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Please take the joint.

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Thank you very much,
and this is such an honor to be here.

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I hope that I will speak short enough
so that we can have conversation.

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So my job here is hopefully to be useful
to some of the projects that you're

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doing, but also to provoke conversation,
to go and figure out what do we do

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now in this digital era.

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One of my favorite topics is digital
preservation, and so the opportunity to come

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here was not to be passed off.

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So some of the lessons that we have learned
by doing large scale preservation is

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what I would like to talk about today.

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The Internet Archive,
Nonprofit Research Library, this is what the

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building looks like in San Francisco.

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This is the Internet Archive
Canada in Vancouver.

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So please visit in these physical locations.

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Being physical is still so much
more fun than being on Zoom.

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A book that I think is important for
this conversation is recently published

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called The Library, A Fragile History.

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What happens to libraries?

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The answer is it's not good.

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In general, they are destroyed,
and they're destroyed usually on purpose, and

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they're destroyed by those that are in power.

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And this library has survived,
which is fantastic.

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There are two walls around this
particular building before

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you get out to the public.

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I don't think that's a mistake.

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So I think that if we're thinking about
long term, we have to think about what's

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the pressures on this.

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A lesson number one out of all of
this is access drives preservation.

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If you want funding, provide access.

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If you want something to be preserved,
provide access.

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If you go and just make dark archives,
they will be forgotten.

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They may not have been done right,
and nobody will fund you.

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So I would suggest that is one
of the lessons I have learned.

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Okay, this is a long outline,
but it is in themes, and I will go fast.

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But the idea of what are some of the
lessons and approaches that I've seen work

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in preserving analog, digital,
and end with sort of where should we go now.

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And that's what I suggest
for the end of this talk.

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Preserving analog.

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Digitizing materials.

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I would say actually that long list,
it's harder as we go down.

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It may sound like digitizing a
million pages a day, which we do,

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3,000 books a day.

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A million books a year is hard.

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Yeah, kind of.

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It's hard to get going,
but it's not the hardest thing.

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So this is microphone
digitization down the center.

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There's books on the sides.

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There are hundreds of people doing it.

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It's a shipping container every eight
days of materials that we're able

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to digitize.

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We're also digitizing bolognese.

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We wanted everything ever
written in a language.

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I think this is a good idea to go and
preserve these languages and support

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people that are in diaspora.

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And the first people to say
yes were the bolognese.

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And it's an island with three million people.

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They're very proud of their culture,
and they want to make it last.

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So they said yes, let's digitize all of it.

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They write on palm leaf manuscripts.

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So talk about a task for AI to help in
some of the optical character recognition

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of the handwritten,
what we've got in it, I call it.

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And I'm just trying to show you
some diversity of what it is that

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we've had to deal with at scale.

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This is microfilm.

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This is the reels.

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On the side there are master copies of this

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particular vendor called University Microfilms.

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And it is a, they went out of business.

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They were going to throw it away.

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So we bought it.

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And so those are the master copies.

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And to show, so each one of those
is a year in those canisters.

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So each one of those canisters
holds maybe 20 years.

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And that is a picture of one row of
one floor of the vault that we bought.

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If you look in the center of that,
it's me and really small.

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So it's,
so you can even scale to these sorts of sizes.

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Doing all along playing records,
effort, it's not that hard.

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All CDs, effort, it's just not that hard.

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By the scales of what we libraries do,
we're fairly small.

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And we can even do this by working together.

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Lesson number two, work with other libraries.

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Mission align organizations.

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If they're not aligned,
don't work with them as closely.

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Because then you will go in different paths.

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And working, we found partnerships with
libraries to be key in the success.

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So where do we get the
hundreds of thousands of CDs?

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Where LPs is from other
libraries and large collections.

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So it's how we work together with mission
aligned organizations to do what each

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one of us is very good at.

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As preserving analog, preserving digital,
more digital materials.

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This is with IFLA website, looked like in 1998.

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Which is kind of fun.

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But we're probably best known
for the Wayback Machine.

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We do all sorts of other things.

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We've been collecting away
and making it available.

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How we do this, we work with other libraries.

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We have 1,200 other
libraries that we work with.

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Including many national libraries there now.

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Just in the archive of it,
which is the small collections portal project.

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It's 6.6 petabytes.

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And we always emphasize for
people to take their bits home.

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But often they don't.

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So they leave them with us for the while.

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Please, think about taking your bits home.

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So anyway, so this is the archive function.

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And so we've been digitizing more digital again

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in this sort of coordinated approach.

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Preserving bits.

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Well, you have to keep copying them forward.

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And we don't really like the
idea of cloud computing.

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So the service that I sold to Amazon
was an architecture that became AWS.

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The Amazon Web Services.

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But we don't use Amazon Web Services.

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We go and use things that are on campus.

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So that we have them on control
inside our walls as best we can.

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This is just a parade of
pictures of what it is our

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servers look like over the years.

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When we're first starting, it was tape robots.

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Because hard drives were too expensive.

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This is the partial copy that's in
the library of Alexandria in Egypt.

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For real.

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Again, preservation strategy.

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It's worked with other libraries.

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So they re-architected their first floor.

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So blinking lights could be shown
to visitors of the library.

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And I highly recommend you go.

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It's beautiful.

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This is what the first part of when we
started putting things into the Stricting

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Internet Archive in the Netherlands.

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Thanks to Access Paul.

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This is 2008.

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A row of the machines that
we designed and built.

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In 2009, we had this idea of making data
centers out of shipping containers.

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Because I hate building data centers.

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They're kind of awful.

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So, and Sun and Google and Microsoft,
Yahoo all ran with it.

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And Sun actually gave us one.

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And so we put the lead-back
machine in a shipping container.

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So I get my favorite joke.

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Which is, you see, how big is the web?

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The web is 20 feet by 8 feet by 8 feet.

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And it weighs 26,000 pounds.

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At least at this time.

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There was about 85 micrograms a hit.

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So that was some big re-back machine was.

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This is what the web
architecture looks like now.

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We bought an old church in San Francisco.

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A Christian Science church.

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And we actually had the
machines in the great room.

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We made them quiet enough that
they're actually in the great room.

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And they blink.

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And every time a light flinks is somebody

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uploading something or downloading something.

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It's about 150 petabytes.

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And I know you're thinking,
wow, that's a whole lot.

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Well, not just in these.

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There's lots more.

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But it's 150 petabytes.

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But we were hearing about a major book
vendor here in Italy that has a half a

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million books.

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A half a million e-books.

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E-books is typically one megabyte.

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One megabyte times 500,000 is 500 gigabytes.

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That's as much as it is in my phone.

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[...]

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And it's much less that's in my laptop.

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This kind of numbers are just not that big.

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Our libraries can handle it.

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We should buy the bits on the bits.

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Because we should go and
manage our own collections.

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That's what we do as our tradition.

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But if you scale up to lots and lots of things,
you end up with 150 petabytes.

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Okay.

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And we're now offering a service called
Vault that is mission-aligned for people

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that don't have the
facilities on your campus or

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don't have it on your campus yet.

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So you can go and store with us.

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We have 50 organizations that have
something different than beta.

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We have a national archive that just
put everything they have in it.

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Anyway, that kind of thing.

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So that's how to store bits.

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I'm going to keep charging for
preserving links and context.

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This was referred to in the talk
about the Italian collection.

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The nations are quite the right way to
look at it because things link in and out.

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And the World Wide Web, or if you take
papers that have footnotes, citations at

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the bottom, you want to be able
to go to the footnote and go.

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So how do you do that?

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Well, we need new interlibrary loan
services that operate digitally at speed.

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But we also need to go and have our
collections larger than just one

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nation, maybe as one field and the like.

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And we start to work together in these
ways because just the idea of just the

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only being the Internet
archive is not the right idea.

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We have to work together.

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So we have done a lot of work to
go and fix the links in Wikipedia.

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There are a lot of footnotes
that have links to web pages.

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We collect all of those web
pages once it's authored.

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And when they break,
we go and put in a link to the Wayback Machine.

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We have now fixed 20 million broken links.

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Woo-hoo!

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So that's great.

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So people can now count on the Wikipedia more.

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And you have to go and do that
to go and fix these things.

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It's kind of broken.

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That's a problem with the World Wide Web,
working with Tinder and

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Earthly to try to fix slowly.

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But until then, we're going to try
to put these patches on top of it.

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We've also gone and we've
woven in links to books.

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So we prioritize digitizing all the books
that are referenced to Wikipedia so you

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can click on them and open
right to the right page.

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Check the reference.

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Go deeper.

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If you get a page or two,
and if you want more than

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that, then you have to check out the book.

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But you need page numbers.

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E-books don't have page numbers.

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It's a problem.

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So that's one of the reasons
why we need digitized

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physical books, is for the citations.

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This is a Wikipedia page that
referred to a Canadian study that the

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government did about it in Somalia.

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And when the new administration came in,
they took it all out.

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So they, now it's the Wayback Machine.

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Okay, so that's trying to preserve our digital.

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How do you preserve formats?

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Well, this is a very popular game from early

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1990s.

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Actually, I just met this week
the author of Prince of Persia.

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And he's got a book, a memoir.

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And so I got to meet him and he was so
happy that we made his game available.

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There are about two million people who
have played that game in emulation

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on the Internet Archive website.

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So I'm very glad to hear that the
Chinese delegation here is working on

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preserving software and doing
that kind of thing as well.

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Also, types of software that have gone
under is Adobe Splash, which a lot of

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children have been brought up on Flash games.

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And they can't play anymore because
one company stopped supporting it.

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But to the good side is
they didn't go and sue a

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company that was making an emulator.

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And so we worked with them and then we
brought a lot of these Flash games back to

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life and much to the happiness
of many grown up kids.

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And so all of us go.

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Preserving the Internet Archive.

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So, okay, so these are some of the things
that you may have been dealing with.

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How do you preserve bits?
How do you digitize and scale? How do you do

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that?
How do you link all these things together?

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But what about your institution itself?

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We're working to try to
preserve the Internet Archive.

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How? Well, there's some problems.

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We're being actively sued by two groups.

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The largest book publishers in the world
are suing the Internet Archive to try to

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make sure that people can't borrow books.

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That they can't own digital books.

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So their business model is all about being
a Netflix of books, making sure nobody

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can own an e-book.

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So my question earlier,
me it sounded a little bit rude, but I

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apologize if it did.

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But it's really to try to draw
out our libraries owning their

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digital materials anymore.

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And we think by going and
digitizing things we own, we do.

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The publishers are saying no.

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I'll end with the digital ownership.

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Then that is under appeal in the United States.

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The first district court was
not favorable to libraries.

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So that's really not good. Even though
there are now standards, it's built into

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the NYISO system.

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It's built into library platforms,
this digital lending.

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The courts are saying they don't
really want libraries to have digital

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files going forward.

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It's crippling if that is allowed to stand.

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And then the same lawyers, within one
hour of that judgment, sued us again.

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But on the behalf of the music industry,
about 3,078 RPM records.

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So we've digitized 450,000.
They've been up for 15 years.

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And they decided to sue about 3,000.
Not tell us to take them down, just sue us.

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And they're demanding us under the
United States law, 400 million dollars.

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So this is what it is the publishers are.

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And what they're doing to libraries.
In our case, they're also doing it to many

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other libraries in the United States.

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The libraries in the United
States are under attack.

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You've probably heard
about the book beginnings.

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But you may not have heard about all
the defundings that are going on.

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As well as these license deals that are
cranking up the cost of e-books in such a

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way that libraries can't have
anything but the best sellers.

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It's in a problematic.
And they're suing not just us, but others.

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So it's a time that libraries need to
stand together and stand up to be able to

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be able to do our basic functions in an
environment that's becoming more and more

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hostile, at least in the United States.

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Hasn't seem to have hit Europe
in quite the same way yet.

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Preserving the library system.

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So if we're going to have a library
system that does the basic functions of a

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library system,
then we're going to need to do some work.

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If we don't have digital ownership,
then they're going to draw a line and

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say, yes, you can have physical books.

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You can digitize the out of copyright ones.

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But everything else. Nope.

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This is a problem.

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That means that we if there's a line there
that says that we're going to end the

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library system with digital,
then we don't have a mechanism of keeping a

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history together.

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If you don't have digital ownership,
then the publishers can change books at

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any time and they do.

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And they can withdraw them.

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So it could be the end of history
because history is not ours to own.

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So on the US library system,
there's just some articles.

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You can't buy this books by Maria Bustillos.

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And another article by me about whether
there's going to be libraries in any of

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the current sense of what
a library is in 25 years.

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Again, access drives preservation.
That's how we're going to survive.

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So some of the library services
that are still not will

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be legal in the United States.

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There's interlibrary loan. There's access
for the print disabled. Lending is

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problematic.

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We have archiving partnerships.

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So what now? What should we do now?

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I would suggest we need to go and
reinforce what libraries have always done.

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And it's four points.

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What libraries are is we collect things,
we preserve them, we provide

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access to those materials,
and we cooperate with other libraries.

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And right now, all four of those things,
core features libraries do

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in the digital world are under threat.

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So let's make sure that these survive.
Let's speak a little bit more. What is

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collecting digital materials mean?

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We need to be able to legally
straightforwardly collect materials and

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make that a known thing that we can,
should, or obligated

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to do.

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We need to be able to preserve those
materials by doing format shifting and

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moving from one medium to the next.

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We need to be able to lend and
provide access to materials,

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say to one person at a time.

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The same way that we've always done it.

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Can we go and buy things and
perform our function in those ways?

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Cooperate within the libraries by sharing
with interlibrary loan, or actually

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moving our collections from one place to
another so that as disasters will fall,

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which always do,
that we can survive more readily than, say, a

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lot of the libraries in Europe
during this 20th century.

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So those four, I would say, are absolutely key.

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And we're working now with other
jurisdictions to try to find ones

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that will sign up for these.

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And if a jurisdiction will sign up for these,
there are foundations lined up

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to go and build digital libraries
in the nonprofit on soil and put

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their materials back in their country.

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That's good. It can be our Carnegie moment,
or Andrew Carnegie in the United

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States said,
if you will commit to go and staffing this

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library, I'll build it for you.

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But you have to sign up. Maybe it's time
again to go and have countries sign up

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for going on and doing it. We're in Nevada.

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It's solid. Let's do it here. Let's do it every

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as part of this trip going to Aruba.

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And I think that they may adapt it,
adopt it, at least at the library level. And

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I'm hoping within their legislature.

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Who will support digital libraries going
forward to make it straightforward to do

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our jobs?
It shouldn't be scary to be a librarian.

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And this is why I'm here for you.
So if you want to discuss any of this, please,

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we're very much out of light to you.

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So what's next? I'd say it's an AI opportunity.
And as was mentioned, I helped

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start a company called Thinking Machines.

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I was schooled in artificial intelligence.
The idea of where data is stored. I

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needed to go and get a lot of data.
So for the coming machines.

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And there's a lot of hope. Wait.
A lot of these technologies from my perspective

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and what I helped push forward is to make
it so that we're going to end up being

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able to consult the magnitudes of the
works of human kind that people aren't

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going to read every part of again.

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Right. It's just that they're not we're
not reading those. So how do we go and

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bring them back to life?
And some of this artificial intelligence

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technology is pretty great.

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The last wave of artificial intelligence
technology, which was search engines,

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also worked really well. When you digitize
even old stuff and put them up on the

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archive, people make them.

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We're about the 200 most popular website
in the world. OK, there's 200 more

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popular, but there are 100 million less
popular. So people want old stuff.

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So if we make it available to new in
different ways. So I would suggest a next

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challenge is to try to figure out how
to fair it. And with compensation or

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whatever it's going on work,
build digital libraries for thinking machines.

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Thank you very much.