaganda which has spread not through new jersey, not through america, but the whole world that america does not treat its minorities right, fair and equal. after the trial results were made known, four men we

space of a single generation, the size of the chinese economy has overtaken most of those in western europethere also set to overtake europe and another key area banks to longer life expectancy and plummeting birth rates. their population is getting older. -- they are also set to overtake europe in another area, thanks to longer life expectancy and plummeting birth rates. >> this is one of the fastest 18 places on earth. in shanghai, there are more than twice as many old people than there are young. -- this is one of the fastest aging places on earth. the one child policy has accelerated the decline in the birthrate. where shanghaied leads, china follows. break neck economic growth has been accompanied by astonishing aging of the population. china is growing old at a rate unprecedented in human history. this could bring the country's march out of poverty to an end. >> this woman spent her working life in a small factory. her husband was a tailor. they had been married for 53 years. now, she has alzheimer's. every day, he bathes her, dresses her, then brings her here for lunch. he says it is

years of the 20th century saw changes in the theory and practice of art among modern artists in western europehich were so remarkable they've been compared with the great advances made in science and technology at the same time. there's no simple explanation for why this period was so dynamic, nor was the dynamism confined to one center. although paris had long been the focus of modernism, it had its rivals in brussels, barcelona, and munich. but it was a time of growing tension in western culture, of continued rapid industrialization, of imperialism abroad and rivalry within the states of europe, and, at the same time, scientific breakthroughs, which not only questioned our way of seeing the world, but the very nature of reality itself-- planck's quantum theory, einstein's theory of relativity, freud's work on psychoanalysis. it was in 1900 that freud wrote his interpretation of dreams, a prophetic work in view of the tragedies of modern western history. freud wrote and published it here in vienna. vienna, 1900, was one of the intellectual and artistic centers of europe. in tracing modern art

others would say that we are only about western europe and north america.f we are only about that, what about the policies of 1952? but not 2012? if you see where we have been oriented for the last 10 years, we need the alliance to be global. not by membership, but by exercises, training, and military cooperation. we have a lot countries that very much want to be part of that discussion. why would we turn that down? why would be say no to australia, japan, and south korea? >> on libya, what is your response to the following? as you know, not everyone in the cabinet room agreed, necessarily, with the libyan operation. i think they're arguing not so much about the success of the operation, but the uncertain aftermath. what about the chinese and russian objections that turned out to be regime change? we were not so sure that we were in it as seriously, so we do not have a resolution. what is your answer to the chinese and russians about syria drawing from libya and focusing the question on that? in general, what action would you take as nato toward syria with

we mustn't forget that cornwall is one of the poorest regions in western europe.conomic pressures are coming to bear at the moment. this is leading some frustrations with the olympics. >> our town is a mess. this is probably the best shot in town in cornwall. now look around. there are closed shops, a charity shops, nothing else. all the local businesses are gone. i believe that the money that is being spent on the olympic torch would be far better invested. ♪ >> the wild call is far from impressed. others in penzance are ready for the big day. >> we have trained professionally. we're thrilled and delighted. it rains and it is windy and it is coal that lands' end. some are wearing long johns and their costumes. -- under their costumes. >> olympic organizers have called the torch weatherproof. it will be put to the test. >> more than 1000 vessels will take part in the biggest flotilla as part of queen elizabeth's jubilee. >> it has been two days in which the people of the northwest of england have come out in their tens of thousands to show their loyalties to the c

orthodox christianity is finding a home in places like western europe, north america and beyond. this is the christianity tried and tested by oppression of every sort in very recent times. in many places in the west she can still be found hiding in safe havens or ethnic ghettos but this is changing quickly as the fear of being different dissolves. converts from every cultural background are now bring agnew kind of zeal to orthodoxy. they are bringing with them what i would call a familiarity with the way that americans do business. this is what keeps orthodox christianity vibrant and daring. it has been said to live an or who docks christian life is to be engaged in an endless series of risk takes. the status quo can be changed. our history was the to this fact. not by forcing our beliefs upon the unwilling but living individual christian lives to reflect the light of christ in a darkened world. saint seraphim has this saying. find inner peace and thousands around you will be saved. i can say to you today the orthodox are not only finding our interior way, but we are finding our

most of these restrictions are basically the united states and western europe tying ourselves down while china and india are expanding, their economies are growing, and they're not particularly interested in this because they see this as a restraint from their ability to go from developing countries to developed countries. the two biggest polluter polluts continue to pollute while the western economies restrain themselves while our economies don't move forward. >> why can't we do something forward? >> you can bring it to the negotiating table. very often in the more recent years when we've had global conferences about this, you have the united states and western europe asking for one thing and the recht of the developing -- the rest of the developing world saying we'll continue to try to raise living standards in our own countries. if that means we continue to increase co2, they'll continue to do that. >> finally, in terms of the astronauts and the nasa engineers and scientists, what do you see for the future in terms of this debate as it relates to them and the space program? >> well, i

they are not like western europe or the united states but there are similar -- freer economic systems. and some sort of linkage it seemed to me would enable nato to arrange itself with added military capability and do a better job of assuring the interests of the nato countries. much better than they can today. but that is a reach for them. if you will. and i think it will happen. i don't know how lost. that is an institutional change they have to make if they want to be relevant. >> in your opinion, did the assad regime fall -- do you have any possible thought on what the leadership's course of action would be? >> i don't but they have enormous influence, they are important there for politically, important financially. i think that the -- it would be unlikely if the assad government fell, that it would be replaced by an alowite government because it's a small minority in the country. i think the iranians would have enormous influence as to what actually evolved as that leadership and my guess is it would be something that would be much more to the side of the extremist. and the musli

definitely one of the strategies being used by brussels and other organizations and countries in western europe. we are certainly during that period we of already heard it from the leader of -- we are certainly hearing that. we have already heard that from the leader of new democracy. if you vote for new democracy, you will stay with the euro. if you vote for the left-wing syriza party, it will be back to the drachma. >> there's lots of speculation here about whether or not there's a run on the greek banks. there have been lots of stories. can you help settle that argument for us? >> there has been quite a lot of mistaken reporting. essentially, there's been a mess translation of what the president said. there was a report that 700 million euros, according to the the president.onda he was talking about the weeks since the election. >> richard, thank you very much. thank you. let's get straight over to aaron heslehurst now and talk about this. the shock waves. we're hearing what it's like for the greek people. the shock waves are spreading already. the latest place to feel it is spain. >> the sp

in his paranoid ways, he is thinking that we do this intentional any, we don't attack in western europe to help him in the east. we actually are attacking in north africa which is very little of concern or help to him. he thinks we're doing this almost intentionally so that the nazi forces in russia will continue to wear down the russian forces in the east. now, that's not the case. we talked about this last time where we're trying to stretch hitler's forces thin. we're trying to make him stretch his resources until something snaps, fighting a three-front war instead of a two-front war. but in stalin's mind, our third front in north africa was intentional to punish his people. we don't like communists. and so this is a way that we're trying to destroy them. and the other thing that he's going to make known to the west, to churchill, to roosevelt, is that he wants protection. when this war is over, and we are victorious, we, meaning the allies, are victorious, he wants a buffer zone of protection. he wasn't very specific. that is, he wants to be able to protect his country from any furth

of the war most of the counties up and down the eastern suburbs not in the pacific and not in western europe and that should be remembered and i would say the average citizen in the west critically in the united states is not a wave. that's why it's a good idea to watch this parade on a. lot of time adventure through to add something just learn what your. project news media used to. do you would have to push you to the people most of the people who lost their lives in one forty five more people were born after the revolution after nine seventeen so they were the first generation of the people.

of the need to send large forces down the audubon or the desirability of attempting to defend western europe solely with conventional forces. additional strains on the alliance came with the efforts of the four live oak powers to reserve all decision making to themselves and present the rest of the alliance with the rest of their decisions. and the final straw had come when the four powers had issued instructions to general norstad. secretary general sticker deserves credit for resisting this proposal. he proved to be an effective mediator between the tripartite powers and the rest of the council. norstad was also a key figure, by reassuring allies on issues such as the interstate of live oak and nato plans and the possible use of nuclear weapons. throughout the crisis, general norstad frequently took the side of the european allies in discussions with the kennedy administration. a course of action which put him on a confrontation that cost him his job the following year. because of the kennedy administration. finally, four powers themselves deserve credit for recognizing the strains that th

it has been so hot across the british isles as well as parts of western europe. that's going to change. we have this front here sagging down from the north. that's going to bring temperatures down as cooler air comes in. lots of thunderstorms spread out across the mediterranean. some particularly heavy rain around the black sea region. talking about the balkans as well as turkey dealing with heavy downpours. here are your temperatures. i'm going to leave you now with your extended forecast. >>> our lead stories this hour. china's ruling communist party has expelled a former railway minister. the party's disciplinary watch dog found him guilty of corruption. the state run xinhua news agency said monday the party's central discipline inspection will refer liu zhijun to prosecutors. they said he abused his power and received large sums of money as bribes. liu oversaw investment in china's booming railway sector over the last decade. he was removed from his ministerial post in february of last year. the ministry came under harsh criticism after a fatal high speed rai

the iss in pakistan to arrest a number of these folks who were plotting in massive attacks in western europe and against us in the homeland tore to find critical information that would allow us to intercept those. and finally, this notion of a base for certain conquest in afghanistan is dashed. there i argue particularly that the relationship between bin laden and omar and the akani group was really a personal relationship. i think we're starting to see little more nuggets about that now. they never swore an oath. having lived in that part of the world and done a lot of work with thankful assistance suggest to me strongly it's not the ideological linkage to al qaeda anymore but rather the strategic linkage to pakistan and how far pakistan wishes to see the jihad is being fomented into an international problem. so where does that leave us? it leaves us with half the other it would have the five key things of al qaeda that are left out there that we do legitimately need to worry about but we need to take a different tack and approach and one that i would argue we seeing and doing already. redu

of the war most of the counties up and down the eastern suburbs not in the pacific and not in western europe and that should be remembered and i would say the average citizen in the west particularly in the united states are not aware. that's why it's a good idea to watch this parade on a. lot of time and venture through to add something just to learn what your. project news media used to. do you would have to push you to these people most of the people who lost their lives in one forty five more people were born after the revolution from something so they were the first numeration of the people who were brought up in the spirit. they had the phone so you. had occasion to most interview article and you were the first join the army from time and they were mostly they came from schools from universities. printed form you know. it's really be tragedy because that's the great you. know to some to name a time because they were mostly if you want to do want to give money they lost their minds and this is the biggest loss question of when someone is. going to close or if there's a controversy that

that is demonstrated that it doesn't work and that we would make it turn to model america on western europe and the kinds of issues that social people as well as discussed in the political context are going to undoubtedly cause differing people to different extent to be part of what has been now, during my adult life and ebbs and flows and becomes a majority and then less so depending on circumstances. and fear does focus the mind and i think the large number of places around the world that today is efficiently different and changes our margin for error and i think this country could end up the first time with a direction that can't be sustained and is crushing and change the lives until the next generation. we don't decide or resolve that we're going to do something about it. there is a tipping point. and where it is, nobody knows. we can't predict. but if today we got something in the mid-40% of the american people from the federal government and the benefit and pays no single tax. that they might have as we've seen in other countries, supporting people in the office once more. and if the

the mediterranean, western europe. western hemisphere. china. korea. vietnam. all of these things are a part of the cold war. shift gears now. while all that was is going on overseas, what effect does it have here at home. the cold war on the home front. well, one of the things we are suspicious of are communists. if you want to get anything done, you give it to congress to do. so we are going to flush them out with a committee, the house on american activities committee. one of the interesting things is, we are going to investigate hollywood. they turn out all kinds of movies about world war ii, movies in which the enemy are the japanese and the germans. why is it that hollywood is not producing movies in which the enemy are the rugsssians or the communists. is it possible that the communists have infiltrated the film industry? that's the reason why they are not producing these movies? we will have all kinds of subpoenas and movie stars come to washington, d.c. and raise your right hand. i am not now or have i ever been a member of the communist party. you def

it has been so hot across the british isles as well as parts of western europe.hat's going to change. we've got this front here sagging down from the north. that's going to bring temperatures down as cooler air comes in. lots of thunderstorms spread out across the mediterranean with some particularly heavy rain around the black sea region. we're talking about the balkans as well as turkey dealing with heavy downpours. here are your temperatures. and i'm going to leave you now with your extended forecast. >>> our lead stories this hour, u.n. arab league envoy kof kofi annan on monday tried to sals a u.n. mediated cease fire. he's back in the country after government forces attacked the area near the central city of homs on friday. more than 100 people died in the attack. many of the casualties were women and children. the former u.n. secretary general said he will meet syrian president al assad on tuesday. >> our goal is to stof the suffering. it must end. and it must end now. >> the government forces continued indiscriminate attacks on citizens over the weekend.

it really raises some basic questions about the future of western europe will see there's going to be a new election in june and perhaps having frightened. berlin of the greeks will go back to the kind of negotiating posture they were in before kind of reluctant accommodation of the rest of europe but that's not by any means certain at this hour yeah do you do you think that it's possible that the same i mean a mini version of that austerity has been preached and pushed really aggressively by republicans in particular in the united states and president obama push back on that with his austerity program but he's been blocked in any attempts to to go beyond that over the last two years do you think do you see those same kinds of cracks appearing in our body politic. you know it's very interesting because we avoided the real sort of draconian ideological austerity drives that were imposed by european governments on southern europe and to some extent by the british government on its own people there was this really kind of odd theory that by. acting counter to the advice of most mainstrea

weapons related research washington says it's now tehran's job to even out the differences in western europe keep up the pressure political consultant. says the gap is now too wide to close through talks. you know i look at iran and the west as sort of like mars vs venus they want completely different things even if the west was inclined to ease the sanctions that are proposed for july they can't simply turn off the spigot and that's exactly what iran wants iran's not going to get what it wants probably the west isn't going to get what it wants either there are some optimists out there about this process i don't happen to be one of them in the west i think what the west and israel are looking for is something which iran is simply not going to give them they're looking for a complete cessation of enrichment they're looking for a reversal of the process that has gone on for more than a decade now i just don't see how this is going to happen fortunately there's plenty of oil in the world markets and those nations that need to find alternative sources of oil are likely to be able to do so and th

infrastructure throughout the greater russia and throughout eurasia from china to markets in western europe and in the middle east and i think that that is really a key point the eurasian focus of putin a key point for reviving the interior of russia's economy is from places such as almost from siberia and other areas that have been through the collapse of the soviet union in sad neglect economically and bringing more of a tallit he is the trade between russia and china and countries in between the so-called stans increases greatly over the next years with high speed metallurgy technologies iron ore technologies and so forth russia could play a leading role under a putin presidency and i'm at the prime ministership in building this high speed infrastructure when i'm just funny just days before going to be pushing integration there were some violent protests here in moscow against his return do you expect this backlash to continue and does that suggest russian society is becoming more open and with of course medvedev concentrating on domestic policies how do you see the political scene and t

enthusiasm for the torch relay, but we mustn't forget that they're one of the poorest regions in western europe. of course, there are particular economic pressures coming to bear at the moment. all of that is leading to some frustrations with the olympics. >> our town is a mess. this is is probably the best shopping town, and now look around. there are closed shops, charity shops, nothing else. all the local businesses are gone. and i believe the money that's been spent on the olympic torch would be far better invested in penzance. >> while they're far from impressed, others here in penzance are busy make sure they're ready for the big day. >> treat us very professionally. we're thrilled and excited and a touch apprehensive. it rains and its windy, and it's cold at land's end. so some of the band will be wearing long johns under their costumes. that's the biggest challenge, the weather, i should think. >> the olympic organizers have pronounced the torch weatherproof. not long now until they're backplaying for the test. ros atkins, bbc news, penzance. >> some of the journey will be in the rain,

we are a little behind western europe but to it is part of the process. it is inevitable. christianity is historical and our values and believes should be transcended to rise above that. >> host: you close the book by talking about a visit to nepal. >> it was very powerful. i was planning to go right around the time when the founder of the institution and jerry falwell passed away. it was a moving experience. we remember him fondly for his vision and what his commitment was to our nation and culture. because i remember how dr. falwell talked about the role of the church and christians living out the mandate to of christ. what policies through the houses of congress. i heard him say those things. with the rise of the religious right to i saw the power of the message of christ in a place like nepal. it to crystallize the message. following christ transcends culture know how matter how much we love it. >> host: and janine jerry

have a huge convoy going into berlin and you won't be weakening the defense of western germany, western europe. nobody asked him. by the time he was able to make his proposal, the decision had already been made. there is some expertise in the traditional chain of command. >> needless to say -- >> presidents can do what they like. >> general clay's presence in berlin did not go over terribly well with the army chain of command, general clark. you bring in another four-star general who sort of steps all over your chain of command. clark was such that he sort of felt diplomacy was way too important to leave to the diplomats. and as long as marshall conye was his soviet partner in berlin, he felt between the two of them, they could keep anything from erupting into a serious crisis. and then clay comes in and starts ordering american troops around without consulting any of the subordinate commanders. so beneath the scenes there's an awful lot just in army channels dissatisfaction with the way this played out. in fact, what you'll find after the berlin crisis is over, the army goes back and complete

>> when did western europe or western powers have an understanding of the vikings establishments? >> that's a great question. when did or let me rephrase that slightly. did other western europeans know about the vikings in greenland, iceland? the answer to that would seem to be yes. they new inferentially, but they would, for example, there was european trade with iceland, so french, spanish, british sailors did go to iceland, and it is probably true that when they're in iceland they might well have heard stories about something to the west. we have no really hard evidence of that. common sense would tell us that sailors would tell stories to one another. it is possible. for example, christopher columbus did apparently visit iceland during his early stages as a sailor, as a trader and the merchant, and one can speculate when columbus was in iceland did he hear about these stories from the west? maybe. maybe not. you have to ask yourself, he doesn't speak icelandic so could hen understand and we'll see in a moment columbus wasn't looking to find greenland, north america or iceland.