that infuriates hundred -- woodrow wilson. wilson is concerned that this will undermine the credibility of the commitment. or what you could do is this. you could say the united states understands that the league of nations is to be granted only -- that is an interesting compromise. he realizes that there may be a league. he has written on his own typewriter for reservations including this one. if you can't get the treaty through i will accept this. you will get the treaty through. so what happens. what happened? woodrow wilson made a series of mistakes. one mistake, he took no republicans in the delegation. he took no major republican leader and his confidence. and the effective it was that made it wilson's piece. wilson's treaty. not america. he went on this gigantic to war, wasted enormous amounts of energy. what he really needed to be doing was sitting in washington with ironfisted negotiations with guys like large, trying to find a compromise area wilson almost certainly overestimated the power of public opinion to change

modern propaganda wing, the committee of public information, specifically to make sure that woodrow wilson's words made headlines all across the globe. they made front pages of newspapers, as we can see from this french paper on the screen. now other historians have noted in places that wilson could scarcely imagine, his words were taken as a sign of support for liberation and for anti-colonialism. in places as far away as egypt and colonial vietnam and china. nationalists listened to him when he said this world war must create the conditions of a national self-determination and democracy. what my research shows is that women were paying just as much attention as these male nationalists were. and more than that, they were strategizing and acting in order to make sure that wilson was going to follow up on his words with tangible action. now, in this effort, still in the midst of world war i, marguerite, the french suffragist i pointed out to you jerel, was the first to see that wilson might prove to be the key to establishing women's right to vote. not just here in the united states but all o

help make sure that they were listened to during this peace process, and then she also asked woodrow wilson if they could meet with him face to face at his earliest convenience. wilson as you might imagine, was a pretty busy man at the beginning of the paris peace conference. he had dozen and dozens of people knocking on his door asking for his time and attention. he could easily have dismissed this and brushed it off. he didn't. he wrote back and gave them an appointment. sure enough, less than two weeks later on january 27th, he met privately with about 20 french suffragists who insisted that women's rights must not be forgotten in the plans for the peace. wilson's response to them that day was incredibly encouraging. i'll quote him here. he said, it would seem impossible to me to refuse to listen to women after the service they rendered during the war. whatever it is within my power to do for them, i will do. so french feminists were elated and they prepared to convene this conference of suffragists to hold him at his word. this conference first gathered on february 10th, 1919 in paris.

then she also asked woodrow wilson if they could meet with him face-to-face at his earliest convenience. wilson, as you might imagine, was a pretty busy man at the beginning of the paris peace conference. he had dozens and dozens of people knocking on his door and asking for his time and attention. he could easily have dismissed this and brush it off, but he didn't. he wrote back and gave them in appointment. and sure enough, less than two weeks later on january 27th, he met privately with and other french suffragists who insisted their plans must not be forgotten in the strive for peace. he said, quote, it would seem impossible to me to refuse to listen to women after the service they render during the war. would ever it is within my power to do for them, i will do. so french feminists were again elated and prepared to convene this conference of suffragists to hold wilson to his word. this conference first gathered on february 10th, 1919 in paris. these are just some of the allied women who participate it'd -- participated. you can go on the shelves of bookstores or libraries covering

women from abroad who took woodrow wilson at his word when he said this was going to be a war fought for democracy and indicated to him that american would never be seen as a democracy abroad unless democracy was established at home. we need to understand that when woodrow wilson spoke publicly during world war i, he was never just addressing an american public. his words and speeches were carried all over the world and in fact the united states created its first modern propaganda wing, a committee of public information, specifically to make sure that his words made headlines all across the globe. they made front pages of newspapers as we can see from this french newspaper on the screen. other historians have noted that in places that wilson could scarcely imagine, his words were taken as a sign of support for liberation and anti-colonialism. in places as far away as egypt and colonial vietnam and china -- nationalists listened to what he said, that this war must create conditions of national determination and democracy. what my research showed was that women were paying just as much

conference, the negotiation came at the end of world war i with all of the allied governments but with woodrow wilson in particular throughout these long months of negotiating. feminists european were at the center of this push. we are back to marguerite de was sohlumberger who active. this is a letter she sent to wilson on january 18, 1919, the opening day of the paris peas conference. she got him right at the beginning. promisesded him of his that he had made publicly during the war and she was writing on behalf of french feminists saying that we beg you to use your immense influence. him again to publicly theess his sympathy for more than half of humanity represented by women who in so many countries had been unjust and cruel silence by the denial of the vote. they did not just want a pledge from wilson. they wanted tangible action. of onetter informed him thing and asked him for another. it informed him that french women were convening a conference to help make sure that they were listened to peace the peas process -- process. she also asked if they could meet with him face-to-face at his earlies

in 1915, the president woodrow wilson place the memorable box in the cornerstone at the memorial -- 105 years later, in april 2020, the box was carefully removed and opened to discover what was inside. next on american artifacts, we visit arlington to see the contents with cemetery historians tim frank and conservator caitlin smith. >> in order to talk about this member label and cornerstone we really have to take you back to 1864, and bringing forward to 1950. in 1864 we buried the first soldier here, private william, in may of 1864, and one month later, the secretary of war satisfy 200 acres to become a national secretary. by the end of the civil war, there were 15,000 union and confederate soldiers buried here, and in 1868, general john logan who come under the grand army of the republic, the civil war veterans organization established decoration day, which he declared may 30th of every year as decoration day at the idea was throughout the country people would visit the graves of the civil war fall in and place flowers on those grace. and a decoration day eventually became a memorial

so what tipped the scales for president woodrow wilson? why did he decide to reverse himself and support it? guest: woodrow wilson spent most of his life greatly opposed to the idea of women's suffrage. time and again, he expresses this. remember, he has a whole career as the president of princeton. then he is governor of new jersey. and then he is president. when he is president, again, alice paul has organized this unbelievably large, like a thousand women marching down pennsylvania avenue in march, 1913. and the next day they are asking for a meeting at the white house and they bombard him for weeks and months and years afterward. he just puts them off and says, you know, i have never really thought about suffrage. or, i cannot do anything, because i have to wait for my party, the democratic party, to decide what to do. and he uses many, many excuses. what happens when america enters the world war is there is a bit of a shift. partly, carrie chapman katz, the president of the national american association, the largest mainstream group,

woodrow wilson died a broken man. tonight, i do not tell you that the war in vietnam is the war 10 , but i war to end wars tell you this, that i have initiated a plan to end the war in a way that will bring us closer to that great goal to which woodrow wilson and every american president in our history has been dedicated. the goal of a just and lasting peace. as president, i hold the responsibility for choosing the best path of that goal and then leading the nation along it. i pledge to you tonight that i shall meet this responsibility with all of the strength and wisdom i can command. in accordance with your hopes, mindful of your concerns. sustained by your prayers. thank you, and good night. tvthis is american history on c-span3, where each weekend, we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nation's past. >> sunday on "the presidency," the white house historical association host james conroy to talk about "jeffersons white ."use here is a preview. >> here is a map. it is also done in our day by a very talented

he voted for woodrow wilson in 1916 go bob lafollette was a republican voted for wilson because he believed in wilson's pledge to keep the united states out of the war. in april of 1917 woodrow wilson asked congress to declare war on germany. bob lafollette was one of onlysix united states senators to oppose that war. he was concerned that only munitions makers, profiteers would benefit from that as the people would suffer the loss of loved ones in the military. he was concerned that the government was not telling the people the full cost of the war. his principle concern was the suppression of civil liberties. in 1917 congress passed a bill called the espionage act. it didn't have anything to do with espionage. it was about suppressing opposition to the war. newspapers could be shut down a were shut down as a result of that. people were jailed for their criticism of the war and bob lafollette to leave the bill of rights was not repealed because the united states was at war. an event on september 20, 1917 was a critical turning point for lafollette gave a speech in st. paul minnesota and at

woodrow wilson.ou called him chilly, that he had a socratic approach, and he was sensitive to perceived insults. how did he deal with the press? harold: he had his problems. woodrow wilson was professorial. not strange. he together with his staff devised the idea of the press conference. they were not what we see today with the briefings and scrums that take place at the white house every day. they were rigid affairs, questions were submitted in writing and wilson answered the questions very formally. he got irritated with questions he did not like, and most importantly, all of the press conferences were off of the record. his manner was severe. the newspapermen had been used to a raucous, jovial atmosphere with roosevelt, who had of course come back into their life as a candidate for president in 1912, the year that wilson defeated him and william howard taft. the press liked roosevelt. one journalist gave a great description of what it was like to cover the white house from the roosevelt era to the

she led a big demonstration in front of the white house the day before woodrow wilson's first inauguration. >> so now we're in 1913, and there's a younger -- this is about the third generation of women involved in the suffrage movement, and these are younger women. they're modern women. their skirts are shorter. their hair is shorter. they go to college and they are not uncomfortable with marching and doing other things in public, speaking, marching, et cetera. she draws them in to a wing and eventually a separate organization. she starts her leadership by organizing one of the first massive political parades in washington, d.c., political parades, not for a party. and this, she organizes this parade as she's saying on the eve of the first inauguration of woodrow wilson. next to show to him the power and discipline of the suffrage movement, now, in the end, alice paul and woodrow wilson became the worst sort of enemies. they despised each other. wilson was a southern democrat. he opposed, you've got great images here. you're making my job so much easier. he opposed a national constitutiona

woodrow wilson died a broken man. tonight, i do not tell you that the war in vietnam is a war to end wars, but i will tell you this. i have initiated a plan to end the war in a way that will bring us closer to that great goal to which woodrow wilson and every american president in our history has been dedicated. the goal of a just and lasting peace. as president, i hold the responsibility for choosing the best path of that goal and then leading the nation along it. i pledge to you, tonight, that i shall meet this responsibility with all of the strength and wisdom i can command. in accordance with your hopes, mindful of your concerns, sustained by your prayers. thank you and good night. >> each week, american history tv's "reel america" renew archival films that provide context for today's public affairs issues. >> we are just going to tell you about our veins and arteries and how they are like the roads and highways of the body. it is through them the little workers get around to the different organs, or factories, an

theodore roosevelt, woodrow wilson, franklin roosevelt, harry s. true man, dwight eisenhower, john f. kennedy, banes johnson, richard nixon and ronald reagan. now, the professor's analysis only looks at the 20th century. i'm going to throw in some of the presidents from the 21st century as we go along. so if we can go to the first slide. the professor talks about these six points. the first one he says is vision. the second is charisma. i'm going to go back and talk about these. the second is charisma, the third in pragmatism. we'll move to the next slide. the fourth is consensus building, followed by trust or credibility, luck, and then i'm going to throw in, which is on the last slide, and that is something that i'm going to call communication competence. we're going to leave the slides behind for right now. so let's start with vision. vision, according to dallek, is that presidents come up with an idea and they help us to develop something that's going to pull us altogether. it's going to be something that is going to unify us. sometimes it come

. >> in 1915, president woodrow wilson put a memorabilia box at arlington national cemetery. 105 years later, in april 2020, the box was carefully removed and opened. next on american artifacts, we visit arlington to see the contents with cemetery historian tim frank and caitlin smith. mr. frank: in order to talk about this memorabilia boxed, i have to take you back to 1864 in order to bring you forward to 1915. in 1864 we buried the first soldier here. in may of 1864. and then the secretary of war set aside 200 acres to become a national cemetery. by the end of the civil war there were 15,000 union and confederate soldiers buried here and general john logan. established decoration day, which he declared may 30 of every year. the idea that was throughout the country people would visit the graves and place flowers. decoration day became memorial day. it became so popular that in 1873, quartermaster general montgomery meigs designed decoration day ceremonies. in time that became such a small venue, because every year thousands of people would show up to arlington. one year we found that

another person with vision, woodrow wilson, who spoke about something called the new freedom. he said it stood for the idea of restoring unfettered opportunity for individual action and being able to employ the power of the government on behalf of social justice. now, it's kind of interesting that this comes from wilson, because, if you have been following what's transpired since the death of george floyd, then you know that some of the ideas that wilson expressed were -- in nature, but he didn't seem to propel those ideas while in the white house and instead really did fight for some social justice revisions and legislation. okay, if we're looking for the gold standard as far as vision, the personal that we need to think about is franklin delano roosevelt. roosevelt of course comes to the white house at a most serious time in american history. it's the depths of the depression. 25 million people are out of work. and he goes to the democratic national convention. he becomes the first modern presidential candidate to fly to a convention. just the fact that he flew was a big dea

the result was that this pandemic went on for years woodrow wilson, who nowadays would be talking aboutwould demand that he put the forces of the federal government against this pandemic, never gave a single speech, never told people how to protect themselves. >> wow michael beschloss, happy thanksgiving to you and your family. >> happy thanksgiving to you be well. >> thank you, han markle is speg for the first time about her miscarriage. she said she and prince harry lost a child over the summer, but her powerful words on grief and taking care of each other are coming >>> plus, a god among men gone at age 60. the world reacts to the soccer legend diego maradona's death. >>> and it's been 258 days, but college hoops is back. come on, rebels! >>> plus a covid word of warning. stop messing with steel city, covid. black and yellow will slay you what covid is doing to sports. i hate you >> announcer: thfas, t at fidelity, you'll work with an advisor to help you build a flexible wealth plan. you'll have access to tax-smart investing strategies, and with brokerage accounts online trades are c

>> your question exposes what a complicated guy woodrow wilson was in the sense that in many respects he was the most idealist president in american history. he did believe the u.s. could go out and transform the world and that we could create a globa landscape in which nations play by a new set of rules and open diplomacy, darmament, banding together against aggression that he was also number one in an imperialist not out of sight of the western hemisphere but in latin america. and a racist in favor of segregating the civil service and then when the war came to an end and the versailles trey was being negotiated, he basically turned down thbe bid y the japanese to include the clause on racial equality which drove not just the japanese, but e indians and my others not because they saw this as a treaty that was in some ways doinexactly what you said which was ratifying the racial hierarchy in the world so yes there was a complicated dual nature to woodrow wilson but i think h needs to be remembered in both respects and idealist leader who tried to change the world in positive ways and

now, a lot of people forget about woodrow wilson. in my congressional district and i studied woodrow wilson. i know who gave the birth of a nation its currency. so this -- trump took stuff from wilson. took stuff from -- who was it in -- in -- for some reason, i'm forgetting his name. from alabama, george wallace. >> wallace. >> and tried to put it into the presidency. >> yep. >> and so, my job, i thought, was to try to do what's necessary. he'll get the country back on track. and i just thought joe biden was the person with the background, with the experiences. think about it. if you look at who was the most consequential president since abraham lincoln for black people? you have got to give it to lyndon johnson. >> well, donald trump would beg to differ, as you ever heard him say. in fact, he might have turned out to be the most consequential president for black people but not for the reasons donald trump thinks. congressman clyburn, it is a pleasure to talk to you again. thank you, again, sir. you and i will be talking again, soon

some of them, including abraham lincoln and woodrow wilson, by an even lower percentage of the popularote. so john f. kennedy becomes president-elect of the united states. as president of all the people, his family also becomes the center of nationwide interest. his three-year-old daughter caroline and his lovely wife jacqueline. shortly after vice president nixon officially concedes the election on the early afternoon of november 9th, president kennedy appears in hyannisport, massachusetts. with him are his wife, his father and mother, his many brothers and sisters. after addressing mr. nixon, he addresses all americans. >> to all americans i say that the next four years are going to be difficult and challenging years for us all. the election may have been a close one, but i think that there is general agreement by all of our citizens that a supreme national effort will be needed in the years ahead to move this country safely through the 1960s. i ask your help in this effort, and i can assure you that every degree of my spirit that i possess will be devoted to the long-range interest

abraham lincoln and woodrow wilson even less of a percentage of the popular vote. ofjohn f.omes president of the united states. ♪ people,dent of all the his family also becomes the center of nationwide interest. his three-year-old daughter, caroline, and his lovely wife, jacqueline. shortly after vice president nixon officially concedes the election in the early afternoon of wednesday, november 9, president kennedy appears before the press in hyannis port, massachusetts. wife, fatherhis and mother, many brothers and sisters. after acknowledging can tragically torry -- congratulatory lines, he speaks to all americans. president kennedy: the next two years are going to be difficult and challenging years for us all . the election may have been a close one, but i think there is general agreement by all of our citizens that a supreme national effort will be needed in the years ahead to move this country safely through the 1960's. effortour help in this and i can assure you that every -- that i possess will be dedicated to the welfare of the united states and the cause of freedom

they were there petitioning against woodrow wilson.omen who were jailed during these meetings. when you think of those images, do you see black women present in those images? more often than not you don't. those images are reflective of how the story was told. who is in charge of the stories. black women who were not as hard as anyone else working towards severed. always there and were not able to be represented in a full way. they were often marginalized and their stories were marginalize, but now this body knows very well after the conference that we went through in the last month. the stories of ida b. wells burnett and mary hurl. and my favorite, mattie, hopefully we will be able to use her as an example to open up these stories that we were telling in the commemoration this year. the intersection of race and gender is very critical to talk about when we are talking about suffrage. suffrage involve civil rights as well as political rights. second point that we wanted to make sure we got across is that the struggle, which continues

of these women who are attending the 1919 to 1920 paris peace conference helped push president woodrow wilson to support the 19th amendment. watch beginning at eight eastern, and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span 3. each week american history tv american artifacts visits museums and historic places, and up next, we travel to philadelphia's independence national historical park, to learn about congress hall, the meeting place of the u.s. house and senate between 1790 and 1800. our guide as park ranger matthew. >> we are standing in the old house of representatives a building we call congress hall, although originally was billed as a county courthouse for philadelphia for most of its history, that's exactly what it was. but in the years that the city of washington d.c. is being built, philadelphia serves as our temporary u.s. capital. this room serves for the house of representatives, the second floor of the building we will see in a moment was united states senate, the house of representatives each representative at that point in our history represented 30,000 people. we had a

. -- woodrow wilson got its. -- got it. there is a hypothesis that wilson's stroke, if it was that, was related to the flu, which, as we know now, some of the cardiovascular problems can lead to strokes and blood clots. you are probably thinking about sports. university of oregon football star, so many of the football starts of that era had been drafted, went off to fight in the war, and that was a big piece of that moment, there was no professional football, so college football was the main thing. the baseball season concluded and many people wanted to see football games. unlike now, they could not go. no rooters to see the game. a fair number of colleges did play. games were canceled in cities with big outbreaks, so lots of teams did not have full records. many conferences canceled, but they did play. they often played without fans, though in some cases, they played with fans wearing masks. the stanley cup was another example. stanley cup ended in a draw and that is because most of the communities in the midst of this, the

in 1919, woodrow wilson got it. there's an argument that part of the problem is that his peacemaking in paris to world war i were related to having gotten the flu. some people -- from historians also think he might have gotten a minor stroke and that it was perhaps directly related to the flu. we now know some of the cardiovascular problems related to coronavirus can lead to strikes and boycotts and things like that. you're probably wondering more about sports. here's an oregon -- university of oregon football star. so many of the football stars of that era had been drafted and went off to fighting the war. there was no professional football at that time. college football is the main thing. lots of people wanted to see football games. unlike now, it could not go. there is an example. there was a fair number of colleges that played. games were canceled in cities that have big outbreaks like philadelphia and boston. you had lots of teams that did not have full records. many conferences also canceled, but they did in f

in 1919, woodrow wilson got it. there's an argument that part of the problems of his peacemaking in paris to end world war i were related to having gotten the flu. and some also think he had a minor stroke. there's a hypothesis that his stroke, if it was that, is related to the flu. viruses like coronavirus, as whoa know, can lead looed to strokes and blood clots and things like that. you're probably thinking about sports. let me get to that. a little university of oregon football star. so many troops, so many of the football stars of that era had been drafted, went off to fight in the war. and that was a big piece of that moment. there was no professional football at that time. college football was the main thing. baseball season had concluded and lots of people, and like now, wanted to see football games. unlike now, they couldn't go. there's an example. no rooters to see the game. actually, there were a fair number of colleges that did play. georgia tech famously played quite a few games, home games. games were c

many friends consider him an intellectual introvert, not unlike former american president woodrow wilsonlican presidential nomination by two thirds of his party. he easily swept aside challenges to the nomination by governor rockefeller of new york and senator goldwater of arizona. in his acceptance speech, nixon told delegates, we shall build a better america. then he added, i believe in the american dream because i have seen it come true in my own life. but for the first time in his political career, dick nixon was to learn the meaning of defeat. in 1960, after a historic series of television debates, nixon lost the presidency to john f. kennedy by one of the smallest margins of the popular vote in united states history. mr. nixon i want to say that one : of the great features of america is that we have political contests and they are , very hard-fought, as this one was fought. and once a decision is made, we unite behind the man who is elected. [cheers and applause] ♪ >> but there were even darker days ahead for nixon. after the defeat by kennedy, he soon found that private life lacke

woodrow wilson discontinued the committee on public information the day after world war i ended.dr relaxed his propaganda after world war ii ended. i think there are extraordinary moments that we need that sometimes upset us and the president, but there is a tradition of their going at it, these two great pillars of society, the press and the american presidency. that benefits us for the adversarial nature of the relationship. and that has to come back from the extreme in order for the body politic that we serve and for government to fly. susan: harold holzer a lincoln scholar and someone who has contributed many hours to c-span over the years, thank you for two hours on your newest book, what number was it for you? mr. holzer: 54. susan: book number 54 called "the presidents vs press." thank you for your time. mr. holzer: thank you so much [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] q&a programs are available on our website or as a

many friends consider him an intellectual introvert, not unlike woodrow wilson. 1958, nixon was favoredrepublican presidential nomination by 2/3 of his party. he swept aside challengers both rockefeller and senator goldwater. nixon told the delegates, we shall build a better america. then he added, i believe in the american dream because i have seen it come true in my own life. but for the first time in his political career, nixon was to learn the meaning of defeat. in 1960 after his -- a series of television debates, nixon lost the presidency to john f. kennedy but one of the smallest margins of the popular vote in the united states history. >> i want to say that one of the great features of america is that we have political contests and that they are very hard fought as this one was hard-fought and once the decision is made, we unite behind a man who was elected. >> but there were even darker days ahead for nixon. after the defeat by kennedy hughes soon found that private life left the fulfillment of public office. -- he soon found that private life left the fulfillment of public offi

as a point out in my book today the crackdown is nowhere near john adams or abraham lincoln or woodrow wilson or maybe fdr. >>. >> after writing so many books about lincoln with the press and the white house it wasn't because of the trump presidency and the hostile relationship with the press? or did you start the book before trump was elected? >> i started it a bit before that lincoln and his long relationship with the press and those as a manipulator and a master of technology and to get the message across. and also nostalgically by my own career which is as circuitous 51 years ago my first job was a reporter then editor is the real professional staff from a weekly newspaper in new york run by married political guy who was closely aligned to the kennedys. so then i spent years in politics as a press secretary to political candidates, and then of whom under my watch everyone the election. so i have seen this from several angles. it seemed like a natural subject to tackle. the origins of the pervasive contentiousness and the varying peaks and valleys of those relationships. >> coming back to

was he the one who was woodrow wilson's nemesis? if so, how old he have been richard nixon in 1960? lodge did look older like the grandfatherly eisenhower than the youthful nixon during that race. you know, for this kid who grew up in the midwest, lodge has when this names you knew is important but you did not know why. for many the misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that henry cabot lodge junior was named not for his father who died when cabot is he known was young. but his grandfather. and in addition, there are so many cabot and lodges especially in the northeast and family traditions are such that certain first names like henry repeat through multiple generations of the family tree. this is a book i never planned to write. as a writer there are things you spend a lot of time on, but they never quite gained traction. then there are things you have no plan to write that come together relatively easily. this book is in the latter category. in early 2015 the executive editor of yale university press of who would go on to become my editor called me to it ask what i knew about

by the time of woodrow wilson is make the world safe for democracy, not necessarily make it democracyroosevelt it is the four freedoms in the cold war it is the [indiscernible] for bill clinton, it was enlargement. what will with the united states have today other than being a powerful country? trump did not fill that larger role in the united states. i am not saying we have to be visionaries around the world but we have to have some sense about the world we would like to see. steve: let me just burst you a little further on that. those five traditions require and orientation, even north america, would you believe i am a big proponent of north america. they require an orientation we it citizens look at being engaged in the world as a net positive. i am related to a lot of military families from the midwest, not on the educated over generations but they fought for the country and they felt like they fought for the country and fought the cold war but china no one -- china won. they feel left behind, and bandage, and the net positives they get from globalization are -- when you look at t

woodrow wilson in his war address famously said that the united states was fighting to make the world safer democracy, had no selfish aims, no territorial aspirations, we're the defenders of mankind. kind of distancing the united states from these very clear and obvious imperial dimensions of the war, but as we know, the united states was fully committed and deeply invested in the project of empire, whether it's in the philippines, whether it's in mexico, certainly in the caribbean, 1917, the jones act, puerto rico, so i wonder if we could maybe talk a little bit about that and just what it means to think of the united states as an imperial nation, to think of world war i in the american context as an imperial war and what that meant for african-americans. >> that's an excellent way of framing what we've all addressed in our different ways. i'm trying to remember -- i was reading the papers, the list of papers for these three days and i'm sure that i'm not hallucinating, but i've been reading a number of things lately. but i believe there was one panel or presentation that dealt with

house has come into a special session, extraordinary session because the president that night, woodrow wilson delivers a message to congress asking for a declaration of war against germany. it's the u.s. entry into world war i and rankin, when that vote is held is one of a group of about 50 members who votes against u.s. intervention in world war i. she served a term in the house. she was on the women's suffrage committee. she was on the public lands committee which was an important assignment for a woman from montana with so much of the lands being held by the federal govern am so it was an important position. she serves only a term in the house and she tries to run for senate from montana. she doesn't get the republican nomination, but she runs as an independent. it's an uphill battle and she gets about a fifth of the votes, though, and then she goes back to private life and she's involved in women's rights issues and she's a driving force behind the maternity and infancy act which the house eventually passes in 1921 and then she's also involved in international peace organizations. fast fo

resident woodrow wilson wanted to go back in time, losing an hour after the war. but congress said it was the time either. and overrode his veto. one of only 112 veto overrides ever. the uniform time act of 1966 established time zones which determined will we change the clocks. congress put the u.s. on daylight saving time for two years after the 1973 opec oil embargo. because more daylight meant less energy use. not even congress is the father of time. >> the amount of daylight does not change. unfortunately, i have not found a way to move some daylight from the summit of the winter. which will be very nice. >> reporter: that means 2020 isn't going to be any shorter. no matter what the clock says, what congress says, everyone can agree, this pandemic cannot be over soon enough. on capitol hill, chat program, fox news. >>> i hope you had a nice weekend. air quality not so great today. we have some of the smoke coming from the last fire east of fresno. so the yellow in the bay area today, less than where you want it to be. i suspect with the window tomorrow, we are