the question i had i called the wilkes-barre question after pennsylvania. is anybody here from wilkes-barre? no kidding to the unbelievable. unbelievable. there was nobody from wilkes-barre in san francisco last week i can tell you that right now. [laughter] the population of contemporary wilkes-barre is slightly larger than the population of virginia in 1776 now if we go out there to wilkes-barre now, do you think we can find george washington, thomas jefferson, james madison, george mason, john marshall and patrick henry? we are not going to find them. now on some theoretical level, they, are there. that is human beings with the capacity for leadership, are there, but the situation doesn't permit the group to rise to the surface. and so the question is why did the situation accessed in 1776? now there is an answer to this after arnold, which is that great leadership only emerges during times of great crisis and this makes sense the pressure the crisis creates. yet we can all think of examples where there is a great crisis and there is no leadership like n