looking at the way the germans are integrated civically while retaining their german identity, william seifert participating in politics and doing it inside of a german group, a german faction and also maintaining close ties with home and the correspondence with his parents and so forth we looked at and so forth, so this is a phenomena that is true of the germans as well as the irish in the 19th century and true of other groups as well in this period. any questions in the 19th century before we bump forward a little bit into the 20th century? this is when american politics starts to change and takes on a little bit different character. that intense partisan competition moderates some, doesn't disappear altogether but diminishes. machines are entrenched and powerful and will persist into the 20th century, that highly organized effort to mobilize voters in urban settings and continues and it gets a little harder and the incentives change. the circumstances in which machines are operating changes. it is not in their interest to mobilize every immigrant as soon as they come off the boat now in the