he truly is what he always dreamed of being, having unbridled power and be able to put through programs that were near and dear to his heart one after the other in the next few years. narrator: but the 1964 election would ultimately have another more surprising winner. - barry goldwater loses in 1964 in an ababsolute lanandslide. it's one of the worst losses in american presidential history. and yet in many ways, he won the party. - '64 is a a moment that a a differentnt brand ofof conservatatives grab the r republican n par. ththis new rigight that iss no lononger seen as this kind of stuffy country club thing but has a real populaced edge to it. [cheheers and apapplause] - - by 1980, when rononald reagan wins, it becomes clear that this is barry goldwater's party. there's an old joke that barry goldwater

really did win in 1964. it just took them 16 years to count the vote. [narrator] for 8 years, you've been a heartbeat away from the oval office... ...a loyal vice-president... [john f. kennedy] 'we will carry the fight and we shall win!' [cheering] ...biding your time, waiting your turn. you know the path to power... [jingle] ♪ ...kennedy! kennedy!... and you think you know the rules. ♪ kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! ♪ kennedy!

but what happens when you discover you don't even know how to play the game? [siren wails] 1960, america, land of the free,

is terrified of the red menace. [man] 'america was very unsettled.' the soviets had the bomb and because of that there was uncertainty there, there was fear. america has confidence in its president, father of the nation in world war ii, dwight d. eisenhower. but even presidents have to retire. who can step into his shoes? many think this is the man, eisenhower's vice president for eight years... ...richard milhous nixon. richard nixon is well known to the american people. nixon's not scared of the russians, as soviet premier nikita khruschev finds out at a moscow trade fair. [man] it wasn't supposed to be much. it was supposed to be just a meeting.

but it turned into a confrontation. there must be a free exchange of ideas. capitalism versus communism. [indistinct] back and forth and back and forth, jabbing with the fingers. the words didn't matter. it was the images that mattered. [naftali] 'he was presidential.' he seemed ready for the white house. meanwhile, traveling through the bleak wisconsin landscape, there is another man who believes he's destined for the white house. he's young, he's inexperienced, and he's almost unknown. [man on loudspeaker] senator kennedy... [indistinct] his name is john f. kennedy, and he aims to win the wisconsin democratic primary. [man] 'you would go to a plant gate...

'and would stand right there.' my job was to shake hands with jack kennedy. shake hands with teddy. bobby. we worked hard. i come here today as a candidate in the wisconsin primary. kennedy is smart. he knows that if he can prove himself a vote-winner here in the primaries, the democratic party will have to take him seriously as a candidate for president. this was a new way of campaigning. this was a new way of becoming the nominee. [brennan] 'first of all, he's going to have to beat hubert humphrey.' hubert humprhey, democrat senator from minnesota, is confident he'll win wisconsin hearts. let me tell you, i've been working for the dairy farmer ever since i set foot in the senate of the united states. [brennan] 'so, we knew we had a tough job to win.' it was a monumental challenge.

kennedy does have one advantage... ...being a kennedy. his father joseph, rich, powerful, and the former ambassador to great britain, has always wanted a son for president. politics was definitely a family affair. you had a large family who was out there saying, "we are supporting our brother "or our brother-in-law" ...and that, i think, was a very compelling picture. and if the might of the kennedys isn't enough, then there's j.f.k.'s ever-present, ever-glamorous wife, jackie. you put the two together and people are just in awe. 'really, they were the beatles before the beatles.' and for the icing on the campaign cake, frank sinatra serenades wisconsin with a special version of "high hopes".

♪ 'cause he's got high hopes ♪ he's got... ♪ high hopes! so, i started singing.. [indistinct] ...and kennedy said, "it's never been sung like that before." ♪ vote for kennedy vote for kennedy... ♪ [naftali] doesn't happen very often, when a billboard #1 singer decides to use his talents to sell a political campaign. ♪ vote for kennedy! glamor, show business and family. who can compete with that? ♪ so it's hubert... ...not hubert humphrey. ♪ ...the president for you and me♪ [sabato] 'humphrey recognized what he was facing.' he called himself the corner drugstore, compared to a chain. 'the kennedys were a chain, powerful, big.' how do you do, ma'am? and he was passing out palm cards on the streets.

i'm senator humphrey. this doesn't work too good either. it just didn't work. a desperate humphrey lunges for kennedy's achilles heel. j.f.k. is a catholic and no catholic has ever been elected president. there was a very strong anti-catholic feeling. j.f.k.'s team fight back. it's bare-knuckle time, as kennedy aide paul corbin comes out swinging. how are we doing? [evan thomas] 'paul corbin was a political hack.' we got all we need here? he was also a dirty trickster. he would stop at nothing. 'corbin arranged to have a lot of anti-catholic literature 'shipped into wisconsin,' so right away a lot of voters are offended.. '...and they think that the awful bigoted stuff

'is coming from hubert humphrey.' corbin's dirty trick works. thousands of incensed catholics get up and vote for kennedy. [brennan] 'we won. it was tough.' but we won. after victory in wisconsin and a landslide in west virginia, kennedy heads straight for the nomination... ...but the democratic bosses are out to get him. the first knife in kennedy's back is plunged by former president harry truman. senator kennedy, are you certain that you are quite ready for the role of presidet in january 1961? do not think it was a foregone conclusion that kennedy would be the nominee after west virginia. 'he was the dark-horse candidate. he was the outsider.'

he was not washington's choice.

adoring crowds greet kennedy at the democratic convention. we had great hopes that jack was going to win.

he had won all the primaries. but it wasn't a sure thing. 'good afternoon from the sports arena in los angeles, california, 'the site of the national democratic convention, 'and this is the big one...' kennedy holes up with his brother bobby and his team. his hotel suite becomes a command bunker. his target, the old guard of the democrats. he knows they plan to crush him. kennedy had a major foe, trying to bring him down at every opportunity. 'his name was lyndon b. johnson, 'the senate majority leader from texas.' johnson wants the nomination for himself, and he's prepared to play dirty. lyndon johnson's allies and friends, at the convention, begin to talk abot kennedy's health problem. kennedy had serious health problems. addison's disease. he had a hormonal deficiency that could have killed him.

'in fact, his father put medicine' in safe deposit vaults all over the united states so that kenney would never run short. so, what johnson does is he makes it a campaign issue. the kennedy forces denied it vociferously and have doctors come out and say that he was above average in health and energy and vitality and he had never had so-called addison's disease and they lied through their teeth. kennedy's illness is never mentioned again. it's a victory for jfk's team, if not for truth. had the american public known just how sick jack kennedy was, he probably could not have been a presidential candidate. now they work the convention floor. john f. kennedy! to win the nomination, they must get an outright majority. kennedy had the most advanced operation

any candidate in either party had ever had at a national convention. bobby kennedy was the campaign manager. he's tough, he's brass, and he can be mean, and he is leading the vote-counting on the floor of the convention. [naftali] 'they knew exactly what they were doing.' the delegates start voting. [naftali] johnson believed that he'd win. kennedy was worried. he thought he had it sewn up. but he wasn't certain of it. [man] 'mr. chairman, 'wyoming's vote will make the majority for senator kennedy.' yes! [laughter] [sabato] 'kennedy won the nomination 'but he did not unify the party.' 'there were many senior democrats

suggesting that he couldn't win in november. in a surprise move, to heal party wounds, kennedy names as his running mate... ...lyndon b. johnson. one of the smartest thinks that kennedy did was to make l.b.j. his running mate. he had the wisdom to know that he needed texas and he needed southern votes, and l.b.j. was able to deliver texas. 'let me say first that i accept the nomination 'of the democratic party' [crowd cheers] 'the republican nominee, of course, is a young man 'but his party is the party of the past.' nixon was watching kennedy's acceptance speech, and he thought it was weak. he thought kennedy came across as being privileged and effeminate and not that good on tv

and nixon thought to himself, "i can beat him" [man] richard nixon. 12 days later, an unopposed richard nixon secures the republican nomination. [nixon] thank you. [crowd chants] we want nixon! we want nixon! when mr. khrushchev says our grandchildren will live under communism, let us say his grandchildren will live in freedom. nixon's speech fires the opening shot of the election. the race for the white house is on. ♪ kennedy, kennedy, kennedy, kennedy, kennedy, kennedy ♪ kennedy for me! ♪ kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! kennedy! ♪ the kennedys do what kennedys do best: spend money. [sabato] 'it was called the jingle ad.' every product was sold with a jingle, so why not a candidate? ♪ well, it's up to you, it's up to you ♪ it's strictly up to you... that ad aired a lot during the daytime

'so, at the time, and it's somewhat sexist to say, 'it was aimed at housewives watching soap operas.' ♪ kennedy! 'what is the most important issue 'confronting the american people 'in this election campaign?' nixon was selling security, stability, "you know what you get with me. "you know what you had with eisenhower. "let's stick with what works" i'm gonna wear this in the st. patrick's day parade in boston. the press loved kennedy and kennedy loved the press. they thought he was charming. they thought he was fun. they wanted singalongs on the campaign plane. nixon was exactly the opposite. they thought he was awkward, weird, uncomfortable. the press liked jake and they did not like dick.

[sabato] 'nixon's staff had urged him' to develop a better relationship with the press and, finally, nixon had agreed to go down and socialise with them at the pool at the hotel, in the evening. 'well, the press was all there drinking and enjoying the pool 'and, all of a sudden, 'they saw nixon appear at the opposite end of the pool.' he waved, jumped in... ...got out and went right back to his hotel room. and that was nixon press relations. pressmen love kennedy. church men, not so much. across the country, protestant ministers are directing anti-catholic hatred at kennedy. chief among the bigots is dr. norman vincent peale.

i'd like to give you all a very warm welcome today. in front of a mass meeting, he declares... faced with an electing of a catholic, our culture is at stake! [sabato] 'it's incredible. it was an election about religion.' and america, in 1960, is still a protestant nation. even kennedy's father, joe, doubts his son can ever be president.

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no pope in the white house! no pope in the white house! no pope in the white house! the whole city of houston was almost in turmoil. 'the christian anti-communist crusade had the city scared, 'and then there were the ku klux klan.' they were all attacking senator kennedy as a catholic, that he shouldn't be president. the opposition were so strong and so vocal and so wide, i felt he needed help. pastor herb meza believes he has the fix. 'i immediately invited john kennedy to come and speak.' we needed to hear from him.

meza's plan is almost holy in its simplicity. the offer was to have kennedy come and address a group of protestant ministers numbering about 400 in the houston area. 'kennedy agreed to do it.' when meza's congregation hear that kennedy is coming, all hell breaks loose. i remember an elderly lady from new orleans who wrote to me and said, "i'm 65 years old. "i've been teaching sunday school for 20 years. "i hope your daughter marries a nigger." and that was the kind of climate we were in. [meza] may i call this special meeting of the association of ministers of greater houston to order? let us stand for prayer. america tunes in to see the debate live. god be merciful unto us and bless us... tonight the men of god are not men of peace.

[meza] senator kennedy sat next to me and he said, "reverend, how are things doing?" 'he was shaking. i was amazed.' i told my wife later on, "he was shaking." 'senator john f. kennedy.' [meza] 'but after i introduced him and he got up to speak, 'all that disappeared.' he became so cool, so collected, 'and he began taking questions.' the reason for our concern... - ...catholic hierarchy. - ...binding upon you. the policy of catholic leadership. ...including the political realm. he answered every single question put to him and some of them were very pointed and very ugly. there will be many catholics who will be appointed if you're elected president. i am not the catholic candidate for president. 'i am the democratic partys candidate for president' [meza] i was deeply moved by some of the things that senator kennedy said that evening. 'among them, i remember, he said...' finally, i believe in a nation

where religious intolerance will someday end, 'where all men and all churches are treated as equals.' [meza] where every man has the same right to attend or not attend the church of his choice. this is the kind of america i believe in. [meza] 'they gave him a standing ovation.' everybody got up and applauded for about a couple of minutes. praying the religious controversy is resolved, kennedy's team focus on the swing states. nixon meanwhile adopts an ambitious strategy to win over the electorate one by one. nixon pledged to visit all 50 states and it was the dumbest move of the campaign. [john warner] 'as much as we all adore hawaii and alaska,' they're a long way away,

and the time that was devoured and measured in the number of votes that you're gonna get, it's a bad formula. 'you just sort of drain your energy.' nixon traded his physical advantage, the fact that he was in better shape than kennedy, traded it away, because he created this impossible and unnecessary goal that tired him out. he also got sick. nixon was physically clumsy, famously so. he dropped thinsg, he could barely turn on a radio, 'and he's getting out of a car...' [metallic thud] '...and he cracks his knee on the car door...' ...and he winds up in the hospital with a serious infection, for two weeks. 'he can't campaign.'

[buchanan] he'd lost about ten pounds and he's looking sallow and he's looking gaunt and he wasn't himself. at that point he should have said, "we're not gonna be able to make the 50 states." and we can't take a chance now on that kind of inexperienced leadership! that's the issue of this campaign. but he was stubborn, he could be bull-headed, and instead he made his commitment to do all this traveling. it was a terrible mistake. nixon is exhausted, haggard, trailing in the polls. but then there is a ray of hope... ...the first-ever televised presidential debate. nixon was convinced that this was going to be the moment when he unmasked jack kennedy. the two parties agreed to four live debates. [naftali] 'he was very confident 'about his ability to do well.' he just didn't assume

that the whole game would be decided at the first debate.

this election is a choice between results or just rhetoric. californians deserve a senator who is going to deliver for them every day and not just talk a good game. adam schiff. he held a dangerous president accountable. he also helped lower drug costs, bring good jobs back home, and build affordable housing. now he's running for the senate.

our economy, our democracy, our planet. this is why we fight. i'm adam schiff, and i approve this message. with only seven weeks until election day, the nation prepares itself for the first-ever live televised presidential debate.

this was the largest audience for any public event to that point in american history on television. 'this was 70 million people.' this wasn't a 10% or 20% of the electorate. it was near 100% of the electorate. on the day of the debate, nixon had regular campaign events. he didn't save up his energy. [pat buchanan] 'he went to the carpenters' union, who were gonna endorse a democracy, in order to rally them. this is the day of the debate. [evan thomas] 'meanwhile jack kennedy is sunning himself, 'taking a nap,' maybe doing a little bit of studying, but, basically, preparing himself by relaxing. 'when they get to the studio, nixon is all nervous and anxious. and as he gets out of the taxi, he hits his knee again. [metallic thud]

so, nixon arrives for the debate in agony. 'he's looking for kennedy. "where is kennedy?"' kennedy cruises in, calm, steady. they're asked if they want makeup and jack kennedy says no, and nixon, who wants to be manly, says, "well, i don't need it either." 'meanwhile, kennedy goes back and gets some max factor applied to him' and nixon sends somebody down to michigan avenue 'to buy some hideous thing called shave stick... '...which he rubs on him, like gray grease across his face. [sabato] 'nixon was pacing around the studio. 'he was asking people questions.' think i'd better shave? well, it was past time for all of those questions. [man] studio. 30 seconds to air. [naftali] 'kennedy did not present himself until he was fully ready.'

'he wasn't gonna stand around with richard nixon' and chat before the main event, he was gonna come in like the prizefighter he was. [man] testing, 1, 2, 3... and nixon made every mistake you could think of in that debate. look at the faces of the two candidates in this debate... ...and ask yourself who is presidential... '...and who is scared.' the contrast is dramatic. [man] and now for the first opening statement by senator john f. kennedy. mr. smith, mr. nixon. kennedy looks cool, confident, presidential. i want people to start to look to america. nixon looks nervous, looks anxious. his eyes are darting about. he keeps looking at kennedy. "what's kennedy up to?" 'he's sweating. he's uneasy.'

it's the exact opposite of the image he's supposed to project. the things that senator kennedy has said, many of us can agree with. and again and again, the vice president would say, "i agree with senator kennedy" and i subscribe completely to the spirit that senator kennedy has expressed tonight. and it made him look like, basically, second fiddle. and the fact is television sees it all. [evan thomas] 'nixon's supporters are cringing 'and kennedy's aides are gloating.' mayor daley of chicago says that nixon looks embalmed. mr. nixon, would you like to comment on that statement? i have no comment. reporter joe alsop says that nixon looks like a suspect in a statutory rape case. nixon's own running mate, henry cabot lodge, says, "we've lost."

tv polls show kennedy wins the debate, but radio listeners side with nixon. [police siren wails] and an arrest in alabama could play to nixon's advantage, when civil rights take center stage. [woman] 'i met richard nixon when i was in the ninth, maybe tenth grade 'and we got to shake hands with him.' i thought richard nixon would be a good president. [evan thomas] 'there's a huge public misperception on civil rights.' they think that nixon was some kind of hideous racist and jack was the friend of the black man. not true. 'nixon had a strong civil-rights record in the '50s. 'he was a friend of martin luther king.' the republican party was the party of civil rights. 'the democratic party was the party of secession and segregation.

every single member of the ku klux klan was a member of the democratic party. so, going into the election, nixon had reason to believe he would have a lot of black support. [sirens wail, dogs bark] just three weeks before the election, martin luther king is arrested. he and 50 other african americans had entered a whites-only restaurant. the police were called. they refused to move and they were all put in jail, 'including king. 'it got even worse' when he was transferred in the middle of the night to a state penitentiary in rural georgia. and he's at risk there. his wife is afraid that he's gonna get killed. this is nixon's golden opportunity to rescue dr. king and scoop the black vote.

the arrest of martin luther king is a turning point in the kennedy-nixon campaign. [phone rings]

for kennedy's civil-rights adviser, harris wofford, this is more than political... - hello? - ...it's personal. oh, coretta. king and his wife coretta are close friends. she called me in panic... that's terrible. ...and i said, "we'll see what we can do"... absolutely, yes. '...and i thought, if these' beautiful, passionate kennedys would just show it by a phone call, it would mean something to coretta. wofford contacts kennedy's brother-in-law, sargent shriver, who's in charge of civil rights. [rings] hello? wofford asks if kennedy will call coretta to offer his support. he said, "well, it'll only work if i present the idea to kennedy "without any of the staff hearing." sure. shriver knows kennedy's team will block anything

that might cost them votes in the south. the kennedys were never great advocates of civil rights. 'generally, they regarded it as a problem for their campaign.' they would have preferred not to discuss it at all. but that's not shriver's only problem. kennedy is about to leave on a plane. so, shriver had to race to the airport. behind the scenes, nixon tries to secure the release of his friend dr. king. richard nixon wants to do something, 'and he calls the white house' and the white house refuses. they won't do it. nixon fails. can shriver succeed in his mission?

shriver got there but the staff was all around kennedy. be quick, we have a plane to catch. shriver waits until kennedy is alone. [bobby kennedy] all right, guys, let's go. ready to go, jack? [indistinct] finally, he had about two minutes with kennedy, 'and he said, "we've all been worrying about what we can do to help. '"what about calling coretta king?"' kennedy's fearful of alienating southern governors and southern democrats by being pro-civil rights. 'but that all changes.' kennedy calls coretta king to offer his support.

that was a big decision. 'kennedy decides to do what is morally right.' [margaret washington] 'a simple phone call 'was a very noble thing to do.' undoubtedly, he did this for political reasons, but he did it. nixon did not. [bobby kennedy] i don't know! what were you thinking, sargent? what were you thinking? when kennedy's call leaks to the press, his brother bobby all but froths at the mouth. right now! [wofford] 'he was white with anger. he said, "sargent shriver and i have "probably lost the campaign." [shouts] it should've gone through me first! he was furious. [kennedy townsend] 'my father was a little disturbed about that,' because he was worried how well that would go over with some of the, you know, white governors. the deed is done, but bobby soon realizes

he can turn the situation to his brother's advantage. he demands the release of king. [kennedy townsend] 'and so my father called the judge.' and at that point things really shifted. i understand from very reliable sources that senator kennedy served as a great force in making the release possible. [evan thomas] 'all of a sudden, jack kennedy was champion' of the greatest civil-rights leader of them all. i'm positive it changed the voting patterns of a lot of african american. and nixon's support amongst black voters falls off. 'nixon usually had good political instincts about this kind of thing, 'but he just blew it.' [buchanan] 'there's no doubt that bobby and john f. kennedy

'exploited that, brilliantly.' jack kennedy was no civil-rights hero. he wasn't marching anywhere, that fellea! [chuckles] now kennedy is riding the polls like a tame pony and victory is in sight. but nixon has one last card to play. his old boss, ex-general and president, dwight d. eisenhower. [sabato] 'john kennedy is amazed 'that eisenhower has not been doing more for nixon, and he's been worried about it because he knows how popular eisenhower is. eisenhower defeated hitler. kennedy should be a pushover.

♪ ♪

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join the millions of people six days to the election, and richard nixon drops the republican's h-bomb on j.f.k. in the form of dwight eisenhower. 'we brought him in with 100 policemen, in that classic 'v',' ticker tape and the whole thing. 'and it was a smashing success of a weekend,' and we needed it. it was a good bump at that time. there's a surge to nixon. on the eve of the election, the polls predict a nail-biting finish. [naftali] 'by november 7th, 'the kennedy campaign think kennedy can win. 'they believe kennedy should win.' but they're not sure kennedy will win. jack and a heavily pregnant jackie cast their votes and fly to hyannis port to be with the kennedy clan. [sabato] just about everybody on both sides knew that this was going to be

an extremely close election and, so, everybody was nervous. none more so than richard nixon, who casts his vote with his wife pat in california and then makes a break for the border. nixon was gloomy as usual, thought he was going to loss, went off with a pal to mexico... ...to drink margaritas and to desert the press. essentially, throughout the day, 'they kept getting reports, good and bad. 'they didn't know what they meant. no-one ever does.' in the evening, the first returns were very pro-kennedy. [crowd] we want kennedy! we want kennedy! [evan thomas] 'kennedy wins connecticut, 'and the network broadcasters are saying' that it might be a landslide. 'but by midnight, the picture is changing' and nixon is starting to pick up midwestern and western states and it's clearly gonna go down to the wire. the great shock of the night for the kennedy forces and the first time when they thought they had lost was when kennedy failed to carry ohio.

that was a huge setback for the campaign and there was a lot of concern. "how could we get this wrong" the popular vote was too close. no one knew for some time which candidate had actually won. nixon returns to california to be with his family and staff at the ambassador hotel. i remember he came in, in his pajamas, and he said, "hey, guys, "this thing is not gonna get decided tonight. "get some sleep" and with that, he turned around and left the room. [kennedy townsend] john kennedy went to bed that night, and said, "i'm not gonna stay up, "biting my teeth, "wondering what's gonna happen. "i'm gonna get some sleep." while the two rest, the race tightens. just after midnight, nixon is woken to be told that he has lost the key state of illinois.

the writing is on the wall. [nixon] if the present trend continues, mr. kennedy, senator kennedy, will be the next presidest of the united states. [crowd roars] nixon, we forget that he was capable of being gracious. 'when he had to go conceded, 'his wife is on the verge of tears, standing next to him, 'but nixon himself was quite gracious about it. but as the sun rises on washington, accusations start circulating of electoral fraud in illinois. republican officials set off to investigate. [buchanan] they said in chicago the cemetery wards were coming in strong for kennedy. [evan thomas] 'as time goes on, it leaks out' that in one black district there were more votes cast

than there were people living in the district. it was corrupt. as the dead of illinois cast their votes for kennedy, there are more allegations of fraud in texas. if texas and illinois had gone for nixon, he would have won the election, so it mattered. all eyes are on nixon as he prepares to fly to washington. will he contest the result? [john warner] 'i put the plane at the end of the airstrip, to get him as far away from the press and other people as possible... ...and there was an old mechanic listening to a little hand radio. - hi. how do you do? - [radio] 'the votes are in, 'but exactly who won in illinois is still not clear. 'was it jack or was it dick?' at that moment he said, "get ike on the phone. "i think the succession of the presidency of the united states

"should never be in doubt" 'and they discussed that he' would not contest the electing and that was it. [buchanan] 'it was a very honorable and patriotic thing to do, 'on nixon's part. 'it was the right thing to do.' it would have thrown a cloud over the election of john f. kennedy. 'i think it would have been dreadful for the united states.' it's the closest election of the century, with the highest turnout on record. kennedy wins with a slim majority of just 120,000 votes, to become the youngest president in american history. without the votes of millions of african americans, kennedy would have lost the presidency. [brass band plays]

and so, my fellow americans, ask not what your country can do for you. ask what you can do for your country. [sabato] 'it must have been a bitter moment for nixon. 'he'd had eight years as vice president.' he had really thought that he would be sworn in that day. [thomas] but kennedy was better at dirty tricks than nixon and nixon knew it and it planted a seed with nixon that he never forgot. and that was the origin of watergate.