and that is when -- when the agreement percentage agreement was that yugoslavia was 50/50.that time of yalta, churchill already knows that he's being outgunned or cheated or whatever, that the soviets actually want -- want to have full control over yugoslavia and in that context, the negotiations from poland would also be affected by what happened in yugoslavia. and, again, i pretty sure there were no major decisions made at that level of the principles, but on the lower level, there could be some technical issues decided. but the key thing on yugoslavia was 50/50 was october '44 moscow. >> one final question here, to your right, dr. plokhii. >> thank you so much. two quick questions. to what extent did roosevelt's physical frailties affect his ability to negotiate effectively, and how much of this information was then given to truman also knowing the frailties of his physical situation? >> yeah, thank you. well, truman was very much forced on fdr as his vice president in 1944. so there were maybe two meetings that were there before fdr died of any substance between the two

i know about yugoslavia. they hosted the olympics in 1976, world war i started there, but beyond that, my knowledge was limited. yet days after i was first elected to the house in 1988, i was visited in my bronx office by my now close friend harry. he told me of a place called kosovo in yugoslavia which was populated largely by albanians. confused, i asked how this place defined itself, kosovo or yugoslavian or albanian? i began my education on the bow can's. -- the balkans. i have traveled many times with so many leaders from so many parties, and have come to love the rich variety of cultures, no placees, but touched me more than kosovo. my first day in the house of representatives in 1989 was followed shortly thereafter by a now infamous speech by slow but on the los of it. that is seen -- slobodan milosevic. that is seen as the creation of seven independent countries. i spent many years in the house of representatives with a small bipartisan group of congress members fighting the horrors. only a few of us

that was the phrase always used fdr sold poland down the river or yugoslavia or hungary at yalta. in the '70s, i was born in 1958, one of the big issues was the return of the crown from st. steven to hungary. there say crown traditionally associated with him and has a crooked -- the crown was off kilter because it was hit by a give it out to improve relations with hungry. that was carter's explanation. it roiled politics in cleveland for the better part of three years. a cleveland city councilwoman was leading the charge not to give the crown of saint steven back to the conference. and that was the talk over the years. now, what i'm going to try to agriculture today, there's another lens through which we can and probably should look at and i think it's one that is a little less used. the doctor referred to it enough times. but i'm going to try to go into a bit more detail on it here. he did set me up nicely. and i think in this light, we could judge it aratw5x remarkab success for everyone concerned and that is to gauge yalta's impact on the end of the war itself. on the strategy

from the mainstream media in the united states that you need to stop this team of elections in yugoslavia in 2001 in georgia in 2003 in ukraine in 2004 and it is a current. you're a member of these words you know they stole the election and every time almost every time these protests ended with a capacious of bottom and that's what happened in ukraine in 2014 and that's what happened in modo up in 2000 lines that's what happened in yugoslavia in 2000 fun that's what happened to shevardnadze in georgia in 2003 and now when american strike to do the same thing suddenly they are i call joe biden domestic terrorists 'd why it's a premisses anti-semite i didn't see a single anti-semitic saugor you know there are many bad things don't don't interpret me ask condone what happened on capitol hill and those people were not to entice him but you mention that neither of us none of us in joel what happened done deal not at all as a matter of fact george i want to see those people held accountable and i want to see all the people in the black lives matters and the and keep the riots of the months and

yugoslavia and britain would be split 50/50 in terms of influence.le gary at the soviets would have 55% influence. and the west, 25%. so note that poland isn't part of the agreement, check as a lackey is not part of it, austria's not part of it, but certainly in terms of the future influence taken in eastern europe it's very important what was agreed upon by these two leaders in moscow. but did roosevelt know about it? yes he did, because harriman was reported on the numbers, and he reported back to washington, -- stolen was led to believe that it was sort of a agreement between the big three. so ladies and gentlemen, i think i'm going to stop here. this is doctor dr. stoler outline of the war conference that took place that a lot of the events that would figure -- on the united nations were already, if not agreed upon, they were discussed. so it was a process that was going on during the whole war, and yalta continue the discussion. so thank you for your attention. if there are questions, and i can answer them, i would be happy to answer them. >> do

parliamentary elections in 29 the climate crisis emerged as the number one consume to finish photo milano yugoslavia seriously that some of the new best rely on this they are neutral yeah i guess i mean i was a very good thing american of us here and there and out of it while the left leaning social democrats received the most votes it wasn't enough votes to rule out right so a cold government was formed it now happens to be all female led by prime minister cinematically in the new generation are expecting us to act and we have to feel they expect. of people it's now the job of these women to slow down the speeding train of climate change and make finland carbon neutral in just 15 years well it here think about films and listening to hold you can say that intro police not so beak but if you count its citizens. and say that every country needs to do its pocked its ambitious carbon you. target finland plans to cut back on logging investment radically reduce its consumption of fossil fuels and start every new book. at some moment so whole world is crying to so. forth every. therefore. if you have. oppo

the climate crisis emerged as the number one concern for finnish photo shoots in the uk milano yugoslavia's it was here that i thought the model i knew best really understood your new yeah i guess i mean i was a very odd thing to read all of us here and there about it while the left leaning social democrats received the most votes it wasn't enough votes to rule out right so a cold mission government was formed it now happens to be all female led by prime minister sentiment in the new generation are expecting us to act and we have to feel they expect to see shares of the people it's now the job of these women to slow down the speeding train of climate change and make finland carbon neutral in just 15 years well it here to talk about finance and listen in the whole you can say that intro boy it's not so big but if your county its citizens biggest was. say that every country needs to spot its ambitious carbon neutral target finland plans to cut back on logging investment radically reduce its consumption of fossil fuels and keep start a renewable. at some moment so whole world is crying to so.

we'll give you poland, yugoslavia, czechoslovakia and hungary, what do you think?> are you suggesting that's what happened at yalta? are you saying that's what happened at yalta? i just want to know. i'm not agreeing or disagreeing. >> kind of sort of, yeah. >> i don't think there's any doubt that yalta, much of what was discussed at yalta, but not all, can be qualified or characterized as reale politic. you give us men to help invade japan, that was precisely what was done. it's very honest about human nature. it'st says people won't do things for altruistic motives but they will do things for a quid pro quo. you do something for me and i'll do something for you. if that's all yalta was, then why all the talk about the united nations? that's not the sort of reale politique. it's that people cooperate with one another and sometimes they're willing to surrender their sovereignty in the interest of the broader global community or regional community. what you've said is essentially a pretty good characteristic. the western allies wanted some stuff. they got some stuff

i'm skeptical about that as well but at any rate important to understand as a critical part when yugoslavia was founded and you can see that in my previous book shattered peace in world war i and treaty verse i with all the people in one country that should have boundaries and redlines that was also very critical. and you way to point that out. will be the next interlocutor? >> we have one very interesting person who was my editor at cnn. [laughter] and board members do you have a question for me? unmute yourself. >> you should be able to unmute yourself now. >> there you are. so that paris time in the final days of the trump administration in which redline concerns you the most? >> that's interesting i would suggest it is a ran in those areas around iran and mesopotamia and iraq and those areas. we may have on here smith and talking about militias in iraq but there have been at least new militias that have sprung up and i hope they will look at that but i would be most concerned about what the iranians might do. and with the chinese might do and there's the interest and as they began to te

. >> during the clinton administration extreme violence broke out in sarajevo, the break-up of yugoslaviaone.the last it was in dayton accords ended that war. but the region was very much still on the focus of the administration, it was a hot spot and secretary of state madeleine albright was very much aware of what was going on in the region. >> she was, and so she managed the response in coordination with some of her foreign minister counterparts. and she held an almost daily conference call with these foreign ministers and she later termed it conference call diplomacy to help manage this conflict. and they coordinated and worked quite well together. nd at the end of secretarial bright's tenure in january of 2001, she and her conference call diplomacy counterparts gathered for dinner in paris to celebrate the end of secretarial met igor nure and iganoff. on each of the cups is the imagine of albright and her foreign minister counterparts. and these include igor iganoff of russia. robin cook of the united kingdom. hubert of france. joshua fischer of germany. lloyd axworthy of candidate a

clinton administration, extreme violence broke out in sarajevo, in the bosnia region, the break-up of yugoslaviathe last gasp if you will of the cold war. so the americans were very much involved in the peace talks in dayton, ohio, the dayton accords, ended that war. but the region was very much still on the focus of the administration. it was a hot spot. and secretary of state madeleine albright was very much aware of what was going on in the region. katie: she was, and so she managed the response in coordination with some of her foreign minister counterparts. and she held an almost daily conference call with these foreign ministers and she later termed it conference call diplomacy to help manage this conflict. and they coordinated and worked quite well together. and at the end of secretary albright's tenure in january of 2001, she and her conference call diplomacy counterparts gathered for dinner in paris to so the bread the end of secretary albright's tenure, and of course she was given gifts. and this spectacular russian porcelain coffee set was a gift by the russian foreign minister, igor i

court law clerk, served as a legal adviser to the international criminal tribunal for the former yugoslavia at the hague and a visiting scholar at stanford law school. she started researching the lizzie borden story while at harvard. at the trial is robertson's first book and addressing one of the most infamous murders in american history. the murders of andrew and abby borden an the subsequent trial of their daughter lizzie were so sensationalized they remain a ubiquitous part of american lore now over years later. in details and using primary sources like court transcript and lizzie own letters providing a examination of the case. she am is faced how the social expectations and biases of the gilded age influenced the treatment and set the stage for the legend that borden has become. and now here is cara robertson. >> thank you. >> i'm not expecting a call. this is just to make sure i don't speak too long. thank you so much for coming. particularly on such a beautiful day. also, i think that when you've been working on a subject as long as i have, there is always a fear that you're involve

on the one hand, we often have a few during the war in the former yugoslavia of these parts of easternurope as places where there's always a lot of violence. these people are always at each other's throats, and that's not true. between 1700 and 1914 there was very little violence in those areas in these parts of eastern europe, certainly not in buczacz itself, but we also have to understand that these were not areas -- these were not societies that had the kind of multiethnic, multicultural pleural istic societies that we associate with modern societies. each group had distinct religious, cultural and socioeconomic identities and roles, and so there was a clear distinction between the groups. and although there was a fair amount of overlap between ukrainians and poles, there was much less between jews and gentiles. the most direct route of violence in this region can be traced through nationalism, and in this area we're talking about the late 19th century. it is at that time that people living in these areas begin to identify themselves increasingly according to national categories, no

we will give you poland, yugoslavia, czechoslovakia and hungry, you will give us 1 million and a half-manattack in two to three months against the japanese. what do you think? >> let me just make sure i know one i am answering. are you suggesting that is what happened at yalta? are you saying that is what happened at yalta? i just want to know. i'm not agreeing or disagreeing. >> kind of sort of, yeah. >> well, i don't think there's any doubt that yalta, much of what was discussed at yalta, but not all, could be characterized as real politics. give us 1 million and a half men to invade japan in exchange poland, that's kind of precisely what was done. real politics is honest about human nature. people won't do things for altruistic mode -- motives, but they will do something as a quid pro quo. you do something for me and i will do something for you. if that is all that yacht was, why so much talk about the united nations? united nations is not the realistic view of foreign relations, it's the liberal view formulations where people cooperate with one another. you give up some sovereignty fo

that's pretty much what stalin had told yugoslavia during the war, wherever an army liberates, it's goingpose its order on that place. that's what it did all over eastern europe. what happened in czechoslovakia, why did it come under communist control, the reason for that is in 1948, february, there was a coup in czechoslovakia where the government ministers of the conservative parties resigned. the communists seized the opportunity not to start a new government but simply put themselves into place, and from february 1948 onwards, we have the communists in control in prague and czechoslovakia as well, so you could say a year after hungary, after budapest, czechoslovakia is turning -- is being turned into a communist country as well. and the ultimate irony, of course, is that when it came time to who will participate in the marshal plan, the czechs would have loved to participate and said so in 1947, but stalin had called the czech leadership, the foreign minister to moscow and told him, no, you can't participate, and that might have been a preliminary step for check slow voc czechoslovaki

and the west of britain, 10% and in the case of 90% influence for the british and the soviets and yugoslaviaungary would be split 50/50 in terms of influence. in bulgaria, they would have 75% influence and the rest, 25%. so note that poland is not part of this agreement and czechoslovakia is not part of it. austria is not part of it and certainly in terms of the future influence taking over in eastern europe. it was very important what was agreed upon by these two leaders in moscow. did roosevelt know about it? yes, he did and he reported back to washington and since roosevelt did not outrightly reject the percentages, stalin was left to indeed it was sort of the agreement between the big three. so ladies and gentlemen, i think i'm going to stop here and this is the pre-yalta conference that took place where many of the important decisions that would figure at yalta, on germany and the post-world order on the united nations and if it was not already agreed upon it was discussed. it was ongoing with the whole war and yalta, of course, we continued those discussions. so thank you for your atte

yugoslavia was founded, you'll see that in my previous book centerpiece . at the end of world war i. it's when they were actually founded. and putting people into one country. should've had boundaries and redlines between them at the time. but they never did and that was also very critical than . anywhere had to make a choice. and you're right to point that out and i think you. so who will be our next question. does anybody want to raise their hand. we have an interesting person was my editor at cnn. affect and board members. anybody from there, you have a question for me. you have to unmute yourself. chad, can you unmute them. chad: yes and you should be able to unmute yourself. >> david, i have a contemporary question in the sort of perilous time that we are in with the final days of the trump administration. which redlines concern you the most. david: that's interesting. in order, i would suggest that it would be iran and also in iraq and in those areas. people may have philip smith on here from the washington middle east affairs. he is the leading exper

in 1992, the first genocide in europe since world war ii started happening in the former yugoslavia.n 1994, there was a genocide in rwanda, which was the fastest genocide in history. about 800,000 people were killed in ten weeks, mostly with machetes and fire, actual fire, not firearms. so it was a moment that we sort of felt that we had come to a better place. and at the same time, genocide returned. it was also a time in which the holocaust started becoming recognized, as i said just now in the introduction, we have a certain view today that the holocaust was always seen as an important event in the 20th century. but that is not the case. it took many years before histories of world war ii or histories of the 20th century actually included the history of the holocaust as an integral part of what's had happened in that century. and it was in the 1990s that this started happening. more and more museums were coming up. east european countries that wanted to join the new eu after the fall of communism pledged to go back and revisit their own pasts and to remember what had happened in t

>> well of course, but the general who is there, detail who ran yugoslavia, if it wasn't with an iron hand it was close to it, and he hosted a formal dinner for us one night. his wife was in her own way, you know she was basically hostess. and as a small top got smaller and smaller, things slow down and i could see she was totally hurt she was totally frozen, and she had picked out a speck on the pit karen islands, and she was looking at it with all the intensity of and i'm not i'm not quite sure wet but of one of those monoliths that look up and see people and she was doing a duplicative that and so things were not well at this formal dinner and about that time i saw neil, he got up out of his chair, and he went over and he started chatting with her just about the distance from here to their, and all of a sudden she brightened up, a big smile and marshall teed oh noticed, and that changed the whole thing and from then on we were all big buddies, and the next day i corner neill and said jeez neil, that was odd what the heck are you doing talking to her about? i heard you are talking a

she served as a legal adviser to the criminal tribunal of the former yugoslavia at the hague, and a visiting scholar at stanford law school. she published her first paper on the trial in 1997. the trial of lizzy borden is robertson's first book, and it she addresses one of the most infamous murders in american history. the murders of andrew and abby borden, and the subsequent trial of their daughter lizzy they made an ambiguous part of american lore of the american -- she strips away them mythologized details and using primary sources like court transcripts and lizzy's own letters, provides a meticulous analysis of the case. -- influenced let's ease treatment and set the stage for the legend borden has become. here is kara robertson. >> thank you. >> i'm not expecting a call this is just to make sure that i don't speak too long. thank you so much for coming. particularly on such a beautiful day. also, when you've been working on a subject as long as i have, there's always a fear that you are involved in some sort of intellectual stockholm syndrome. so it's great to know that once the book is