if two is said you should be in need of man, the german free workingmen will rise as one man to your call ready to risk their lives in their effort to maintain victory already won by slavery. and of quotes. germans soon see the delivered on their promise, lincoln understood the challenges immigrants face. he worked the land with his hand for many years. most of his life in the agricultural area. as a lawyer practicing agriculture law he had to pay attention to the national outlook of land, to issue links to taxes. to see the relationship between town & country and see how their presence increased the american labor force. , in this regard andd readily applicable to the growing population in his day was his intent and can genuinely developing commitment -- continually developing commitment that all people should receive full and fair award for their labor so that they might have an opportunity to rise in life. for the son of an almost illiterate poor father who in time rose to the white house, this commitment was a personal one for abraham lincoln, and this, lincoln's american dream,

streett over to blatant and there is some black workingmen who came to find out what is going on. and are seeing this gunfire up to it. all of the dead were black. we know the rampage lasted about three days. it had been orchestrated and plan for many months before -- the outbreak was probably spontaneous. but the even had a sort of issuing gun -- machine gun type used in war. all of the sudden, all of these militia groups were coming in from elsewhere. it would take a couple of hours reach of them to get here and they showed a pretty immediately. paramilitary organization recently demobilized with all of their high-powered rifles. they had the reserves. these people shut down wilmington, declared martial law. they were strip searching men, women, children, black men, women, and children on every corner. there were a number of black letter carriers nearly beaten to death by white mobs. some white women came to the rescue and got the hooligans off them and gave them shelter in their homes. there were a number of other white women who sheltered black servants and their home in order

workingmen, working saloons. it does sharply interrupt some of those patterns. jeffrey: on the enforcement question, one of my colleagues, we were talking to today said marijuana is illegal, if it were not, i might use it. the fact that it became illegal decreased consumption. tell us about that. joshua: it was a lot. jeffrey: and then went back up in the 1970's. lisa: in the 19th century, people drink a lot. 1830 as the reference point. 1830 is generally seen as the high point in american consumption. where talking a lot, especially because most of the consumption is described in terms of all americans 14 and over. that includes women who have lower rates of consumption and hopefully the 14-year-old's have lower rates. average, it is recognizing a certain part of the population is drinking a whole lot. those numberssure went down historically because there are lower rates of reported liver disease. that is the kind of thing we have to do to come up with a proxy measure. or there are fewer arrests for public junk in this. after prohibition, when a commodity is l

workingmen, working saloons. it does sharply interrupt some of those patterns. jeffrey: on the enforcement question, one of my colleagues, we were talking to today said marijuana is illegal, if it were not, i might use it. the fact that it became illegal consumption. decreased consumption. tell us about that. joshua: it was a lot. jeffrey: and then went back up in the 1970's. lisa: in the 19th century, people drink a lot. 1830 as the reference point. 1830 is generally seen as the high point in american so this is where we have to come up with the proxy measure or there are fewer arrest for public drunkenness. after prohibition, when the commodity is legalized again and can be taxed, at that point the rate of the amount of liquor getting taxed is lower than the rate during pre-prohibition. for how it affected people's habits, i think part of it is an argument that prohibition has long made which is if something is legal it seems respectable. so when alcohol became illegal it became less respectable. for certain people that made it more exciting, especially when a

jeffrey: for workingmen in the 19th century. you would work, you would drink, you would work. as you got higher rates of urbanization and industrialization, you had a saloon culture. in the late 19th, early 20th century, that public thinking culture was very much gender segregated, mostly male. you would not see women going into saloons. they would not be welcome, there was a sharp divide between the public sphere which was for men which was politics, the saloon, and women, which was child-rearing. what is fascinating is that the era of prohibition is the arguably the first era in which thinking becomes a hetero social activity and it comes to kind of embody the sophisticated set that is flouting these conventions in the 1920's. including the law. they are doing it, men and women, together. you do not really get that until it is illegal. jeffrey: we have a powder room. you had to create powder rooms for women. is that's right that it became an unwitting engine for gender integration? lisa: it definitely had that role. we are talking about a particular ethnic group. irish women