WEBVTT Kind: captions; Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.001 Please take the joint. 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:04.001 Thank you very much, and this is such an honor to be here. 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:10.001 I hope that I will speak short enough so that we can have conversation. 00:00:11.001 --> 00:00:16.000 So my job here is hopefully to be useful to some of the projects that you're 00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:22.000 doing, but also to provoke conversation, to go and figure out what do we do 00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:24.001 now in this digital era. 00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:30.000 One of my favorite topics is digital preservation, and so the opportunity to come 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:33.001 here was not to be passed off. 00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:40.001 So some of the lessons that we have learned by doing large scale preservation is 00:00:40.001 --> 00:00:43.000 what I would like to talk about today. 00:00:44.000 --> 00:00:49.000 The Internet Archive, Nonprofit Research Library, this is what the 00:00:49.000 --> 00:00:51.000 building looks like in San Francisco. 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:56.001 This is the Internet Archive Canada in Vancouver. 00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:01.001 So please visit in these physical locations. 00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.001 Being physical is still so much more fun than being on Zoom. 00:01:07.001 --> 00:01:14.000 A book that I think is important for this conversation is recently published 00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:17.000 called The Library, A Fragile History. 00:01:17.000 --> 00:01:19.001 What happens to libraries? 00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:22.001 The answer is it's not good. 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:29.001 In general, they are destroyed, and they're destroyed usually on purpose, and 00:01:29.001 --> 00:01:32.000 they're destroyed by those that are in power. 00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:38.000 And this library has survived, which is fantastic. 00:01:38.001 --> 00:01:44.001 There are two walls around this particular building before 00:01:44.001 --> 00:01:46.000 you get out to the public. 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:48.001 I don't think that's a mistake. 00:01:51.000 --> 00:01:57.001 So I think that if we're thinking about long term, we have to think about what's 00:01:57.001 --> 00:01:59.000 the pressures on this. 00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:05.001 A lesson number one out of all of this is access drives preservation. 00:02:06.001 --> 00:02:09.000 If you want funding, provide access. 00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:14.000 If you want something to be preserved, provide access. 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:18.000 If you go and just make dark archives, they will be forgotten. 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:21.000 They may not have been done right, and nobody will fund you. 00:02:21.001 --> 00:02:26.000 So I would suggest that is one of the lessons I have learned. 00:02:26.001 --> 00:02:32.001 Okay, this is a long outline, but it is in themes, and I will go fast. 00:02:33.001 --> 00:02:40.000 But the idea of what are some of the lessons and approaches that I've seen work 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:46.000 in preserving analog, digital, and end with sort of where should we go now. 00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:51.000 And that's what I suggest for the end of this talk. 00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:52.001 Preserving analog. 00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:55.000 Digitizing materials. 00:02:55.001 --> 00:03:00.000 I would say actually that long list, it's harder as we go down. 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:06.001 It may sound like digitizing a million pages a day, which we do, 00:03:07.000 --> 00:03:08.001 3,000 books a day. 00:03:08.001 --> 00:03:11.001 A million books a year is hard. 00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:13.001 Yeah, kind of. 00:03:13.001 --> 00:03:17.001 It's hard to get going, but it's not the hardest thing. 00:03:18.001 --> 00:03:21.000 So this is microphone digitization down the center. 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:22.001 There's books on the sides. 00:03:23.000 --> 00:03:24.001 There are hundreds of people doing it. 00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:31.000 It's a shipping container every eight days of materials that we're able 00:03:31.000 --> 00:03:32.001 to digitize. 00:03:33.001 --> 00:03:36.000 We're also digitizing bolognese. 00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:39.000 We wanted everything ever written in a language. 00:03:39.001 --> 00:03:44.000 I think this is a good idea to go and preserve these languages and support 00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:45.001 people that are in diaspora. 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:49.000 And the first people to say yes were the bolognese. 00:03:49.001 --> 00:03:52.000 And it's an island with three million people. 00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:56.001 They're very proud of their culture, and they want to make it last. 00:03:57.001 --> 00:04:00.000 So they said yes, let's digitize all of it. 00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:03.000 They write on palm leaf manuscripts. 00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:09.001 So talk about a task for AI to help in some of the optical character recognition 00:04:09.001 --> 00:04:13.000 of the handwritten, what we've got in it, I call it. 00:04:13.001 --> 00:04:18.000 And I'm just trying to show you some diversity of what it is that 00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:19.001 we've had to deal with at scale. 00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:21.000 This is microfilm. 00:04:21.001 --> 00:04:23.000 This is the reels. 00:04:23.000 --> 00:04:30.000 On the side there are master copies of this 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:33.000 particular vendor called University Microfilms. 00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:36.001 And it is a, they went out of business. 00:04:37.001 --> 00:04:38.001 They were going to throw it away. 00:04:39.000 --> 00:04:41.001 So we bought it. 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:44.000 And so those are the master copies. 00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:48.001 And to show, so each one of those is a year in those canisters. 00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:51.000 So each one of those canisters holds maybe 20 years. 00:04:51.000 --> 00:04:58.000 And that is a picture of one row of one floor of the vault that we bought. 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:01.000 If you look in the center of that, it's me and really small. 00:05:02.001 --> 00:05:07.000 So it's, so you can even scale to these sorts of sizes. 00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:11.001 Doing all along playing records, effort, it's not that hard. 00:05:12.001 --> 00:05:17.000 All CDs, effort, it's just not that hard. 00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:22.000 By the scales of what we libraries do, we're fairly small. 00:05:23.001 --> 00:05:26.000 And we can even do this by working together. 00:05:26.001 --> 00:05:29.000 Lesson number two, work with other libraries. 00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:31.001 Mission align organizations. 00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:34.001 If they're not aligned, don't work with them as closely. 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:37.000 Because then you will go in different paths. 00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:43.000 And working, we found partnerships with libraries to be key in the success. 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:48.001 So where do we get the hundreds of thousands of CDs? 00:05:49.001 --> 00:05:52.001 Where LPs is from other libraries and large collections. 00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:59.000 So it's how we work together with mission aligned organizations to do what each 00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:01.000 one of us is very good at. 00:06:02.001 --> 00:06:07.000 As preserving analog, preserving digital, more digital materials. 00:06:08.000 --> 00:06:11.001 This is with IFLA website, looked like in 1998. 00:06:12.000 --> 00:06:13.000 Which is kind of fun. 00:06:13.001 --> 00:06:16.000 But we're probably best known for the Wayback Machine. 00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:17.001 We do all sorts of other things. 00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:21.001 We've been collecting away and making it available. 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:26.000 How we do this, we work with other libraries. 00:06:26.001 --> 00:06:30.000 We have 1,200 other libraries that we work with. 00:06:30.001 --> 00:06:33.000 Including many national libraries there now. 00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:39.000 Just in the archive of it, which is the small collections portal project. 00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:40.000 It's 6.6 petabytes. 00:06:40.001 --> 00:06:43.000 And we always emphasize for people to take their bits home. 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:44.001 But often they don't. 00:06:45.000 --> 00:06:46.001 So they leave them with us for the while. 00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:49.000 Please, think about taking your bits home. 00:06:50.001 --> 00:06:54.000 So anyway, so this is the archive function. 00:06:56.000 --> 00:07:00.000 And so we've been digitizing more digital again 00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:01.001 in this sort of coordinated approach. 00:07:02.001 --> 00:07:03.001 Preserving bits. 00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:07.000 Well, you have to keep copying them forward. 00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:10.001 And we don't really like the idea of cloud computing. 00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:16.000 So the service that I sold to Amazon was an architecture that became AWS. 00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:18.001 The Amazon Web Services. 00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:21.000 But we don't use Amazon Web Services. 00:07:21.001 --> 00:07:23.001 We go and use things that are on campus. 00:07:24.000 --> 00:07:29.000 So that we have them on control inside our walls as best we can. 00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:33.000 This is just a parade of pictures of what it is our 00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:35.000 servers look like over the years. 00:07:35.001 --> 00:07:37.000 When we're first starting, it was tape robots. 00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:40.001 Because hard drives were too expensive. 00:07:41.001 --> 00:07:47.000 This is the partial copy that's in the library of Alexandria in Egypt. 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:48.000 For real. 00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:50.001 Again, preservation strategy. 00:07:51.001 --> 00:07:53.000 It's worked with other libraries. 00:07:53.001 --> 00:07:55.000 So they re-architected their first floor. 00:07:55.000 --> 00:08:00.000 So blinking lights could be shown to visitors of the library. 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:02.000 And I highly recommend you go. 00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:02.001 It's beautiful. 00:08:04.001 --> 00:08:10.001 This is what the first part of when we started putting things into the Stricting 00:08:10.001 --> 00:08:12.001 Internet Archive in the Netherlands. 00:08:13.001 --> 00:08:15.000 Thanks to Access Paul. 00:08:16.001 --> 00:08:18.001 This is 2008. 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:21.000 A row of the machines that we designed and built. 00:08:24.000 --> 00:08:30.001 In 2009, we had this idea of making data centers out of shipping containers. 00:08:30.001 --> 00:08:32.000 Because I hate building data centers. 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:33.000 They're kind of awful. 00:08:33.001 --> 00:08:38.001 So, and Sun and Google and Microsoft, Yahoo all ran with it. 00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:40.001 And Sun actually gave us one. 00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:44.000 And so we put the lead-back machine in a shipping container. 00:08:44.001 --> 00:08:46.000 So I get my favorite joke. 00:08:46.001 --> 00:08:48.000 Which is, you see, how big is the web? 00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:52.000 The web is 20 feet by 8 feet by 8 feet. 00:08:52.001 --> 00:08:54.001 And it weighs 26,000 pounds. 00:08:55.001 --> 00:08:56.001 At least at this time. 00:08:57.000 --> 00:09:00.000 There was about 85 micrograms a hit. 00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:03.000 So that was some big re-back machine was. 00:09:03.001 --> 00:09:07.000 This is what the web architecture looks like now. 00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:10.000 We bought an old church in San Francisco. 00:09:10.001 --> 00:09:12.000 A Christian Science church. 00:09:12.001 --> 00:09:15.001 And we actually had the machines in the great room. 00:09:15.001 --> 00:09:19.001 We made them quiet enough that they're actually in the great room. 00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:20.001 And they blink. 00:09:21.001 --> 00:09:23.000 And every time a light flinks is somebody 00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:25.000 uploading something or downloading something. 00:09:25.001 --> 00:09:27.000 It's about 150 petabytes. 00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:30.001 And I know you're thinking, wow, that's a whole lot. 00:09:30.001 --> 00:09:31.001 Well, not just in these. 00:09:31.001 --> 00:09:32.000 There's lots more. 00:09:32.001 --> 00:09:34.001 But it's 150 petabytes. 00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:42.000 But we were hearing about a major book vendor here in Italy that has a half a 00:09:42.000 --> 00:09:43.001 million books. 00:09:43.001 --> 00:09:45.001 A half a million e-books. 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:48.001 E-books is typically one megabyte. 00:09:49.000 --> 00:09:54.001 One megabyte times 500,000 is 500 gigabytes. 00:09:55.001 --> 00:09:57.001 That's as much as it is in my phone. 00:09:58.001 --> 00:09:58.001 [...] 00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:01.000 And it's much less that's in my laptop. 00:10:01.001 --> 00:10:04.000 This kind of numbers are just not that big. 00:10:04.001 --> 00:10:06.001 Our libraries can handle it. 00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:09.001 We should buy the bits on the bits. 00:10:10.001 --> 00:10:13.001 Because we should go and manage our own collections. 00:10:13.001 --> 00:10:16.000 That's what we do as our tradition. 00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:20.001 But if you scale up to lots and lots of things, you end up with 150 petabytes. 00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:22.001 Okay. 00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:29.000 And we're now offering a service called Vault that is mission-aligned for people 00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:31.001 that don't have the facilities on your campus or 00:10:31.001 --> 00:10:33.000 don't have it on your campus yet. 00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:36.001 So you can go and store with us. 00:10:36.001 --> 00:10:39.001 We have 50 organizations that have something different than beta. 00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:43.001 We have a national archive that just put everything they have in it. 00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:45.000 Anyway, that kind of thing. 00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.000 So that's how to store bits. 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:55.000 I'm going to keep charging for preserving links and context. 00:10:55.001 --> 00:11:00.000 This was referred to in the talk about the Italian collection. 00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:06.001 The nations are quite the right way to look at it because things link in and out. 00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:12.000 And the World Wide Web, or if you take papers that have footnotes, citations at 00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:15.001 the bottom, you want to be able to go to the footnote and go. 00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:17.001 So how do you do that? 00:11:17.001 --> 00:11:23.000 Well, we need new interlibrary loan services that operate digitally at speed. 00:11:23.000 --> 00:11:29.000 But we also need to go and have our collections larger than just one 00:11:29.000 --> 00:11:33.000 nation, maybe as one field and the like. 00:11:33.001 --> 00:11:38.001 And we start to work together in these ways because just the idea of just the 00:11:38.001 --> 00:11:41.000 only being the Internet archive is not the right idea. 00:11:41.001 --> 00:11:42.001 We have to work together. 00:11:43.001 --> 00:11:48.000 So we have done a lot of work to go and fix the links in Wikipedia. 00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:51.001 There are a lot of footnotes that have links to web pages. 00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:54.000 We collect all of those web pages once it's authored. 00:11:55.000 --> 00:11:57.001 And when they break, we go and put in a link to the Wayback Machine. 00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:00.001 We have now fixed 20 million broken links. 00:12:01.001 --> 00:12:02.000 Woo-hoo! 00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:03.000 So that's great. 00:12:03.001 --> 00:12:08.000 So people can now count on the Wikipedia more. 00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:12.000 And you have to go and do that to go and fix these things. 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:12.001 It's kind of broken. 00:12:13.001 --> 00:12:16.001 That's a problem with the World Wide Web, working with Tinder and 00:12:16.001 --> 00:12:18.000 Earthly to try to fix slowly. 00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:23.000 But until then, we're going to try to put these patches on top of it. 00:12:23.001 --> 00:12:28.001 We've also gone and we've woven in links to books. 00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:33.000 So we prioritize digitizing all the books that are referenced to Wikipedia so you 00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:34.001 can click on them and open right to the right page. 00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:36.000 Check the reference. 00:12:36.001 --> 00:12:37.000 Go deeper. 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:41.000 If you get a page or two, and if you want more than 00:12:41.000 --> 00:12:43.000 that, then you have to check out the book. 00:12:43.001 --> 00:12:44.001 But you need page numbers. 00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:46.000 E-books don't have page numbers. 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:47.001 It's a problem. 00:12:48.001 --> 00:12:51.000 So that's one of the reasons why we need digitized 00:12:51.000 --> 00:12:53.000 physical books, is for the citations. 00:12:54.001 --> 00:13:01.000 This is a Wikipedia page that referred to a Canadian study that the 00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:02.001 government did about it in Somalia. 00:13:03.001 --> 00:13:06.000 And when the new administration came in, they took it all out. 00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:11.000 So they, now it's the Wayback Machine. 00:13:11.001 --> 00:13:15.000 Okay, so that's trying to preserve our digital. 00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:16.001 How do you preserve formats? 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:24.000 Well, this is a very popular game from early 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:26.000 1990s. 00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:30.001 Actually, I just met this week the author of Prince of Persia. 00:13:31.000 --> 00:13:33.000 And he's got a book, a memoir. 00:13:33.001 --> 00:13:38.000 And so I got to meet him and he was so happy that we made his game available. 00:13:38.001 --> 00:13:42.000 There are about two million people who have played that game in emulation 00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:43.001 on the Internet Archive website. 00:13:43.001 --> 00:13:49.000 So I'm very glad to hear that the Chinese delegation here is working on 00:13:49.000 --> 00:13:52.001 preserving software and doing that kind of thing as well. 00:13:53.000 --> 00:13:59.001 Also, types of software that have gone under is Adobe Splash, which a lot of 00:13:59.001 --> 00:14:01.001 children have been brought up on Flash games. 00:14:01.001 --> 00:14:06.000 And they can't play anymore because one company stopped supporting it. 00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:12.000 But to the good side is they didn't go and sue a 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:13.001 company that was making an emulator. 00:14:14.001 --> 00:14:19.000 And so we worked with them and then we brought a lot of these Flash games back to 00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:23.000 life and much to the happiness of many grown up kids. 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:26.000 And so all of us go. 00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:28.001 Preserving the Internet Archive. 00:14:28.001 --> 00:14:33.000 So, okay, so these are some of the things that you may have been dealing with. 00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:36.000 How do you preserve bits? How do you digitize and scale? How do you do 00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:37.001 that? How do you link all these things together? 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:40.000 But what about your institution itself? 00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:44.001 We're working to try to preserve the Internet Archive. 00:14:45.001 --> 00:14:48.000 How? Well, there's some problems. 00:14:48.001 --> 00:14:52.000 We're being actively sued by two groups. 00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:59.000 The largest book publishers in the world are suing the Internet Archive to try to 00:14:59.000 --> 00:15:01.000 make sure that people can't borrow books. 00:15:01.001 --> 00:15:05.001 That they can't own digital books. 00:15:06.001 --> 00:15:11.000 So their business model is all about being a Netflix of books, making sure nobody 00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:13.000 can own an e-book. 00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:16.000 So my question earlier, me it sounded a little bit rude, but I 00:15:16.000 --> 00:15:17.001 apologize if it did. 00:15:17.001 --> 00:15:22.001 But it's really to try to draw out our libraries owning their 00:15:22.001 --> 00:15:24.000 digital materials anymore. 00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:31.000 And we think by going and digitizing things we own, we do. 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:34.001 The publishers are saying no. 00:15:36.001 --> 00:15:39.000 I'll end with the digital ownership. 00:15:41.001 --> 00:15:45.000 Then that is under appeal in the United States. 00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:48.001 The first district court was not favorable to libraries. 00:15:50.001 --> 00:15:56.000 So that's really not good. Even though there are now standards, it's built into 00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:58.001 the NYISO system. 00:15:58.001 --> 00:16:02.001 It's built into library platforms, this digital lending. 00:16:02.001 --> 00:16:08.000 The courts are saying they don't really want libraries to have digital 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:10.000 files going forward. 00:16:10.001 --> 00:16:14.000 It's crippling if that is allowed to stand. 00:16:15.001 --> 00:16:22.000 And then the same lawyers, within one hour of that judgment, sued us again. 00:16:23.000 --> 00:16:28.001 But on the behalf of the music industry, about 3,078 RPM records. 00:16:28.001 --> 00:16:33.001 So we've digitized 450,000. They've been up for 15 years. 00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:39.001 And they decided to sue about 3,000. Not tell us to take them down, just sue us. 00:16:40.001 --> 00:16:45.000 And they're demanding us under the United States law, 400 million dollars. 00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:50.000 So this is what it is the publishers are. 00:16:50.001 --> 00:16:56.000 And what they're doing to libraries. In our case, they're also doing it to many 00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:57.001 other libraries in the United States. 00:16:57.001 --> 00:17:00.000 The libraries in the United States are under attack. 00:17:00.001 --> 00:17:02.001 You've probably heard about the book beginnings. 00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:06.001 But you may not have heard about all the defundings that are going on. 00:17:07.001 --> 00:17:13.001 As well as these license deals that are cranking up the cost of e-books in such a 00:17:13.001 --> 00:17:16.001 way that libraries can't have anything but the best sellers. 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:21.001 It's in a problematic. And they're suing not just us, but others. 00:17:21.001 --> 00:17:28.000 So it's a time that libraries need to stand together and stand up to be able to 00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:33.000 be able to do our basic functions in an environment that's becoming more and more 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:35.000 hostile, at least in the United States. 00:17:35.001 --> 00:17:41.000 Hasn't seem to have hit Europe in quite the same way yet. 00:17:43.001 --> 00:17:45.000 Preserving the library system. 00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:51.000 So if we're going to have a library system that does the basic functions of a 00:17:51.000 --> 00:17:56.000 library system, then we're going to need to do some work. 00:17:56.001 --> 00:18:01.000 If we don't have digital ownership, then they're going to draw a line and 00:18:01.000 --> 00:18:03.000 say, yes, you can have physical books. 00:18:03.001 --> 00:18:06.000 You can digitize the out of copyright ones. 00:18:07.000 --> 00:18:08.001 But everything else. Nope. 00:18:10.001 --> 00:18:11.000 This is a problem. 00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:17.001 That means that we if there's a line there that says that we're going to end the 00:18:17.001 --> 00:18:24.001 library system with digital, then we don't have a mechanism of keeping a 00:18:24.001 --> 00:18:26.001 history together. 00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:31.000 If you don't have digital ownership, then the publishers can change books at 00:18:31.000 --> 00:18:33.000 any time and they do. 00:18:33.001 --> 00:18:35.001 And they can withdraw them. 00:18:35.001 --> 00:18:40.001 So it could be the end of history because history is not ours to own. 00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:46.000 So on the US library system, there's just some articles. 00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:49.001 You can't buy this books by Maria Bustillos. 00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:59.000 And another article by me about whether there's going to be libraries in any of 00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:03.000 the current sense of what a library is in 25 years. 00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:09.001 Again, access drives preservation. That's how we're going to survive. 00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:15.001 So some of the library services that are still not will 00:19:15.001 --> 00:19:17.000 be legal in the United States. 00:19:17.001 --> 00:19:22.001 There's interlibrary loan. There's access for the print disabled. Lending is 00:19:22.001 --> 00:19:24.001 problematic. 00:19:25.001 --> 00:19:27.000 We have archiving partnerships. 00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:32.000 So what now? What should we do now? 00:19:32.000 --> 00:19:37.001 I would suggest we need to go and reinforce what libraries have always done. 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:39.000 And it's four points. 00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:47.001 What libraries are is we collect things, we preserve them, we provide 00:19:47.001 --> 00:19:52.000 access to those materials, and we cooperate with other libraries. 00:19:53.000 --> 00:19:59.001 And right now, all four of those things, core features libraries do 00:19:59.001 --> 00:20:02.000 in the digital world are under threat. 00:20:03.001 --> 00:20:09.000 So let's make sure that these survive. Let's speak a little bit more. What is 00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:10.001 collecting digital materials mean? 00:20:10.001 --> 00:20:17.000 We need to be able to legally straightforwardly collect materials and 00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:22.001 make that a known thing that we can, should, or obligated 00:20:22.001 --> 00:20:24.000 to do. 00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:30.000 We need to be able to preserve those materials by doing format shifting and 00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.000 moving from one medium to the next. 00:20:34.000 --> 00:20:38.000 We need to be able to lend and provide access to materials, 00:20:38.001 --> 00:20:40.000 say to one person at a time. 00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:44.000 The same way that we've always done it. 00:20:44.001 --> 00:20:49.001 Can we go and buy things and perform our function in those ways? 00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.001 Cooperate within the libraries by sharing with interlibrary loan, or actually 00:20:54.001 --> 00:20:59.000 moving our collections from one place to another so that as disasters will fall, 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:07.000 which always do, that we can survive more readily than, say, a 00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:11.001 lot of the libraries in Europe during this 20th century. 00:21:12.001 --> 00:21:18.001 So those four, I would say, are absolutely key. 00:21:19.001 --> 00:21:25.001 And we're working now with other jurisdictions to try to find ones 00:21:25.001 --> 00:21:27.001 that will sign up for these. 00:21:27.001 --> 00:21:33.001 And if a jurisdiction will sign up for these, there are foundations lined up 00:21:33.001 --> 00:21:40.001 to go and build digital libraries in the nonprofit on soil and put 00:21:40.001 --> 00:21:44.000 their materials back in their country. 00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:50.000 That's good. It can be our Carnegie moment, or Andrew Carnegie in the United 00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.000 States said, if you will commit to go and staffing this 00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:56.000 library, I'll build it for you. 00:21:56.000 --> 00:22:02.001 But you have to sign up. Maybe it's time again to go and have countries sign up 00:22:02.001 --> 00:22:05.000 for going on and doing it. We're in Nevada. 00:22:05.001 --> 00:22:10.000 It's solid. Let's do it here. Let's do it every 00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:12.001 as part of this trip going to Aruba. 00:22:13.001 --> 00:22:18.001 And I think that they may adapt it, adopt it, at least at the library level. And 00:22:18.001 --> 00:22:20.001 I'm hoping within their legislature. 00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:27.000 Who will support digital libraries going forward to make it straightforward to do 00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:30.001 our jobs? It shouldn't be scary to be a librarian. 00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:37.000 And this is why I'm here for you. So if you want to discuss any of this, please, 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:39.000 we're very much out of light to you. 00:22:39.001 --> 00:22:45.001 So what's next? I'd say it's an AI opportunity. And as was mentioned, I helped 00:22:45.001 --> 00:22:47.000 start a company called Thinking Machines. 00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:52.001 I was schooled in artificial intelligence. The idea of where data is stored. I 00:22:52.001 --> 00:22:55.001 needed to go and get a lot of data. So for the coming machines. 00:22:56.001 --> 00:23:02.001 And there's a lot of hope. Wait. A lot of these technologies from my perspective 00:23:02.001 --> 00:23:07.001 and what I helped push forward is to make it so that we're going to end up being 00:23:07.001 --> 00:23:14.000 able to consult the magnitudes of the works of human kind that people aren't 00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:16.000 going to read every part of again. 00:23:16.000 --> 00:23:21.000 Right. It's just that they're not we're not reading those. So how do we go and 00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:24.001 bring them back to life? And some of this artificial intelligence 00:23:24.001 --> 00:23:26.001 technology is pretty great. 00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:30.001 The last wave of artificial intelligence technology, which was search engines, 00:23:30.001 --> 00:23:35.000 also worked really well. When you digitize even old stuff and put them up on the 00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:36.001 archive, people make them. 00:23:36.001 --> 00:23:42.000 We're about the 200 most popular website in the world. OK, there's 200 more 00:23:42.000 --> 00:23:47.000 popular, but there are 100 million less popular. So people want old stuff. 00:23:47.001 --> 00:23:52.001 So if we make it available to new in different ways. So I would suggest a next 00:23:52.001 --> 00:23:57.001 challenge is to try to figure out how to fair it. And with compensation or 00:23:57.001 --> 00:24:02.001 whatever it's going on work, build digital libraries for thinking machines. 00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:05.000 Thank you very much.